铬（Ⅵ）—碘化物—维多利亚蓝4R体系的共振瑞利散射和二级散射及其？…

研究了铬（Ⅵ）－碘化物－维多利亚蓝４Ｒ体系的共振瑞利散射光谱和二级散射光谱，考察了它们的光谱特征、影响因素和适宜的反应条件。确定了共振瑞利散散强度和二级散射强度与铬（Ⅵ）的浓度的关系，提出了用ＲＲＳ光谱间接测定痕量铬（Ⅵ）的新和高灵敏分析方法。     

硒（Ⅳ）－碘化物－结晶紫体系的共振发光和二级散射光谱

硒（Ⅳ）－碘化物－结晶紫体系的共振发光和二级散射光谱刘绍璞，刘忠芳（西南师范大学环境化学研究所，重庆，６３０７１５）关键词共振发光，二级散射，反二级散射，硒（Ⅳ）－碘化物－结晶紫体系，硒的测定长期以来，溶液体系的共振发光和二级散射现象常常被人们忽略。...     

可变角同步发光法用于消除二级散射干扰

提出了一种利用可变角同步发光光谱克服二级散射干扰的方法 ,该法采用平行于二级散射轨线的可变角同步扫描路径 ,避免二级散射的影响。水溶剂和卟啉分子的例子证明了所提设想。对于那些荧光与二级散射很靠近的荧光分子则可进一步配合导数技术压制散射影响。文中还指出 ,若要研究利用二级散射本身 ,采用适当的可变角同步扫描路径便可直接测绘出二级散射光谱。     

汞（Ⅱ）－硫氰酸盐－维多利亚蓝4R体系的共振发光和二级散射光谱及其分析应用

研究了［Ｈｇ（ＳＣＮ）４］~－配阴离子与维多利亚蓝４Ｒ（ＶＢ４Ｒ）离子缔合反应体系的共振发光（ＲＬ）、二级散射（ＤＳ）和反二级散射（ＡＤＳ）光谱，考察了它们的光谱特征、影响因素和适宜的反应条件。研究了ＲＬ、ＡＤＳ和ＤＳ强度与汞（Ⅱ）浓度之间的定量关系；提出了用ＲＬ、ＡＤＳ光谱测定痕量汞的方法。对汞（Ⅱ）的检测限分别为１．３３ｎｇ／ｍＬ和１．８３ｎｇ／ｍＬ，可用于水中μｇ／Ｌ级汞的测定，并对有关机理进行了初步的探讨。     

离子缔合物二级散射光谱的分析应用: 硒(IV)-碘化物-罗丹明B体系

从硒(IV)-碘化物-罗丹明B反应体系的研究中, 发现了离子缔合物水溶液的两种二级散射光谱现象。研究了它们的光谱特征、影响因素和适宜条件, 确定了二级散射强度与溶液中离子缔合物浓度的关系, 提出了利用二级散射光谱测定痕量硒的高灵敏分析方法。对反应机理和二级散射变化的原因也进行了初步的探讨。     

离子缔合物二级散射光谱的分析应用: 硒(IV)-碘化物-罗丹明B体系

从硒(IV)-碘化物-罗丹明B反应体系的研究中, 发现了离子缔合物水溶液的两种二级散射光谱现象。研究了它们的光谱特征、影响因素和适宜条件, 确定了二级散射强度与溶液中离子缔合物浓度的关系, 提出了利用二级散射光谱测定痕量硒的高灵敏分析方法。对反应机理和二级散射变化的原因也进行了初步的探讨。     

离子缔合物二级散射光谱的分析应用——Ⅰ.硒(Ⅳ)-碘化物-罗丹明B体系

从硒(Ⅳ)-碘化物-罗丹明B反应体系的研究中,发现了离子缔合物水溶液的两种二级散射光谱现象.研究了它们的光谱特征、影响因素和适宜条件,确定了二级散射强度与溶液中离子缔合物浓度的关系,提出了利用二级散射光谱测定痕量硒的高灵敏分析方法.对反应机理和二级散射变化的原因也进行了初步的探讨     

