磁场作用下乳化重油稳定性的实验研究

燃油磁化燃烧技术是一种新的燃烧技术 ,目前以日本发展较快[1,2 ] ,其节能效果也已为实践所证实[3～ 5] 。我们知道 ,掺水乳化重油稳定性好 ,燃烧状况就稳定 ;稳定性差 ,油水在进入炉膛燃烧前就已分层 ,不但起不到“微爆”效果 ,而且严重时导致熄火。作者曾对未磁化乳化重油的粘度、稳定性和分散度进行了实验研究[6～ 8] ,丘纪华等学者[9～ 11] 对磁化技术在石油、化工、燃料等方面的作用机理及应用进行了一定的研究 ,但是重油掺水乳化后再经磁化处理后其稳定性发生怎样的变化 ,尚未见实验报道。因此 ,为了更好地发挥这一技术的节油和环保效…     

反相微乳法合成稀土六铝酸盐催化剂及其甲烷催化燃烧研究

天然气发电由于其建设周期短,扩容简单,投资小,且产生的二氧化碳在所有矿物燃料中最少,温室效应小,在电力生产中会越来越受到重视[1].二十世纪70年代,Pfefferle[2]等人提出了天然气催化燃烧方法,可降低反应温度(通常降为1 200～1 400 ℃),使甲烷在较低的浓度下完全燃烧,不但能使NOx和CO降低,减少污染,而且还能提高能效,节约宝贵的燃料资源.……     

新型柴油节能降污添加剂的研制

为改善柴油燃料的燃烧性能,充分利用有限的石油资源,通过对两种单剂的制备、筛选,研制了一种新型柴油节能降污表面修饰纳米添加剂 添加剂以0.01‰质量分数加入柴油中,能显著提高柴油的燃烧效率、减少残炭.     

重油掺水乳化分散度的研究

70年代以来人们研究和开发了油掺水乳化燃烧的新技术 ,包括油水乳化方法和高效表面活性剂的研制[1～ 3] ,并在燃油设备上使用了这一技术。此外 ,国内外学者对重油掺水燃烧技术的燃烧机理进行了较多的研究[4 ,5] ,对乳化重油分散体系性质系统实验研究较少。工业炉窑燃用掺水乳化重油效果的好坏 ,除了与其粘度、稳定性有关外[6,7] ,与乳化重油的分散相(水 )微粒大小也有很大关系。水在油中分散得越均匀 ,分散的颗粒越微细 ,其在燃烧过程中的“微爆”效果则越佳 ,雾化效果越好 ;并且 ,分散体系中分散相颗粒粒径与比表面积的大小也决定着分散相…     

煤中钠存在形式的研究

煤中钠的存在形式由于与煤的灰污性质密切相关,很早即为人们所关注[1,2]。对煤中钠存在形式的研究始于50年代[1,2],已认识到煤中的钠既以无机形式存在,也以有机形式存在。对钠的分析普遍采用萃取方法,但不同学者所采用的萃取液并不相同,其中大多以稀盐酸为萃取液[3,4]。稀...     

用于多环芳烃分析的内标样品的研制

<正>多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类重要的环境污染物,广泛分布于水体[1]、土壤[2]、沉积物[3]、空气[4]等环境介质中,由于其具有"三致"效应,一直受到环境科学家的关注。我国学者在研究中发现质谱分析时离子源的污染致使PAHs的响应下降[4],仪器在连续测试48～96h后,部分PAHs的响应可降低为初始值的50%～70%,采用外标法已不能满足美国环保局(EPA)对多环芳烃日常测定的要求,内标法校准可消除测试条件的波动对测定结果产生的影响,提     

乳化剂分子亲水组分含量对相反转乳化过程的影响

高分子树脂水基分散体系 ,因其结构的可灵活调节性 ,在许多方面得到应用 ,又因其不含有机溶剂 ,能完全满足环境保护和生态的要求而备受关注 [1～ 3] .相反转乳化技术是制备高分子水基体系的新方法 ,它适用于制备包括加聚物和缩聚物的大多数高分子水基体系 ,大大拓宽了水基体系的范围 [4 ] .杨振忠等[5] 利用自己合成的高分子非离子型乳化剂将环氧树脂乳化成微粒尺寸小且分布窄的水基分散体系 ,对相反转机理和相反转技术进行了深入研究 .研究表明 ,乳化剂浓度和乳化温度对相反转后水基微粒尺寸和形态有重要影响 ,高乳化剂浓度和较低的乳化温…     

