离子液体对锯末中纤维素的溶解及再生研究

探讨了离子液体1-(4-磺酸基丁基)-3-甲基咪唑的硫酸氢盐(IL-1)作为催化剂,金属氯化物作为助催化剂时纤维素的水解,利用离子液体IL-1对杨木锯末中纤维素的直接溶解并再生,考察了温度、碱性溶液的浓度以及溶解时间对溶解率的影响,通过傅里叶红外光谱FT-IR、X-射线衍射仪及热失重对处理前后锯末、再生纤维素的结构、结晶性及热性能进行了研究.结果表明,温度为90℃,NaOH质量分数为6%,溶解时间为2 h时,离子液体对杨木锯末具有最佳的溶解性,溶解率可达45%左右.离子液体主要溶解杨木锯末中的纤维素,且为非衍生化的直接溶解,再生后的纤维素结晶形态由纤维素I变为II,热稳定性能有所降低.     

三维结构和氧化度对C6位氧化再生纤维素止血材料性能影响

C6位氧化再生纤维素作为可吸收止血材料,其止血性能受材料理化性质的影响。通过比较氧化再生纤维素的吸水率、凝胶化速率、溶解速率、降解速率、抗老化性能和止血效果,研究三维结构和氧化度对氧化再生纤维素性能影响。结果发现,氧化度增高,氧化再生纤维素吸水率增强,凝胶化速率加快,溶解速率和降解速率变快,抗老化性能变差,产品有效期变短。纤丝松散网状多孔结构比纱布致密结构更有利于提高吸水率,加快凝胶化速率和溶解速率;同时降低氧化剂用量,提高抗老化性能。同一氧化度条件下,纤丝止血速率优于纱布,止血效果更好。     

再生纤维素结晶度影响因素的研究进展

纤维素是自然界中最丰富的可再生资源,具有量大价廉、可再生、再生周期短、可生物降解和环境友好等诸多优点。但由于其结构特点,使天然纤维素的应用受到很大的限制。而将其溶解后再生,可拓展纤维素的应用前景。针对应用目的不同,对再生纤维素的结晶结构要求也不同。本文主要综述了溶解体系、溶解时间、溶解温度、溶解浓度、沉淀剂类型、沉淀方式、干燥方式等再生条件对再生的纤维素结晶度的影响。     

[AEIM]Cl的合成及微波溶解微晶纤维素

以氯丙烯和N-乙基咪唑为原料合成了离子液体氯化1-烯丙基-3-乙基-咪唑盐([AEIM]Cl),利用FT-IR和¹HNMR对其化学结构进行了表征。采用微波加热法溶解微晶纤维素(MCC),考察 [AEIM]Cl对纤维素的溶解性能。研究了NaOH、微波和高压等3种预处理方式对微晶纤维素的相对结晶度、聚合度及溶解率的影响。利用FT-IR、XRD、TGA和SEM分别对溶解后得到的再生纤维素的化学结构、晶型变化、热稳定性及表观形貌进行测试与分析。结果表明,合成的离子液体是目标产物,对微晶纤维素表现出很好的溶解能力,且高温高压条件下15％的NaOH水溶液对微晶纤维素处理后,得到的纤维素相对结晶度最小,聚合度最低,溶解率最高。溶解过程中纤维素没有发生衍生化反应,溶解后得到的再生纤维素的相对结晶度和微晶尺寸变小,热稳定性降低。     

离子液体介质中纤维素酶降解纤维素的研究进展

以不可再生资源为原料和能源进行的传统加工工业正面临着资源日益枯竭的现实,所以对可再生资源的研究势在必行。在各种可再生资源中,纤维素生物质是唯一可再生的碳资源,具有取之不尽用之不竭的物质基础,被普遍认为将会部分替代或补充不可再生资源。但由于纤维素的超分子结构,传统的工艺很难将其降解转化,离子液体作为一种新型的绿色溶剂,不仅能够很好地溶解纤维素,同时也是纤维素酶解反应的良好溶剂。综述了国内外离子液体对纤维素溶解、再生以及降解的近期研究成果,分析了其中存在的问题,提出了离子液体降解纤维素的发展方向。     

