Enantioselective epoxidation of nonfunctionalized alkenes catalyzed by recyclable new homochiral bis-diamine-bridged bi-Mn(salen) complexes

Three new homochiral bis-diamine-bridged bi-Mn(salen) complexes were synthesized. Their catalysis on asymmetric epoxidation of α-methylstyrene, styrene and indene was studied with NaClO and m-CPBA as oxidants respectively. This homogeneous catalyst exhibited comparable catalytic activity and enantioselectivity to the Jacobsen’s catalyst in the asymmetric epoxidation of unfunctionalized olefins. Furthermore, the catalyst could be conveniently recovered and reused at least five times without significant losses of both activity and enantioselectivity. Specially, it also could be efficiently used in large-scale reactions with superior catalytic disposition being maintained at the same level, which provided the potential for the applications in industry. The effect of axial bases, temperature and solvent on activity and enantioselectivity of the catalytic system were also studied.     

Enantioselective hydrogenation of acetophenone by(1S,2S)-DPEN-Ru(Ⅱ)Cl_2(PPh_3)_2 encapsulated in Al-MCM-41

<正>A chiral ruthenium complex[(1S,2S)-DPEN]-RuCl_2(PPh_3)_2(DPEN = 1,2-diphenylethylenediamine,PPh_3 = triphenylphosphine) was encapsulated in the channel of Al-MCM-41 by electrostatic adsorption and 1,1-dichlorosilacyclobutane modification.The prepared heterogeneous catalyst showed the same catalytic activity and enantioselectivity as the corresponding homogeneous catalyst in the asymmetric hydrogenation of acetophenone,and could be reused at least seven times without significant loss of catalytic activity and enantioselectivity.     

Catalytic asymmetric brominative dearomatization reaction of benzofurans

A catalytic asymmetric brominative dearomatization reaction of benzofuran derivatives was achieved by using hydroquinidine 1,4-phthalazinediyl diether [(DHQ)₂PHAL] as the catalyst and N-bromoacetamide (NBAc) as the brominating reagent. A series of brominated spiro[benzofuran-2,5'-oxazoles] bearing two contiguous stereogenic centers were obtained in high yields (up to 99%) with excellent enantioselectivity (up to 97% ee).     

Selective catalytic oxidation of NO with O2 over Ce-doped MnOx/TiO2 catalysts

A series of Ce-doped MnOx/TiO2 catalysts were prepared by impregnation method and used for catalytic oxidation of NO in the presence of excess O2. The sample with the Ce doping concentration of Ce/Mn=1/3 and calcined at 300°C shows a superior activity for NO oxidation to NO2. On Ce(1)Mn(3)Ti catalyst, 58% NO conversion was obtained at 200°C and 85% NO conversion at 250°C with a GHSV of 41000 h-1, which was much higher than that over MnOx/TiO2 catalyst (48% at 250°C). Characterization results implied that the higher activity of Ce(1)Mn(3)Ti could be attributed to the enrichment of well-dispersed MnOx on the surface and the abundance of Mn3+ and Ti3+ species. The addition of Ce into MnOx/TiO2 could improve oxygen storage capacity and facilitate oxygen mobility of the catalyst as shown by PL and ESR, so that its activity for NO oxidation could be enhanced. The effect of H2O and SO2 on the catalyst activity was also investigated.     

A New Phosphine-Amine-Oxazoline Ligand for Ru-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of N-Phosphinylimines

A series of chiral phosphine-amine-oxazoline (PAO)ligands with an NH moiety were synthesized and applied to the ruthenium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of N-phosphinylimines.The ligand bearing phenyl groups at the phosphorus moiety and isopropyl at the oxazoline moiety exhibits good activity and excellent enantioselectivity (up to 99% ee).This catalytic system provides an efficient and mild approach to access enantioriched amines.     

Asymmetric Hydroformylation of Olefins Catalyzed by a Chiral Diphosphite-Rhodium Complex

A C2-symmetrical aryl diphosphite derived from chiral binaphthol was prepared and its rhodium complex was used as catalysts in the asymmetric hydroformylation of olefins. High catalytic activity and good regioselectivity were observed. Up to 31.2% ee and 38.1% ee were achieved for the hydroformylation of 4-fluoro-styrene and vinyl acetate respectively. The influences of ligand-to-metal ratio, reaction temperature and the pressure of syn-gas on the enantioselectivity and regioselectivity were also studied.     

