常压干燥法制备气凝胶的研究进展

气凝胶是一类轻质、低密度的三维纳米多孔固态材料,因其独特的高孔隙率、高比表面积和低导热系数等特性,使其在吸附、催化、保温隔热和隔音等诸多领域具有广泛的用途,目前其相关研究在材料科学领域受到了广泛的关注。气凝胶的制备主要包括溶胶-凝胶过程和湿凝胶干燥两个步骤,湿凝胶的干燥是制备气凝胶过程中至关重要而又较为困难的一步。传统的气凝胶通过超临界干燥制备,工艺复杂、成本高,而且由于干燥过程在高温高压条件下进行,有一定的危险性并且不适宜大规模生产,因此如何通过常压干燥获得高比表面积、高孔隙率、低密度的性能优异的气凝胶是其研究的重要方向之一。本文简要介绍了湿凝胶的制备以及凝胶干燥理论,详细介绍了近年来常压干燥方法气凝胶制备的研究进展,并对其未来发展前景做出了展望。     

块状TiO2气凝胶的制备及其表征

随着以溶胶-凝胶法和超临界干燥技术为基础的气凝胶制备方法的逐步完善,已不断制备出多种气凝胶[1～3].由于TiO2具有半导体特性,它常被作为光催化剂而受到重视,但是TiO2气凝胶的结构强度远比SiO2气凝胶小,在制备过程中极易碎裂粉化,所以至今未见制备块状TiO2气凝胶的报道.Dagan等[4]曾用异钛酸丁酯为母体制得TiO2气凝胶,并发现水杨酸在TiO2气凝胶存在下的光解速率是一般TiO2粉末的10倍,但获得的仅为TiO2气凝胶粉末.张敬畅等[5]以无机盐为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法结合超临界干燥技术制备了纳米级TiO2气凝胶,也未能得到块状TiO2气凝胶材料. 本文报道以正钛酸丁酯为原料制备块状TiO2气凝胶的方法,并用TEM,SEM,XRD和IR等手段对所获得的气凝胶进行了结构表征.     

气凝胶

气凝胶是由胶体粒子或高聚物分子相互聚结构成纳米多孔网络结构，并在孔隙中充满气态分散介质的一种高分散固态材料。近来来气凝胶研究得到了很大的发展，本文对气凝胶的制备方法、结构与特性、应用前景等方面的研究进展作一简要的评述。     

炭气凝胶及其有机气凝胶前驱体的研究进展

介绍了炭气凝胶及其有机气凝胶前驱体的发展概况，着重总结了制备工艺条件(如催化剂及其浓度、反应物总浓度、反应物配比、溶剂、反应温度及时间、超临界干燥工艺条件和炭化工艺条件等)对有机气凝胶及其相应炭气凝胶中孔网络结构的影响，综述了中孔网络结构改性研究的进展．     

气凝胶维度结构设计与功能化应用的研究进展

气凝胶是一类兼具重要科学研究意义和巨大工程化应用价值的纳米多孔材料, 其制备过程涉及溶胶-凝胶化学转变、结构调控、界面张力消除等基础科学问题, 在理化性能方面同时具有超低密度和超低热导率特性, 是一类理想的轻量化超级隔热保温材料, 在航空航天、交通运输等对重量要求严苛的应用领域极具吸引力. 此外, 得益于气凝胶的高比表面积、高孔隙率、连续开孔等结构特征, 其在吸附、催化、药物载体、能源和环境修复等领域也具有重要应用潜力. 因此, 近年来气凝胶及其应用获得国内外学术和产业界的极大研究兴趣. 本综述调研了自气凝胶首次报道以来相关文献与知识产权的概况, 而后以制备方法、气凝胶种类、维度结构设计、新型应用为轴, 系统概括了气凝胶的制备方法, 新型气凝胶的种类, 以维度为特色的气凝胶材料, 以及气凝胶的独特应用. 如近五年来涌现的新型超分子气凝胶、智能响应气凝胶、气凝胶纤维、气凝胶的增材制造等, 都在一定程度上颠覆了传统材料、突破了传统制备方法的局限. 最后对气凝胶近年来的发展做了简要总结和展望.     