氯化1-烯丙基-3-乙基-咪唑盐的合成及其对微晶纤维素的微波溶解

合成了新型离子液体氯化1-烯丙基-3-乙基-咪唑盐([AEIM]Cl), 并采用红外光谱和核磁共振测试技术对其化学结构进行了表征. 研究了微波加热条件下[AEIM]Cl对微晶纤维素(MCC)的溶解性能,考察了NaOH、微波和高压等3种预处理方式对微晶纤维素的结晶度、聚合度及溶解率的影响. 采用FT-IR、XRD、TGA和SEM测试技术分别对溶解后得到的再生纤维素的化学结构、晶型变化、热稳定性及表观形貌进行了分析. 结果表明,[AEIM]Cl是微晶纤维素的直接溶剂. 与原生纤维素相比,当选用15%的NaOH在高压釜中140 ℃条件下处理微晶纤维素时,处理过的纤维素结晶度由92.0%降至49.2%,聚合度由306降至153,溶解率从5.2%提高至28.8%. 溶解过程中纤维素没有发生衍生化反应,溶解后得到的再生纤维素晶型由原来的纤维素Ⅰ转变为纤维素Ⅱ,且微晶尺寸从4.92 nm降至1.76 nm,热分解温度从246.6 ℃降至183.0 ℃.     

尿素/己内酰胺/氢氧化钠/水溶剂体系对纤维素的溶解和再生性能

探讨了尿素/己内酰胺/氢氧化钠/水溶剂体系对纤维素的溶解和再生情况.利用正交试验确定了该体系各组分的最佳组成(质量分数):尿素10%,己内酰胺4%,氢氧化钠8%.采用红外光谱(FTIR)、热重失重(TGA)分析和X射线衍射(XRD)等手段对再生前后的纤维素进行了表征.结果表明,该溶剂体系对纤维素具有良好的溶解性能,并且是纤维素的直接溶剂;低温有利于纤维素的溶解;溶解再生后的纤维素晶型发生了变化,热稳定性有所降低.     

木质纤维素在球磨过程中的相变行为

用X射线衍射对中国马尾松中的本质纤维素在球磨过程中的降解、解结晶、重结晶和相转变进行了定量的研究。本文的实验证明,球磨木质纤维素有着与球磨纤维素不同的重结晶和相转变行为,木质纤维素中的共存木素对球磨非晶态纤维素向纤维素Ⅱ的转交起着障碍的作用,但对它们向纤维素Ⅰ的重结晶则不存在影响。这个结果支持由Coring和Sarko等先后提出的纤维素Ⅰ向纤维素Ⅱ转变的理论和机理。     

纤维素在离子液体中的溶解性能及机理研究进展

综述了纤维素在离子液体中的溶解性能和机理的研究进展,总结了纤维素在离子液体中发生溶胀、溶解的物化特性;指出纤维素在离子液体中的溶解属于直接溶解,溶解温度、溶解时间、加热方式、离子液体结构及是否含水等均可影响纤维素的溶解性能;分析了离子液体体系中纤维素应用方面存在的问题,即用于溶解纤维素的离子液体种类有限,溶解机理尚无成熟和完整的理论模型,有待于进一步研究.     

纤维素的绿色溶解体系

纤维素是一种天然的可再生资源,将其溶解是对其有效利用的关键。本文从溶解机理的角度对环境友好的非反应型纤维素溶剂,包括无机溶剂和有机溶剂体系,进行了重点介绍。无机溶剂体系包括碱/尿素/水体系、碱/硫脲/水体系等,其是在低温下通过尿素或硫脲小分子形成稳定的氢键网络包裹自由的纤维素大分子,使之不能相互结合,从而使碱不断打开纤维素分子间、分子内氢键获得更多的自由纤维素分子,并最终使其溶解。有机溶剂体系包括胺氧化物和离子液体,其是通过电子给予体和电子接受体与纤维素羟基作用实现纤维素的溶解。     

超声波活化处理对微晶纤维素结构和氧化反应性能的影响

采用无污染的超声波技术预处理微晶纤维素, 研究了微晶纤维素在活化前后的超分子结构、形态结构和可及度的变化, 超声波活化对微晶纤维素选择性氧化性能的影响.     