High-yield production of 2,5-dimethylfuran from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural over carbon supported Ni–Co bimetallic catalyst

The catalytic conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF) to 2,5-dimethylfuran(DMF) has attracted extensive research interests because DMF can be used as potential and competitive renewable transportation fuel or additives. Here we report a non-noble bimetallic catalyst with improved activity for hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis by introducing active carbon as support into a nickel–cobalt catalyst. The characterizations of the catalyst indicate that the Ni and Co species are uniformly dispersed on the active carbon through the wetness impregnation method. The influences of reaction temperature and hydrogen pressure are systematically investigated and an excellent yield(up to 95%) of DMF can be obtained at relatively mild conditions, 130 °C and 1 MPa H_2, over the carbon supported Ni–Co bimetallic catalyst. The high catalytic activity originates from the synergistic effect between Ni and CoO xspecies, the high BET surface area of the catalyst, and the uniform dispersion of Ni and Co species on the active carbon. The catalyst could be reused for 5 times without loss of activity in a batch reactor. Futhermore, the conversion of HMF to DMF on a fixed-bed reactor was also investigated and the 2%Ni–20%Co/C catalyst exhibited an excellent yield to DMF(90%) for 71 h time on stream, indicating the high activity and stability of the catalyst.     

The cis-trans Isomerisation of Homologous 2-Hydroxycycloalkanecarboxylic Acids under Basic Conditions

The cis→trans isomerisation of homologous 2-hydroxycycloalkanecarboxylic acids in strongly basic aqueous solution was studied starting from the cis isomers. It was found that the cyclopentane, cyclohexane and cycloheptane homologues afforded synthetically useful amounts of the trans acids and the procedure resulted in relatively small quantities of the corresponding olefinic acids. In contrast, the isomerisation of the cis-2-hydroxycyclooctanecarboxylic acid produced roughly equal amounts of the cis and trans isomers and the 1-cyclooctenecarboxylic acid at equilibrium. Molecular modelling with the PM3 semiempirical method of the reactants, products and the intermediates applying explicit water molecules as reaction medium gave a fair estimate for the rate sequence of the idealised （dehydration-free） isomerisation reactions in aqueous base solution.     

Highly active bifunctional salenTi(Ⅳ) catalysts for asymmetric cyanosilylation of aldehydes and TMSCN

A novel enantiopure salen ligand bearing a diphenylphosphine oxide on the 3-position of one aromatic ring was synthesized and combined with Ti(Oi-Pr)_4 as a monometallic bifunctional catalyst for asymmetric cyanosilylation reaction of aldehydes with tnmethylsilyl cyanide(TMSCN).The catalyst system exhibited excellent activity and moderate enantioselectivity.The addition of TMSCN to 4-nitrobenzaldehyde in the presence of 1 mol%catalyst loading could complete within 10 min at ambient temperature. An intram...     

HIGH ACTIVITY AND GOOD HYDROGEN RESPONSE SILICA-SUPPORTED ZIEGLER-NATTA CATALYST FOR ETHYLENE POLYMERIZATION

正A silica-supported Ziegler-Natta catalyst with dimethyldichlorosilane(DMDS)as modifier and small silica as support was successfully prepared and characterized.Results from pilot screen showed that the new catalyst exhibited higher catalytic activity,better hydrogen response ability and better copolymerization ability than the commercial M catalyst.Pilot screen in ethylene gas phase fluidized bed polymerization,the catalytic activity of the new catalyst was up to 8000 g PE/g cat,which was twice of that of the commercial M catalyst.The bulk density of polyethylene obtained with the new catalyst was 0.38 g/cm~3.The new catalyst is suitable for condensed and super-condensed process in fluidized bed ethylene polymerization.     

Alkene cyclopropanation catalyzed by Halterman iron porphyrin: participation of organic bases as axial ligands

With the iron(III) complex of the Halterman iron porphyrin [P*Fe(Cl)] and ethyl diazoacetate (EDA) as catalyst and carbene source, respectively, styrene-type substrates were converted to cyclopropyl esters with high trans/cis ratio (not less than 12) and high enantioselectivity for the trans-isomers (74-86% ee). The isomeric distribution of the cyclopropyl esters so obtained is akin to that obtained from the previously reported Ru(II) counterpart [P*Ru(CO)]. A linear Hammett correlation log(k(X)/k(H)) = sigma(+)rho was observed with rho = -0.57 suggesting the involvement of an electrophilic cyclopropanating species derived from the iron(II) center as the reactive intermediate in the catalytic cycle. This is further supported by a dramatic decrease in the enantioselectivity and trans/cis ratio observed in an experiment of styrene cyclopropanation when the reaction mixture was deliberately exposed to air. Axial ligand effects on the selectivities was also investigated. Substantial improvement in trans/cis ratios could be achieved by addition of organic bases such as pyridine (py) and 1-methylimidazole (MeIm) to the catalytic reaction. The existence of axially ligated iron carbene moieties, [P*Fe(CHCO(2)Et)(py)] and [P*Fe(CHCO(2)Et)(MeIm)], was established by electrospray mass spectrometry. Study of secondary kinetic isotope effect indicated that a more product-like transition state was generated by addition of MeIm.     

