制备方法对Pd催化剂上丙烯选择性还原NO反应性能的影响

 采用三种不同方法制备了氧化铝负载的Pd催化剂．比表面积测定\r\n结果表明,与浸渍法相比,溶胶－凝胶加浸渍法和溶胶－凝胶法制备的\r\nPd／Al2O3样品具有较大的比表面积,但抗烧结性能不佳．其中采用溶\r\n胶－凝胶法制备的样品中,由于Pd分散于体相中,表面的活性位相对较\r\n少,造成催化剂在NO选择性还原反应中的活性较差;而将Pd浸渍于溶胶\r\n－凝胶法制得的Al2O3载体上所获得的催化剂比表面积较大,活性较好\r\n．添加CeO2的样品活性总体上比Pd／Al2O3样品高．其中采用溶胶－凝\r\n胶法制备的样品比表面积不大,并且XRD数据表明Al2O3和CeO2是高度分\r\n散并均匀地搀杂在一起的,不象在浸渍法制备的样品中那样以大晶粒的\r\n形式存在,因而CeO2的助剂作用没有充分体现出来,催化剂的活性比浸\r\n渍法制备的样品差一些．     

天然气-二氧化碳-水蒸气-氧转化制合成气的研究: 稀土助剂的作用

 研究了稀土氧化物（CeO2和La2O3）改性的镍基催化剂中助剂的\r\n作用，并考察了催化剂对天然气－二氧化碳－水蒸气－氧转化制合成气\r\n反应的活性．结果表明，La2O3改性的镍基催化剂具有较高的CH4转化率\r\n和H2选择性；经CeO2改性的镍基催化剂具有较高的CO选择性．量子化学\r\n计算和XRD研究结果表明，La2O3助剂的加入，可使还原后催化剂表面N\r\ni（111）晶面衍射峰的强度减小，较好地符合吸附活化CH4分子的“尺\r\n寸效应”和能量要求．添加CeO2助剂的催化剂，其Ni（111）晶面衍射\r\n峰强度较大，而Ni（110）晶面含量最小，不利于CH4的离解．同时，助\r\n剂RE2O3（尤其是CeO2）和MgO提高了Ni的d电子密度，因而一定程度上\r\n加强了Nid电子向CO2空反键π轨道的迁移，促进CO2分子的活化，提高\r\n其消碳活性．     

CO偶联临氢反应Pd-Fe/Al2O3催化剂的XPS研究

 利用XPS及氩离子溅射等技术对CO偶联和临氢反应中所用催化剂\r\n表面活性组分和助剂的含量及其化学状态进行了分析，并通过测定氢在\r\n催化剂表面的化学吸附，以及氢浓度对催化剂活性的影响，探讨了CO偶\r\n联反应中催化剂临氢失活的主要原因．XPS表征结果表明，CO偶联反应\r\n中催化剂活性组分以Pd0和Pd2＋形式共存；而临氢反应后仅以Pd0形式\r\n存在，助剂FeO从催化剂的内部向表面迁移且有少量Fe2＋转变为Fe3＋\r\n．催化剂临氢失活的主要原因是H2在活性组分Pd及助剂Fe（主要是FeO\r\n）表面均可形成解离吸附，形成的金属氢化物可在低活化能条件下发生\r\n迁移．这种迁移有利于副产物乙醇的生成，从而削弱了CO偶联主反应，\r\n催化剂表面活性组分Pd的相对含量减少，并几乎处于钝化状态，导致临\r\n氢反应中CO转化率、草酸二乙酯选择性及空时收率均下降．停止通入H\r\n2后，催化剂的活性可恢复至正常状态．     

氧化铝载体和氧化钡助剂对钌基氨合成催化剂结构和性能的影响

采用不同来源γ-Al2O3(市售Al2O3-1,合成Al2O3-2)作为钌基氨合成催化剂载体,利用浸渍法制备了一系列添加不同BaO助剂含量的Ba-Ru/Al2O3催化剂.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、N2-低温物理吸附、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、透射电镜(TEM)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、NH3程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等方法研究了不同来源的Al2O3以及BaO助剂含量对负载型钌基催化剂的物相结构、织构性质、微观形貌、表面性质和催化剂的氨合成活性等方面的影响.结果表明,载体的物理化学性质对制备的钌基氨合成催化剂的结构以及活性有较大影响.BaO助剂对催化剂的影响主要表现在两个方面:添加量不同导致BaO与γ-Al2O3的作用力不同,从而进一步影响催化体系的比表面积和孔结构性质;BaO助剂会对体系的Ru物种还原性质以及催化剂表面酸碱性质进行调节,适量BaO的加入能够极大提高反应活性,而这种最佳量与载体性质密切相关.     

表面键联型TiO2/SiO2固定化催化剂的结构及催化性能

 采用浸渍法制备了表面键联型TiO2／SiO2固定化光催化剂．XRD\r\n,FT－IR,XPS和BET比表面积测定结果表明,TiO2通过Ti－O－Si联结\r\n负载于多孔硅胶的表面,由此提出TiO2／SiO2的结构模型．考察了多孔\r\n硅胶的粒度及氧化钛负载量对催化剂活性的影响．对活性艳红K－2G（\r\nR15）的光催化脱色反应,最佳的光催化剂30％TiO2／SiO2（Ims30）比\r\nB－TiO2粉末的催化速率快3倍．随着载体粒度的减小,催化剂的比表面\r\n积增大,催化活性升高;多孔硅胶不仅起着支持体的作用,而且具有分\r\n散的作用;多孔硅胶具有很好的透光性．经ξ－电位测定,所制备催化\r\n剂的等电点为3．0pH单位,表明催化剂表面呈酸性．     