浸渍型甲醇裂解Cu/Cr基催化剂

汽车尾气占整个大气污染的 42 % [1] .开发洁净的燃料已成为研究热点 .H2 是最干净的燃料 ,但运输和储存困难 .甲醇被认为是一种很有前途的高能燃料 ,因此出于节能和环保双重原因 ,甲醇裂解制 H2 用于汽车燃料电池或裂解成 H2 和 CO混合气直接用作内燃机燃料的研究和应用已引起广泛关注[2 ] .目前研究较多的是沉淀型 Cu/Zn基催化剂 ,但由于分散度不高、Cu晶易长大 ,因而活性和稳定性不好[3] .本文报道用共浸的方法制备Cu/Cr基催化剂 ,研究了它们的催化性能 ,并对催化剂的失活原因进行了初步探讨 .催化剂制备 :将 Cu( NO3) 2 · 3H2 O(…     

在分子中单电子受到的作用势的理论研究

分子的所有性质都是由分子内的电子和原子核的相互作用及其运动所决定的 .这种相互作用 ,在讨论各种问题中 ,可以用各种各样的作用势来描写 [1～ 9] .分子静电势为分子间的相互作用研究 ,尤其是药物和受体相互作用的研究 ,提供一种非常有用的手段 [1,2 ] .在 Hartree- Fock[3 ,4 ] 方程中的势能项是某个分子轨道上 1个电子所受到的所有原子核和其余电子的作用势 . Slater[5,6] 提出了平均作用势 .Kohn- Sham[7]把单电子轨道引进密度泛函理论中 ,建立了 Kohn- Sham单电子运动方程 .KS轨道上1个电子所受的有效定域势场为该电子与其余电子…     

智能型测汞仪测定氟石粉中汞含量

近年来我国氟石粉的出口量不断增加,国外用户因生产工艺或环境保护等的要求,在国际贸易中对氟石粉又提出了更多更高的质量指标[1],合同规定的品质项目也不断增多,其中汞的含量要求<1μg·g-1,结合实际工作的需要,本法采用智能型测汞仪对其中的汞含量进行测定,其原理即汞原子对波长为253.7nm的共振谱线有强烈的吸收作用,吸收的大小与汞原子蒸汽浓度的关系符合比耳定律[2]。试样只需经硝酸[3]、重铬酸钾[4]处理后,即可用测汞仪于波长253.7nm处进行测定,测定范围为0.00001%～0.001%。方法操作简便、迅速,准确可靠,可操作性强。1　试验部分1…     

细小乳状液的制备

For preparing O/W miniemulsions containing soybean oil and silicone oil, three methods, phase inversion emulsification, D-phase emulsification, reformed D-phase emulsification were tested by using Brij92, 97, 98 and Tween 80, 85, 60, 20 and Span 80, 60 mixed surfactants. It was found that the O/W miniemulsions of soybean oil and silicone oil can not be formed by phase inversion emulsification method, but can be formed by the two other methods. The results of emulsification showed that if gel emulsion, in which fine oil droplets disperse in continuous phase with high surfactant content, appears during the emulsification process, the O/W miniemulsions can be formed by simply diluting with water.     

Preparation characteristics of water-in-oil-in-water multiple emulsions using microchannel emulsification

Microchannel (MC) emulsification is a novel technique for preparing monodispersed emulsions. This study demonstrates preparing water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions using MC emulsification. The W/O/W emulsions were prepared by a two-step emulsification process employing MC emulsification as the second step. We investigated the behavior of internal water droplets penetrating the MCs. Using decane, ethyl oleate, and medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) as oil phases, we observed successful MC emulsification and prepared monodispersed oil droplets that contained small water droplets. MC emulsification was possible using triolein as the oil phase, but polydispersed oil droplets were formed from some of the channels. No leakage of the internal water phase was observed during the MC emulsification process. The internal water droplets penetrated the MC without disruption, even though the internal water droplets were larger than the resulting W/O/W emulsion droplets. The W/O/W emulsion entrapment yield was measured fluorometrically and found to be 91%. The mild action of droplet formation based on spontaneous transformation led to a high entrapment yield during MC emulsification.     