离子缔合物二级散射光谱的分析应用 Ⅲ.汞(Ⅱ)-硫氰酸盐-罗丹明染料体系

本文研究[Hg（SCN）4]2-络阴离子与罗丹明B和罗丹明6G离子缔合络合物的二级散射（DS）和“反二级散射”（ADS）光谱，考察了光谱特征、影响因素及适宜的反应条件；确定了DS和ADS强度与溶液中汞（Ⅱ）浓度的关系；提出了用ADS法测定痕量汞的新的高灵敏度分析方法，并对有关机理作了初步的探讨。     

离子缔合物二级散射光谱的分析应用2: 汞(II)-硫氰酸盐-感性三芳基甲烷染料体系

研究了[Hg(SCN)4]^2^1与结晶紫、孔雀石绿、亮绿或碘绿等碱性三芳基甲烷染料的离子缔合配合物的二级散射(DS)和"反二级散射"(ADS)光谱, 以及这类散射光谱的特征、影响因素和反应的适宜条件。确定了散射光强度与溶液中汞(II)浓度的关系。提出了用二级散射光谱测定痕量汞的新的高灵敏分析方法, 并对反应机理和两种二级散射发生变化的原因作了初步的讨论。     

离子缔合物二级散射光谱的分析应用：Ⅲ.汞（Ⅱ）—硫氰酸盐—罗丹明染…

本文研究［Ｈｇ（ＳＣＮ）４］＾２－络阴离子与罗丹明Ｂ和罗丹明６Ｇ离子缔合络物的二级散射和“反二级散射光谱；考察了光谱特生、影响因素及适宜的反应条件；确定了ＤＳ和ＡＤＳ强度与溶液中汞（Ⅱ）浓度的关系；提出了用ＡＤＳ法测定痕量汞的新的高灵敏度分析方法，并有对关机理作了初的探讨。     

Study on osmotic pressure of non-ionic and ionic surfactant solutions in the micellar and microemulsion regions

To investigate the osmotic pressure of non-ionic and ionic surfactant solutions in the micellar and microemulsion regions, a potential of mean force including hard-core repulsion, van der Waals attraction and electric double layer repulsion is proposed to describe the interactions between micelles and between microemulsions. Both van der Waals attraction and electric double layer repulsion are represented using Yukawa tails. The explicit analytical expression of osmotic pressure derived from the first-order mean spherical approximation is implemented by accounting for the Donnan membrane effect. The proposed theory has been applied to micelle solutions of the non-ionic surfactant, n-dodecyl hexaoxyethylene monoether, the cationic surfactant, cetylpyridinium chloride, the anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and spherical oil-in-water microemulsion system. Successful comparison is made between the proposed theory and the experimental osmotic pressure data for the studied surfactant solutions. Theoretical results show that the long-range electric double layer repulsion dramatically influences the osmotic pressure of both cationic and anionic surfactant solutions in the micellar region. The regressed model parameters such as effective micelle diameter, the mean aggregation number and effective micellar charge are in good agreement with those from static light scattering studies in the literature.     

Structure of a hydrophilic-hydrophobic block copolymer and its interactions with salt and an anionic surfactant

The aggregation of a hydrophilic-hydrophobic diblock copolymer consisting of poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) in aqueous solution has been investigated by small-angle neutron scattering. This polybase is extensively protonated at low pH and forms micelles with a dense core of PMMA and a diffuse coronal layer of cationic PDMAEMA. Addition of salt induced micellar growth, brought about by charge screening and more efficient packing of the chains. As a result, the aggregation number increased from 8 up to 31. A similar effect was observed at low concentrations of an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) since the net cationic charge in the hydrophilic coronal layer was reduced due to surfactant binding. However, at higher surfactant concentrations, a drastic structural reorganization occurred, as the PMMA became solubilized into the SDS micellar cores and the PDMAEMA chains interacted with the surfactant micelles, resulting in a "pearl-necklace" structure. The presence of the cationic polyelectrolyte significantly increased the population of SDS micelles by effectively lowering the critical micelle concentration of this anionic surfactant.     