用水合肼还原的Ru／AC氨合成催化剂的制备

 用RuCl3水溶液浸渍BET比表面积为1020m2／g的椰壳活性炭（AC）载体，制备了钌含量为6％的Ru／AC氨合成催化剂．在添加助剂前，分别用水合肼水溶液、水合肼蒸气和H2还原催化剂，然后分别浸渍Ba（NO3）2和KOH．催化剂中的Ru∶K∶Ba摩尔比为1∶3∶0．3．用N2物理吸附、XPS和CO化学吸附等方法对催化剂进行了表征．结果表明，用不同还原方法制备的催化剂上的钌以不同的化学状态存在，它的活性与其比表面积和金属钌的分散度相关．用水合肼水溶液还原的催化剂S1中的钌在大气气氛下以金属态存在，它的BET比表面积和金属分散度较大，低温低压下催化活性最高．以水合肼蒸气还原的催化剂S2中的钌在大气气氛下以RuO3形态存在，它的BET比表面积和金属分散度小，催化活性最低．用H2还原的催化剂S3中的钌在大气气氛下以RuO2形态存在，其BET比表面积和金属分散度与S1催化剂相当，催化活性也与S1相近．     

氧化镁载体和氧化钡助剂对钌基氨合成催化剂结构和性能的影响

采用不同来源氧化镁(市售MgO-1,合成MgO-2)作为钌基氨合成催化剂载体,浸渍法制备了添加不同BaO助剂含量的Ba-Ru/MgO催化剂,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、热重-量热扫描分析(TG/DSC)、N2-低温物理吸附、透射电镜(TEM)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和CO2程序升温脱附(CO2-TPD)等手段对其进行了表征,考察了不同来源的MgO和BaO助剂含量对负载型钌基氨合成催化剂的物相结构、织构性质、微观形貌、Ru物种的还原性质和体系酸碱性质以及催化剂的氨合成活性等方面的影响。结果表明,MgO的理化性质对所制备的钌基氨合成催化剂的结构以及氨合成活性有较大影响。MgO-2比表面较大,总碱性位数量较多,负载在其表面的Ru粒子粒径在2 nm左右,nBa∶nRu为1.0时,Ba-Ru(1∶1)/MgO-2催化剂表面的Ru物种易于还原,表面存在的弱碱性位极大地促进了氨合成活性,在400°C时活性达到15.40 L.g-1Ru.h-1(3.0 MPa,5 000 h-1),在相同反应条件下比Ba-Ru/MgO-1催化剂活性更高。     

纳米二氧化锆催化剂上一氧化碳加氢合成异丁烯

 考察了纳米ZrO2的制备方法及Al2O3和KOH助剂的添加对ZrO2催化\r\nCO加氢合成异丁烯反应的影响．纳米ZrO2的制备方法对ZrO2的物理性质\r\n和催化性能有较大的影响．用超临界流体干燥法干燥并在流动N2气氛中\r\n焙烧制得的ZrO2催化剂对异丁烯具有较高的选择性．Al2O3和KOH助剂表\r\n现出非常优良的助剂效应，在大幅度提高催化剂对i－C4烃选择性的同\r\n时保持了和ZrO2同样高的催化活性．催化剂的酸碱性表征结果表明，酸\r\n碱性对催化剂的催化性能影响很大，催化剂上适宜的酸碱数量和酸碱比\r\n例是影响其催化CO加氢合成异丁烯性能的非常重要的因素．     

制备蜂窝状筛网进行NH3选择性催化还原NO的反应

 制备了蜂窝状筛网催化剂，并用于以NH3为还原剂选择性催化还\r\n原NO的反应．蜂窝状筛网催化剂具有热响应迅速、传质系数较高、压力\r\n降适中、机械强度较高、几何可变形性、抗热震性能好、催化剂回收简\r\n便和成本较低等一系列优点．阐述了蜂窝状筛网催化剂的制备工艺，并\r\n采用扫描电镜、比表面积测定、X射线衍射、活性评价等手段考察了筛\r\n网预处理方法对其催化活性的影响．实验结果表明，最佳的预处理方法\r\n是首先经稀酸刻蚀，然后于500℃下焙烧20h．     

碱液回流老化制备高表面积二氧化锆

 回流老化由ZrOCl2水解得到的ZrO（OH）2水凝胶，然后经焙烧制\r\n备了高比表面积的ZrO2．采用氮吸附、X射线衍射和FT－Raman光谱等技\r\n术，研究了老化温度、老化时间、碱液的碱度和搅拌速度以及焙烧气氛\r\n对ZrO2比表面积、晶相组成和晶粒大小的影响．结果表明，回流老化可\r\n明显提高ZrO2的比表面积和耐热性．用比色法分析了样品中Si4＋杂质\r\n的含量，结果表明，回流老化引起二氧化锆比表面积和热稳定性增大的\r\n主要原因是热碱溶液使玻璃容器中的Si4＋溶解并掺杂至ZrO2．样品中\r\nSi4＋杂质含量愈大，ZrO2的比表面积和热稳定性愈高，ZrO2的晶粒愈\r\n小．将ZrO（OH）2水凝胶在pH＝11．5的NH4OH溶液中于96℃回流老化2\r\n4h，再经600℃焙烧可获得比表面积高达305m2／g的无定形ZrO2；经80\r\n0℃焙烧可制得晶粒为5．2nm，比表面积为174m2／g的四方晶相ZrO2．     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles by Curtius reaction in Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives

Synthesis of substituted pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles from the Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives of acrylates via saponification followed by Curtius reaction is described.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.