Effects of Ultra-sonification Assisting Polyethylene Glycol Pre-treatment on the Crystallinity and Accessibility of Cellulose Fiber

In order to prepare the advanced cellulosic super-absorbent polymer with high grafting level, we tried the novel ultrasound wave assisting polyethylene glycol (PEG) pre-treatment method to decrease the crystallinity and increase the accessibility of cellulose fiber. The effects of ultrasonification assisting PEG method on the crystallinity and swelling capacity of cellulose fiber were investigated. To optimize the experimental condition, the Taguchi method was employed in the treatment process. The influence factors such as ultrasonic wave power, ultrasonic wave time and PEG molecular weight relative to the crystallinity of cellulose fiber were studied systematically. The degree of crystallinity of cellulose fiber was measured by wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). The morphology of cellulose fiber was observed by environment scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). The effects of pre-treatment variables on the water absorbency and water retention values of cellulose fiber were also investigated. The research results revealed that, under the optimal experimental condition (ultrasonic powder, 500 W; ultrasonic time, 150 s; PEG molecular weight, 600 g/mol), the crystallinity of cellulose fiber decreased from 72.16 to 42.95%. Accordingly, the absorbency of cellulose fiber increased from 1.436 to 2.063 g/g, and the water retention value increased from 47.21 to 113.4%. However, the morphology of cellulose fiber did not change thoroughly compared with the original cellulose fiber. It can be hypothesized that the original inter- and intra-macromolecular hydrogen bonds in cellulose network were weakened, resulting from the high level dispersion of PEG within cellulose network without breaking the surface morphology of fiber.     

IR Spectroscopic Study of Prepurified Flax

Flax fiber treated by conventional and ultrasonic procedures was studied. IR spectroscopic procedures were developed to estimate the degree of fiber decontamination from lignin and noncellulose fractions and to study supramolecular transformations of cellulose.     

Concentration effects on the isolation and dynamic rheological behavior of cellulose nanofibers via ultrasonic processing

Chemical pretreatment combined with high-intensity ultrasonication was performed to disintegrate cellulose nanofibers from poplar wood powders. The cellulose content in each suspension was treated as the control variable because the suspension concentration significantly influences the properties of the resultant cellulose nanofibers via ultrasonic processing. The as-obtained cellulose nanofibers were characterized by fiber diameter distribution, crystal structure, and rheological analysis. An increase of not more than 1.2 % of the cellulose content resulted in finer nanofibers. Both storage modulus and loss modulus of cellulose nanofiber suspensions rapidly increased with increasing concentration because of the gradual formation of a stronger network structure. In addition, the dynamic mechanical behavior of suspensions with fiber contents lower than 0.8 % was affected by the frequency and temperature alteration in contrast with the suspension with higher fiber contents. The sol–gel transformation and the visco-elastic transition depend on the hydroxyl bonding and the cross-linking extent of cellulose nanofibers in various concentration environments.     

Sonocrystallization of polycarbonate melts

In this paper, we showed the simplified continuous process to crystallize the polycarbonate (PC) melts using sonocrystallization which is based on ultrasonic cavitation and ‘hot spot’ theory. High power ultrasonic wave was introduced to crystallize the PC prepolymers which is generally used for solid‐state polymerization (SSP) to obtain the ultra‐high molecular weight PCs. The structure and properties of PC treated with ultrasonic wave such as torque changes and crystallinities were studied. The experimental results showed that ultrasonic wave could improve the crystallinities of PCs and sonication time was proportional to their crystallinity. This is attributed to the decrease of the specific volume and the resulting shrinkage is compensated by a flux of a polymer melt toward the crystallization front. Torque data were collected directly from the Haake internal mixer and crystallinities were evaluated from differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). This process is an environmentally benign process so that no additional solvents or treatments are needed and will be very useful in the conventional solid‐state process which is used industrially. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A novel approach for the homogenization of cellulose to use micro‐amounts for stable isotope analyses