The toxicosis and detoxifcation of anionic/cationic surfactants targeted to bovine serum albumin

By using the techniques of resonance light scattering (RLS) and absorption spectra, we studied the toxicosis and detoxifcation mechanism of anionic surfactant SDBS and cationic surfactant CTMAB targeted to bovine serum albumin (BSA). Small quantity of CTMAB combines with SDBS-BSA complex to form SDBS-BSA-CTMAB complex and the IRLS of system enhanced greatly. With the cumulation of quantity, CTMAB captures SDBS from SDBS-BSA complex by electrostatic attraction and CTMAB-SDBS complex forms, meanwhile BSA automatically frees, which is corresponding to the toxicosis and detoxifcation process. Absorption experiment validates that SDBS induces the denaturalization of BSA and CTMAB facilitates the refolding of this protein.     

Gemini表面活性剂(12-6-12)和DNA的相互作用

应用紫外光谱、荧光探针、zeta 电位、动态光散射和凝胶电泳等方法探讨了阳离子gemini 表面活性剂C₁₂H₂₅N⁺(CH₃)₂―(CH₂)₆―(CH₃)₂N⁺C₁₂H₂₅·2Br^-(12-6-12)与DNA之间的相互作用. 研究结果表明, 与传统表面活性剂相比, 偶联表面活性剂特殊的分子结构使其与DNA的作用更强烈. DNA引导表面活性剂在其链周围形成类胶束结构, 开始形成类胶束时对应的表面活性剂临界聚集浓度(CAC)比纯表面活性剂临界胶束浓度(CMC)低两个数量级. CAC与DNA的浓度无关, 而与表面活性剂之间的疏水作用以及表面活性剂与DNA之间的静电吸引作用密切相关. Zeta 电位和凝胶电泳结果显示了DNA链所带负电荷逐渐被阳离子表面活性剂中和的过程. 借助原子力显微镜(AFM)成功观察到了松散的线团状DNA, 球状体随机地分散在DNA链上形成类似于串珠的结构、尺寸较大的球形复合物以及其由于吸附多余的表面活性剂重新带正电而被溶解得到的较小DNA/12-6-12聚集体. 圆二色(CD)光谱结果显示, 12-6-12可以诱导DNA的构象发生改变.     

Polymerisation of styrene in microemulsion with catanionic surfactant mixtures

The use of aqueous catanionic surfactant mixtures in the oil-in-water (o/w) microemulsion polymerisation of styrene is reported. Catanionic surfactant mixtures of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide 1 and sodium dodecylsulfate 3, or decanediyl-1,10-bis(dimethyldodecylammonium bromide) 2, a gemini surfactant, and the anionic surfactant 3 were used. Phase behaviour and polymerisation properties of the microemulsions were studied as a function of the total surfactant concentration and the cationic/anionic surfactant ratio. Single-phase o/w microemulsions were only formed if either the cationic or anionic surfactant were present in large excess. Upon -irradiation, polymer nanoparticles were obtained. Using dynamic light scattering, the particle radii were determined to be 10 to 20 nm, the size depending on the total surfactant concentration, the cationic/anionic surfactant ratio and the surfactant/styrene ratio. Size exclusion chromatography indicated molecular weights of polystyrene of between 3×10⁵ and 1.4×10⁶ Daltons. Catanionic 1/3 and 2/3 mixtures differ in their styrene solubilizations. In a 1- or 3-rich system, the solubilization efficiency can be improved by increasing the concentration of the oppositely charged minor surfactant component, while in a 2-rich system the addition of 3 only diminishes the efficiency. Possible reasons for the different behaviours are discussed.     

Interaction of poly(L-glutamic acid) with cationic surfactants carrying different head groups

Three cationic surfactants carrying a common hydrocarbon tail (dodecyl group) interact differently with fully ionized poly(L-glutamic acid)(PGA), depending on the type of their ionic head groups. Decrease of pH occurred in the order; dodecylammonium chloride (DAC) > dodecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) > dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC). The-helix of PGA was strongly induced by the addition of DAC and DDAC but weakly by DTAC. The induction was inhibited when NaCl concentration was greater than 0.05 M. In the solid state, proton transfer through hydrogen bonds from ionic heads of DDAC to carboxylate groups of the polypeptide was observed. Distortion of circular dichroism spectra occurred at high mixing ratios of surfactant to polymer, due to the aggregation of-helices, as confirmed by light scattering measurements and infrared absorption spectra.     