A Three-Step Model for Submicron W/O Emulsion Formation in a Transitional-Phase Inversion Process

A three-step model of the transitional phase inversion (TPI) process for the formation of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions is presented. Three types of emulsions exist in an emulsification process at different oil–water ratios and hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB). A stable W/O emulsion was obtained using Sorbitan oleate (Span 80) and polyoxyethylenesorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) with a specified HLB and oil volume fraction. Oil was added into water, which contained the water-soluble surfactant, to dissolve the oil-soluble surfactant. This route allowed TPI to occur, and an interesting emulsification process was observed by varying the HLB, which corresponded to the change in the oil–water ratio. Two types of emulsions in the emulsification process were found: transition emulsion 1 (W/O/W high internal phase emulsion) and target emulsion 2 (W/O emulsion with low viscosity). This study describes the changes that occurred in the emulsification process.     

INTERFACIAL EFFECTS IN SOLIDS-STABILIZED EMULSIONS: EFFECT OF SURFACTANT AND pH ON FILM TENSION AND PARTICLE INTERACTION ENERGY

In this paper, the effects of surfactant and pH on film tension and particle interaction energy for a layer of hydrophobic particles at an oil/water (O/W) interface are discussed. The surfactant (Aerosol-OT) was found to decrease the film tension, while the effect of pH was more complex. The results of our study are interpreted on the basis of the electrokinetic properties of the system, and potential applications in emulsification and demulsification are discussed.     

Screening of the effect of surface energy of microchannels on microfluidic emulsification

We report the results of a systematic study of the effect of the surface energy of the walls of microchannels on emulsification in parallel flow-focusing microfluidic devices. We investigated the formation of water-in-oil (W/O) and oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions and found that the stability of microfluidic emulsification depends critically on the preferential wetting of the walls of the microfluidic device by the continuous phase. The condition for stable operation of the device is, however, different than that of complete wetting of the walls by the continuous phase at equilibrium. We found that W/O emulsions form when the advancing contact angle of water on the channel wall exceeds theta approximately 92 degrees. This result is unexpected because at equilibrium even for theta < 92 degrees the microchannels would be completely wet by the organic phase. The criterion for the formation of W/O emulsions (theta > 92 degrees) is thus more stringent than the equilibrium conditions. Conversely, we observed the stable formation of O/W emulsions for theta < 92 degrees, that is, when the nonequilibrium transition to complete wetting by oil takes place. These results underlie the importance of pinning and the kinetic wetting effects in microfluidic emulsification. The results suggest that the use of parallel devices can facilitate fast screening of physicochemical conditions for emulsification.     

A review of: “Nineteenth Century Attitudes: Men of Science (Chemists and Chemistry Series,Vol. 13)”. Sydney Ross. Kluwer Academic Publishers; Dordrecht, 1991. pp. xi+235. $69.00.

Abstract

The potential of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes as water‐in‐oil (W/O) emulsification devices was investigated to obtain uniformly sized droplets and to convert them into microcapsules and polymer particles via subsequent treatments. Uniform W/O emulsion droplets have not been achieved using glass membranes unless the membrane was rendered hydrophobic by treatment with silanes. If a PTFE membrane is capable of providing uniform droplets for a W/O emulsion, a coordinated membrane emulsification system can be established since glass membranes have been so successful for O/W (oil‐in‐water) emulsification. In order to examine the feasibility of PTFE membrane emulsification, O/W and W/O emulsion characteristics prepared using PTFE membranes were compared with those prepared by the conventional SPG (Shirasu porous glass) membrane emulsification method. A 3 wt.% sodium chloride solution was dispersed in kerosene using a low HLB surfactant. Effects of the membrane pore size, permeation pressure, and the type of emulsifiers and concentration on the droplet size and on the size distribution (CV, coefficient of variation) were investigated. The CV of the droplets was fairly low, and the average droplet size was correlated with the critical permeation pressure of the dispersed phase, revealing that the PTFE membrane could be used as a one‐pass membrane emulsification device. Low CV values were maintained with a Span 85 (HLB = 1.8) concentration, 0.2–5.0 wt.% and a range of HLB from 1.8–5.0. For a brief demonstration of practical applications, nylon‐6,10 microcapsules prepared by interfacial polycondensation and poly(acrylamide) hydrogels from inverse suspension polymerization are illustrated.     