Enantioselective trans dihydroxylation of nonactivated C-C double bonds of aliphatic heterocycles with Sphingomonas sp. HXN-200

The bacterial strain Sphingomonas sp. HXN-200 was used to catalyze the trans dihydroxylation ofN-substituted 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines 1 and 3-pyrrolines 4 giving the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxypiperidines 3 and 3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidines 6, respectively, with high enantioselectivity and high activity. The trans dihydroxylation was sequentially catalyzed by a monooxygenase and an epoxide hydrolase in the strain with epoxide as intermediate. While both epoxidation and hydrolysis steps contributed to the overall enantioselectivity in trans dihydroxylation of 1, the enantioselectivity in trans dihydroxylation of the symmetric substrate 4 was generated only in the hydrolysis of meso-epoxide 5. The absolute configuration for the bioproducts (+)-3 and (+)-6 was established as (3R,4R) by chemical correlations. Preparative trans dihydroxylation of 1a and 4b with frozen/thawed cells of Sphingomonas sp. HXN-200 afforded the corresponding (+)-(3R,4R)-3,4-dihydroxypiperidine 3a and (+)-(3R,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy pyrrolidine 6b in 96% ee both and in 60% and 80% yield, respectively. These results represent first examples of enantioselective trans dihydroxylation with nonterpene substrates and with bacterial catalyst, thus significantly extending this methodology in practical synthesis of valuable and useful trans diols. Enantioselective hydrolysis of racemic epoxide 2a with Sphingomonas sp. HXN-200 gave 34% of (-)-2a in >99% ee, which is a versatile chiral building block. Further hydrolysis of (-)-2a with the same strain afforded (-)-(3S,4S)-3a in 96% ee and 92% yield. Thus, both enantiomers of 3a can be prepared by biotransformation with Sphingomonas sp. HXN-200.     

Enzymatic resolution, desymmetrization, and dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation of 1,3-cycloalkanediols

An efficient desymmetrization of cis-1,3-cyclohexanediol to (1S,3R)-3-(acetoxy)-1-cyclohexanol ((R,S)-2a) was performed via Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB)-catalyzed transesterification, in high yield (up to 93%) and excellent enantioselectivity (ee's up to >99.5%). (R,R)-Diacetate ((R,R)-3a) was obtained in a DYKAT process at room temperature from (1S,3R)-3-acetoxy-1-cyclohexanol ((R,S)-2a), in a high trans/cis ratio (91:9) and in excellent enantioselectivity of >99%. Metal- and enzyme-catalyzed dynamic transformation of cis/trans-1,3-cyclohexanediol using PS-C gave a high diastereoselectivity for cis-diacetate (cis/trans = 97:3). The (1R,3S)-3-acetoxy-1-cyclohexanol (ent-(R,S)-2a) was obtained from cis-diacetate by CALB-catalyzed hydrolysis in an excellent yield (97%) and selectivity (>99% ee). By deuterium labeling it was shown that intramolecular acyl migration does not occur in the transformation of cis-monoacetate to the cis-diacetate.     

Asymmetric cyclopropanation of 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene by copper catalysts bearing new bisoxazoline ligands

Some new bisoxazoline ligands with an aryl group at the 4-position and gem-dimethyl groups at the 5-position on the oxazoline ring were prepared from arylglycines. Remarkable enhancement of the trans-selectivity (trans/cis = 87/13) and the enantioselectivity (96% ee for the trans product) was demonstrated for the asymmetric cyclopropanation of 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene with tert-butyl diazoacetate catalyzed by the new copper-bisoxazoline complex.     