制备参数对ZrO2气凝胶超细粉织构和结构性质的影响 Ⅱ.老化时间…

用超临界流体干燥（ＳＣＦＤ）法制备ＺｒＯ２气凝胶超细粉，详细考察了各个制备参数对其织构和结构性质的影响。结果表明，制备大孔高比表面ＺｒＯ２气凝胶超细粉较适宜的条件为：水凝胶在母液中老化时间尽可能长，锆盐溶液浓度～０．１７ｍｌ／ｌ，醇水交换度达到醇凝胶液相水含量～２．５２Ｗ％，操作温度～２６０℃，操作压力℃７．５ＭＰａ。     

超低密度气凝胶的制备及应用

超低密度气凝胶是一类具有超轻质特性的多孔固体材料,较常规气凝胶具有更高的孔隙率与更为多样化的表面特性,其独特的物理与化学性质使其作为新型纳米多孔材料在诸多新兴领域得到了重要应用。在制备过程中保留超低密度气凝胶高度发达的三维孔隙结构,以及在实际应用中发挥超低密度气凝胶独特的功能特性是气凝胶领域近年来的研究重点之一。本文按照超低密度气凝胶的主要类型综述了该材料制备技术的最新研究进展,探讨了其在空间探测、阻燃隔热、储能、吸附、催化以及传感领域的应用方式;通过分析目前研究中存在的主要问题,对未来的发展方向,如突破常压干燥制备技术、开展各类复合气凝胶或结构有序可控的超低密度气凝胶的制备、系统性地研究超轻质特性对气凝胶特定功能的影响规律等进行了展望。     

气凝胶微球的制备及应用

气凝胶由于其优异的理化性能和广阔的应用前景,近年来的发展十分迅速。然而传统的气凝胶多为块体材料,一定程度上忽略了特殊应用场景下对尺寸和形状的特定需求。将气凝胶材料制备成微球,一方面能够拓宽气凝胶材料的应用领域,另一方面也丰富了多孔微球材料的内涵。本文从几类主要的气凝胶体系(氧化硅气凝胶、纤维素气凝胶、间苯二酚-甲醛(RF)/碳气凝胶和石墨烯气凝胶)出发,综述了这些气凝胶微球的制备方法及其应用实例,并对气凝胶微球的研究现状及发展趋势做了简要评述。     

有机气凝胶及炭气凝胶对茶碱的吸附动力学研究

制备出一系列不同结构的炭气凝胶和有机气凝胶。通过吸附实验,研究了其吸附茶碱的动力学行为。实验表明,炭气凝胶比有机气凝胶吸附速率快,吸附平衡时间短。炭气凝胶与文献报道的酚醛树脂对茶碱的吸附量相当,但吸附速率较快。茶碱在气凝胶上的吸附量随时间的变化规律遵从Langmuir方程,也符合假二级动力学吸附方程。     

常压干燥法制备Al2O3块状气凝胶

以无机铝盐Al(H2O)9(NO3)3为前驱体，甲酰胺作为干燥控制化学添加剂(DCCA)，1,2-环氧丙烷作为凝胶网络诱导剂，通过溶胶-凝胶法制备氧化铝凝胶；在常压条件下对凝胶进行干燥，得到乳白色、半透明、轻质、块状氧化铝气凝胶.初步探讨了在凝胶制备和陈化过程中增强凝胶网络结构强度的途径和机理.     

国内光催化研究进展简述

分1975~1985, 1985~1995和1995~2012三个时期简要介绍了国内光催化研究进展, 主要侧重于光催化材料及其改性、应用和反应机理方面的研究进展, 并指出了当前光催化领域存在的一些重要问题和未来的发展趋势, 涉及到光解水、CO₂还原、环境净化和选择性有机合成等方面.     

青蒿素研究进展

青蒿素是目前治疗疟疾的特效药。本文对自青蒿素发现以来的最新研究进展进行了比较详尽的综述。内容包括: 青蒿素的发现及历史, 青蒿素的来源, 青蒿素的全合成,青蒿素的生物合成, 青蒿素衍生物以及植物组织培养生产青蒿素。     

Reactions in droplets in microfluidic channels

Fundamental and applied research in chemistry and biology benefits from opportunities provided by droplet-based microfluidic systems. These systems enable the miniaturization of reactions by compartmentalizing reactions in droplets of femoliter to microliter volumes. Compartmentalization in droplets provides rapid mixing of reagents, control of the timing of reactions on timescales from milliseconds to months, control of interfacial properties, and the ability to synthesize and transport solid reagents and products. Droplet-based microfluidics can help to enhance and accelerate chemical and biochemical screening, protein crystallization, enzymatic kinetics, and assays. Moreover, the control provided by droplets in microfluidic devices can lead to new scientific methods and insights.     