Climate reconstructions using stable isotopes from tree‐rings are steadily increasing. The investigations concentrate mostly on cellulose due to its high stability. In recent years the available amount of cellulose has steadily decreased, mainly because micro‐structures of plant material have had to be analyzed. Today, the amounts of cellulose being studied are frequently in the milligram and often in the microgram range. Consequently, homogeneity problems with regard to the stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen from cellulose have occurred and these have called for new methods in the preparation of cellulose for reliable isotope analyses. Three different methods were tested for preparing isotopically homogenous cellulose, namely mechanical grinding, freezing by liquid nitrogen with subsequent milling and ultrasonic breaking of cellulose fibres. The best precision of isotope data was achieved by freeze‐milling and ultrasonic breaking. However, equipment for freeze‐milling is expensive and the procedure is labour‐intensive. Mechanical grinding resulted in a rather high loss of material and it is also labour‐intensive. The use of ultrasound for breaking cellulose fibres proved to be the best method in terms of rapidity of sample throughput, avoidance of sample loss, precision of isotope results, ease of handling, and cost. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

超声波强化提取地骨皮中有机酸的研究

用超声波强化提取地骨皮中有机酸,采用单因素和正交试验方法研究了提取温度、提取时间、料液比、超声波功率对地骨皮中有机酸提取量的影响规律。结果表明超声波提取法的最佳工艺条件为提取温度65℃、提取时间35 min、料液比1∶16、超声波功率135 W,在此条件下地骨皮中总有机酸提取率为2.73%。     

木质纤维素纳米纤丝制备及形态特征分析

以阔叶树材杨木木粉为原料,始终保持纤维处在水润涨的状态下,利用亚氯酸钠在酸性条件下脱除木质素,氢氧化钾脱除半纤维素,然后借助高强度超声波的空化作用,依次制备了综纤维素、纯化纤维素及木质纤维素纳米纤丝(WCNF).通过傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)对WCNF制备过程中的化学组分、晶型结构、结晶度及形态特征变化进行了表征,并进一步利用图像分析系统对WCNF的直径分布进行了测量统计.结果表明,WCNF的主要成分为纤维素,其晶型结构仍为纤维素Ⅰ型,结晶度为65.68%,较之原料木粉提高了12.33%.所得纤丝的直径集中分布在5～32nm之间,长度大于10μm,长径比高于300,纤丝间相互交织成网状缠结结构.WCNF的高结晶度、高长径比、纳米尺度、网状缠结结构,显示其为一种十分理想的增强增韧材料.     

羧甲基纤维素系列高分子表面活性剂超声合成的研究

研究了在超声波作用下羧甲基纤维素的降解反应及ＣＭＣ与具有不同亲水亲油比值的活性大单体「烷基醇（酚）聚氧乙烯醚丙烯酸酯及第三单体」的超声共聚反应。经萃取提纯的共聚产物用ＩＲ，＾１３Ｃ ＮＭＲ和ＵＶ等方法进行表证，证实通过超声反应制得了二元和三元共聚物。     

Effect of surface chemistry and topography of sulphite fibres on the transcrystallinity of polypropylene

In the present study the effect of chemically and mechanically treated cellulose materials on the degree of polypropylene transcrystallisation was investigated. The cellulose materials which were sulphite fibres, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and knife milled sulphite fibre, were either chemically treated by esterification or mechanically treated by beating. The esterified cellulose materials did not induce a transcrystalline layer, however, all unesterified cellulose materials clearly induced a transcrystalline layer. The fibres which were mechanically treated by beating gave a higher degree of transcrystallisation than the untreated ones. Our results show the importance of the surface chemistry of the added fibres on the growth of transcrystallisation in polypropylene composite materials.