Enantioselective [6pi]-photocyclization reaction of an acrylanilide mediated by a chiral host. Interplay between enantioselective ring closure and enantioselective protonation

The [6pi]-photocyclization of the anilides 1a and 5 was studied in the absence and in the presence of the enantiomerically pure chiral lactam 4. The relative configuration of the products was unambiguously established by single-crystal X-ray crystallography and by NMR spectroscopy. A significant enantiomeric excess was observed upon reaction of compound 1a to its photocyclization products at -55 degrees C employing lactam 4 as a chiral complexing agent in toluene as the solvent (66% yield). The trans product ent-3a was obtained in 57% ee, and the minor diastereoisomer (trans/cis = 73/27), cis product ent-2a, was obtained in 30% ee. DFT calculations were conducted modeling the complexation of intermediates 8 and ent-8 to host 4. In agreement with steric arguments concerning the conrotatory ring closure of 1a, the formation of ent-8 is favored leading to the more stable complex 4.ent-8 as compared to 4.8. Whereas the enantioselectivity in the photocyclization to trans compound ent-3a increased upon reduction in the reaction temperature, the enantiomeric excess in the formation of cis compound ent-2a went through a maximum at -15 degrees C (45% ee) and decreased at lower temperatures. Deuteration experiments conducted with the pentadeuterated analogue of 1a, d(5)-1a, revealed that the protonation of the intermediates 8 and ent-8 is influenced by chiral amide 4. In the formation of ent-3a/3a, both the enantioselective ring closure and the enantioselective protonation by amide 4 favor the observed (6aS,10aS)-configuration of the major enantiomer ent-3a. In the formation of ent-2a/2a, the enantioselective ring closure (and the subsequent diastereoselective protonation) favors the (6aR,10aS)-configuration that is found in compound 2a. Contrary to that, the enantioselective protonation by amide 4 shows a preference for ent-2a with the (6aS,10aR)-configuration.     

Organocatalysis with a fluorous tag: asymmetric reduction of imines with trichlorosilane catalyzed by amino acid-derived formamides

Asymmetric reduction of ketimines 1 with trichlorosilane can be catalyzed by N-methylvaline-derived Lewis-basic formamides 3a-d with high enantioselectivity (< or =95% ee) and low catalyst loading (1-5 mol %) at room temperature in toluene. Appending a fluorous tag, as in 5a-c, simplifies the isolation procedure, while preserving high enantioselectivity (< or =92% ee).     

Asymmetric inter- and intramolecular cyclopropanation of alkenes catalyzed by chiral ruthenium porphyrins. Synthesis and crystal structure of a chiral metalloporphyrin carbene complex.

Extensive investigations of asymmetric intermolecular cyclopropanation of terminal alkenes with diazoacetates catalyzed by ruthenium porphyrin [Ru(P*)(CO)(EtOH)] (1, H2P = 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[(1S,4R,5R,8S)-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydro-1,4:5,8-dimethanoanthracene-9-yl]porphyrin) and the application of catalyst 1 to asymmetric intramolecular cyclopropanation of allylic or homoallylic diazoacetates are described. The intermolecular cyclopropanation of styrene and its derivatives with ethyl diazoacetate afforded the corresponding cyclopropyl esters in up to 98% ee with high trans/cis ratios of up to 36 and extremely high catalyst turnovers of up to 1.1 x 10(4). Examination of the effects of temperature, diazoacetate, solvent, and substituent in the intermolecular cyclopropanation reveals that (i) both enantioselectivity and trans selectivity increase with decreasing temperature, (ii) sterically encumbered diazoacetates N2CHCO2R, such as R = Bu(t), and donor solvents, such as diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran, are beneficial to the trans selectivity, and (iii) electron-donating para substituents on styrene accelerate the cyclopropanations, with the log(k(X)/k(H)) vs sigma(+) plot for para-substituted styrenes p-X-C6H4CH=CH2 (X = MeO, Me, Cl, CF3) exhibiting good linearity with a small negative rho(+) value of -0.44 +/- 0.09. In the case of intramolecular cyclopropanation, complex 1 promoted the decomposition of a series of allylic diazoacetates to form the cyclopropyl lactones in up to 85% ee, contributing the first efficient metalloporphyrin catalyst for an asymmetric intramolecular cyclopropanation. Both the inter- and intramolecular cyclopropanations were proposed to proceed via a reactive chiral ruthenium carbene intermediate. The enantioselectivities in these processes were rationalized on the basis of the X-ray crystal structures of closely related stable chiral carbene complexes [Ru(P*)(CPh2)] (2) and [Ru(P*)(C(Ph)CO2CH2CH=CH2)] (3) obtained from reactions of complex 1 with N2CPh2 and N2C(Ph)CO2CH2CH=CH2, respectively.     