Giant vesicles of a single-tailed chiral cationic surfactant, (1R,2S)-(-)-N-dodecyl-N-methylephedrinium bromide, in water

Self-assembly properties of a single-tailed chiral cationic surfactant, (1R,2S)-(-)-N-dodecyl-N-methylephedrinium bromide (DMEB), have been studied in water. The molecular self-assemblies of the amphiphile have been characterized by surface tension, fluorescence probes, light scattering, and microscopic techniques. The results have been compared with those of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) surfactant. The critical aggregation concentration of DMEB was found to be much less than that of DTAB. Surface tension and fluorescence probe studies have suggested formation of micellar structures at low temperature (<28 degrees C) and spontaneous formation of giant vesicles in water above 28 degrees C. The mean size of the aggregates has been measured by a dynamic light scattering method. The micropolarity and microviscosity of the self-assemblies were determined by fluorescence probe technique. The (1)H NMR and FTIR spectra were recorded to elucidate the role of the hydrophobic head group towards the formation of bilayer structures. The phase transition temperatures of the vesicular aggregates were determined by measurement of fluorescence anisotropy at various temperatures.     

pH reversible micelle transition of a tertiary amine-based gemini surfactant in aqueous solution

In this work, we prepared a tertiary amide-based gemini surfactant (DSTAPA), which contained two pH-sensitive tertiary amide head groups. Then the molecule state distribution and self-assembly transition of the surfactant in aqueous solution were investigated under different pH conditions. The DSTAPA molecules were on the states of double cationic (DSTAPAH²⁺), single cationic (DSTAPAH⁺), and double tertiary amine groups (DSTAPA) under acidic, neutral, and basic conditions, respectively. With the variation of the molecule states, the sample was water-like below pH of 6.8 and immediately transformed to gel-like fluid between pH of 6.8 and 7.8, then changed to white precipitate with the further increase of pH value. Furthermore, the microstructure and regulation mechanism were investigated by rheological measurements, dynamic light scattering, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. The appearance and micelle transitions of the DSTAPA aqueous solution are actually owing to the spherical–worm-like micelle transition, leading to dramatic viscosity increase and hydrogel formation. This transition was completely reversible and repeated for at least three cycles. Finally, a reasonable mechanism of the transition was proposed based on the viewpoints of the molecular states and micelle structures. The DSTAPA aqueous system with pH-reversible property has a great potential application in oil and gas production.     

Effects of addition of anionic and cationic surfactants to poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels with and without acrylic acid groups

The interaction of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the cationic surfactant hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAM) microgels with and without poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) was investigated by means of dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, and turbidimetry measurements. The DLS results show that the PNIPAAM microgels with PAA will contract when an anionic or cationic surfactant is added to the suspension, while the PNIPAAM microgels without PAA expand in the presence of an ionic surfactant. A collapse of the PNIPAAM microgels is observed when the temperature is increased. From the zeta potential measurements, it is observed that the charge density of PNIPAAM microgels in the presence of an ionic surfactant is significantly affected by temperature and the attachment of the negatively charged PAA groups. The turbidity measurements clearly indicate that the interaction between PNIPAAM and SDS is more pronounced than that of the cationic surfactant.     

Interaction of water-soluble cationic porphyrin with anionic surfactant

The interaction of a cationic water-soluble porphyrin, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis [4-(3-pyridiniumpropoxy)phenyl]porphyrin tetrakisbromide (TPPOC3Py), with anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), in aqueous solution has been studied by means of UV-vis, (1)H NMR, fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) spectra and dynamic laser light scattering (DLLS), and it reveals that TPPOC3Py forms porphyrin-surfactant complexes (aggregates), including ordered structures J- and H-aggregates, induced by association with surfactant monomers below the SDS critical micelle concentration (cmc), and forms micellized monomer upon the cmc, respectively. The position of TPPOC3Py in the micelle is determined, which is not in the micelle core instead of intercalated among the SDS chains, most likely with the pyridinium group extending into the polar headgroup region of the micelle.