Gemini表面活性剂合成进展

系统总结了近百种Gemini表面活性剂的合成路线和方法,并且按照其结构特点分门别类地进行比较和归纳,对今后Gemini表面活性剂的合成发展方向提出了一些看法,这对促进此类新颖表面活性剂的工业化进程将具有指导意义。     

Interpretation of inorganic arsenic metabolism in humans in the light of observations made in vitro and in vivo in the rat

The toxicity of inorganic trivalent arsenic for living organisms is reduced by in vivo methylation of the element. In man, this biotransformation leads to the synthesis of monomethylarsonic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic (DMA) acids, which are efficiently eliminated in urine along with the unchanged form (As_i). In order to document the methylation process in humans, the kinetics of As_i, MMA and DMA elimination were studied in volunteers given a single dose of one of these three arsenicals or repeated doses of As_i. The arsenic methylation efficiency was also assessed in subjects acutely intoxicated with arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) and in patients with liver diseases. Several observations in humans can be explained by the properties of the enzymic systems involved in the methylation process which we have characterized in vitro and in vivo in rats as follows: (1) production of As_i metabolites is catalyzed by an enzymic system whose activity is highest in liver cytosol; (2) different enzymic activities, using the same methyl group donor (S-adenosylmethionine), lead to the production of mono- and di-methylated derivatives which are excreted in urine as MMA and DMA; (3) dimethylating activity is highly sensitive to inhibition by excess of inorganic arsenic; (4) reduced glutathione concentration in liver moderates the arsenic methylation process through several mechanisms, e.g. stimulation of the first methylation reaction leading to MMA, facilitation of As_i uptake by hepatocytes, stimulation of the biliary excretion of the element, reduction of pentavalent forms before methylation, and protection of a reducing environment in the cells necessary to maintain the activity of the enzymic systems.     

Recent Advances in Analytical Methodology for in vivo Electrochemistry in Mammals

Electrochemistry is one of the most advanced techniques for monitoring neurochemical activities in the living brain because electrochemical approaches bear the advantageous features of high spatial and temporal resolutions, which facilitate its tremendous potential in investigating the highly spatially heterogeneous brain system and the fast dynamics of neurochemical activities. On the other hand, since brain is the most complicated organ in the sense of its numerous kinds of neurochemical species, high selectivity is always required for any analytical methods that approach the brain. In this review, we will discuss various electrochemical methodologies to achieve selective detection of neurochemicals in mammalian brain and the strategies developed mainly by our group towards selective monitoring of both electrochemically active and inactive neurochemicals. At the end, we will discuss possible solutions towards brain mapping of neurochemical species and combination of neurochemical detection strategy with electrophysiology as the direction of future development of electroanalysis in living brain.     

Trends in education in analytical chemistry

Summary At the session of the WPAC of Fechem on education in analytical chemistry it was concluded that it is now essential to include chemometrics and basic knowledge of computers in all courses on analytical chemistry.

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Tendenzen in der analytisch-chemischen Ausbildung

Zusammenfassung Bei einer Tagung der WPAC über die Lehre auf dem Gebiet der analytischen Chemie wurde bei der Betrachtung neuer Aspekte festgestellt, daß vor allem Chemometrie und Grundkenntnisse in Computertechnik in die Ausbildung aufgenommen werden sollten.

     

乙基香兰素研究前景

报导了近几十年来国内外关于乙基香兰素的研究进展与动态,并简单介绍了本文作者在该方面所取得的研究成果,参考文献33篇。     

钙与人体及临床

钙是宏量元素，是人体中含量较高的元素之一，体内99％的钙构成骨骼和牙齿以及维持骨骼结构，1％的钙调节人体重要生理功能。钙的含量过高或过低都与许多疾病有关，只有保持一种平衡状态，才能使机体处于正常环境。     

Recent progress in nitroxide-mediated polymerizations in miniemulsion

Recent developments in nitroxide-mediated polymerizations conducted in emulsion and miniemulsion have advanced the field across a range of both experimental and theoretical fronts. This article reviews progress in bicomponent initiating systems (including use of camphorsulfonic acid to enhance rate), unimolecular initiating systems, miniemulsions not requiring the use of volatile costabilizers, polymerization of acrylates, mathematical modeling and simulation, and theoretical understanding with regards to issues such as compartmentalization, preservation of polymer chain livingness, the role of aqueous phase kinetics and phase partitioning. These topics are discussed and analyzed to present an integrated portrait of the current status of nitroxide-mediated polymerizations in emulsion/miniemulsion and to identify the most pressing concerns, issues, and opportunities. To cite this article: M.F. Cunningham, C. R. Chimie 6 (2003).