Experimental evidence for multiple oxidation pathways in the (salen) Mn-catalyzed epoxidation of alkenes

The substrate electronic effects on the selectivity in the catalytic epoxidation of para-substituted cis stilbenes 2a-i were investigated by using (R,R)-[N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tBu-salicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine]manganese(III) chloride 1 in benzene as the catalyst with iodosobenzene as the terminal oxidant. A Hammett study of the selectivity results reveals a stronger electrophilic character than previously assumed in the (salen)Mn-catalyzed reaction. In general, the best correlations with the experimental values were obtained by using the Hammett sigma + values, which gave rho = -1.37 for the rate of cis-epoxide formation and rho = -0.43 for the rate of the stepwise process leading to the corresponding trans product. The reaction involves two separate pathways as indicated also by the competitive breakdown of the intermediate on the path to trans epoxide for methoxy-substituted substrates. The asynchronicity in the concerted pathway leading to cis epoxide is apparent for 4-methoxy-4'-nitrostilbene, which yields cis epoxide with 75% ee entirely as a result of electronic effects.     

Syntheses, characterization, and catalytic ability in alkane oxygenation of chloro(dimethyl sulfoxide)ruthenium(II) complexes with tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine and its derivatives

New ruthenium(II) complexes having a tetradentate ligand such as tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPA), tris[2-(5-methoxycarbonyl)pyridylmethyl]amine [5-(MeOCO)3-TPA], tris(2-quinolylmethyl)amine (TQA), or bis(2-pyridylmethyl)glycinate (BPG) have been prepared. The reaction of the ligand with [RuCl2(Me2SO)4] resulted in a mixture of trans and cis isomers of the chloro(dimethyl sulfoxide-kappaS)ruthenium(II) complexes containing a TPA or a BPG, whereas a trans(Cl,N(amino)) isomer was selectively obtained for 5-(MeOCO)3-TPA and TQA. The trans and cis isomers of the [RuCl(TPA)(Me2SO)]+ complex were easily separated by fractional recrystallization. The molecular structures of trans- and cis(Cl,N(amino))-[RuCl(TPA)(Me2SO)]+ complexes and the trans(Cl,N(amino))-[RuCl{5-(MeOCO)3-TPA}(Me2SO)]+ complex have been determined by X-ray structural analyses. The reaction of TPA with [RuCl2(PhCN)4] gave a single isomer of the chloro(benzonitrile)ruthenium(II) complex, whereas the bis(benzonitrile)ruthenium(II) complex was obtained with BPG. The cis(Cl,N(amino))-[RuCl(TPA)(Me2SO)]+ complex is thermodynamically much less stable than the trans isomer and isomerizes in dimethyl sulfoxide at 65-100 degrees C. Oxygenation of alkanes catalyzed by these ruthenium(II) complexes has been examined. The chloro(dimethyl sulfoxide-kappaS)ruthenium(II) complexes with TPA and its derivatives using m-chloroperbenzoic acid as a cooxidant showed high catalytic ability. Adamantane was efficiently and selectively oxidized to give 1-adamantanol up to 88%. The chloro(dimethyl sulfoxide-kappaS)ruthenium(II) complex with 5-(MeOCO)3-TPA was found to be the most active catalyst among the complexes examined.     

Conformationally locked isostere of phosphoSer-cis-Pro inhibits Pin1 23-fold better than phosphoSer-trans-Pro isostere

Stereoisomeric cis and trans substrate analogues for Pin1 were designed and synthesized. The central phosphoSer-Pro core of the Pin1 substrate was replaced by cis and trans amide isosteres in Ac-Phe-Phe-pSer-Psi[(Z and E)CH=C]-Pro-Arg-NH(2), 1 and 2, peptidomimetics. They were synthesized on solid phase in 17% yield for the cis analogue 1, and 16% yield for the trans analogue 2. A second trans amide isostere with a C-terminal N-methylamide 3 was synthesized in 7% yield. The protease-coupled Pin1 assay showed that all three compounds inhibited the Pin1 peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPIase) enzymatic activity. The cis isostere 1 was 23 times more potent (K(i) = 1.74 +/- 0.08 muM) than its trans counterpart 2 (K(i) = 40 +/- 2 muM) in competitive inhibition of Pin1. These results suggest that the catalytic site of Pin1 binds cis substrates more tightly in aqueous solution. Antiproliferative activity toward the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line by the cis and trans analogues correlates with Pin1 inhibition results.