Microchannel emulsification using gelatin and surfactant-free coacervate microencapsulation

In this study, we investigated the use of microchannel (MC) emulsifications in producing monodisperse gelatin/acacia complex coacervate microcapsules of soybean oil. This is considered to be a novel method for preparing monodisperse O/W and W/O emulsions. Generally, surfactants are necessary for MC emulsification, but they can also inhibit the coacervation process. In this study, we investigated a surfactant-free system. First, MC emulsification using gelatin was compared with that using decaglycerol monolaurate. The results demonstrated the potential use of gelatin for MC emulsification. MC emulsification experiments conducted over a range of conditions revealed that the pH of the continuous phase should be maintained above the isoelectric point of the gelatin. A high concentration of gelatin was found to inhibit the production of irregular-sized droplets. Low-bloom gelatin was found to be suitable for obtaining monodisperse emulsions. Finally, surfactant-free monodisperse droplets prepared by MC emulsification were microencapsulated with coacervate. The microcapsules produced by this technique were observed with a confocal laser scanning microscope. Average diameters of the inner cores and outer shells were 37.8 and 51.5 microm; their relative standard deviations were 4.9 and 8.4%.     

双重乳液/溶剂蒸发法制备超声造影微泡

通过水包油包水(W1/O/W2)双重乳液的油相溶剂蒸发过程, 制备了聚左旋乳酸(PLLA)微泡, 结合扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、激光共聚焦显微镜(LCSM)和粒度分析(PSA)等表征手段, 研究了外水相乳化剂的种类、浓度、两次乳化的水油比、均质机转速等参数对微泡性能的影响. 研究结果表明, 聚乙烯醇(PVA)是该体系外水相有效的乳化剂; 通过调节PVA水溶液的浓度或第二次乳化时均质机转速, 能有效地控制微泡的平均粒径(1~10 μm); 第一次乳化的水油比是微泡空心率的重要影响因素. 对微泡负压充气后, 进行体外超声显影检测, 证明该微泡具有较好的超声造影增强效果.     

Preparation of Uniform Microspheres and Microcapsules by Modified Emulsification Process

Summary: Uniform microspheres and microcapsules have been prepared by developing a direct membrane emulsification technique from O/W, W/O and W/O/W emulsions in previous studies, and have been applied in bio-separation and drug delivery systems. The diameter can be controlled from several microns to above 100 microns. However, smaller microsphere with submicron size, especially from W/O/W emulsion was difficult to be prepared. In this article, a modified emulsification technique was developed to overcome the problem. That is, a pre-emulsion (W/O or W/O/W) with broad size distribution of droplets was prepared firstly by homogenization, sonification or mechanical stirring method, then the pre-emulsion was pressed through the uniform pores of a Shirasu Porous Glass (SPG) membrane to obtain relatively uniform smaller droplets, finally the droplets were solidified to form uniform microsphere or microcapsule. Uniform chitosan microsphere and poly(lactic-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microcapsule with submicron size were prepared from W/O and W/O/W emulsions, respectively. Further more, uniform polymer-magnetite microcapsule was prepared by combining this technique and a new post-precipitation process of magnetite.     

Mechanism of oil-in-water emulsification using a water-soluble amphiphilic polymer and lipophilic surfactant

A new O/W (oil-in-water) emulsification system was developed using the amphiphilic polymer HHM-HEC (hydrophobically-hydrophilically modified hydroxyethylcellulose) and a lipophilic surfactant. HHM-HEC was used as a thickener and polymeric surfactant, and the addition of small quantities of various types of nonionic lipophilic surfactant (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance <5) decreased the droplet size of several types of oil due to a lowering of the tension at the water/oil interface. The oil droplets were held by the strong network structure of the aqueous HHM-HEC solution, preserving the O/W phase without inversion. These stable O/W emulsions were prepared without the addition of hydrophilic surfactants and thus show improved water repellency.