表面接枝季铵盐型聚合物的纤维素纤维——灭菌机理研究

以大肠杆菌JM10 5(E .ColiJM10 5)为模拟体系 ,系统研究一种新型聚阳离子型表面接触抗菌材料及其单体的抗菌过程和机理 .采用平板计数法测定该单体的最低抑菌浓度以衡量其抗菌能力 ,采用扫描电镜法和 β 半乳糖苷酶活性考察该单体对大肠杆菌的抑制作用过程及其机理 .分别采用静态和动态吸附法考察聚阳离子型表面接触抗菌材料对大肠杆菌的吸附性能 ,测定吸附在材料表面菌体TTC 脱氢酶的活性和菌体呼吸活性以揭示该材料的抗菌作用机理 ,并采用电镜观察抗菌纤维表面菌体形态随时间的变化 .结果表明 ,聚阳离子型表面接触抗菌材料的单体可导致大肠杆菌细胞壁破裂 ,由此破坏细胞膜并导致细胞凝聚而死亡 .该消毒剂的灭菌过程由吸附和杀灭两步构成 ,前者为快速过程 ,而后者则是慢速过程     

载银磷酸活化剑麻基活性炭纤维的抗菌性能研究

本文利用磷酸化方法，制备各种剑麻基活性炭纤维，并利用活性炭纤维的氧化还原特性及吸附性能，在其上负载金属银，研究并比较了这些载银活性炭纤维对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭作用，结果表明，磷酸浓度，活化方法，活化时间，纤维的比表面积等因素的均对材料的抗菌性能有一定的影响，磷酸活化的活性炭纤维表现出强的抗菌杀菌能力，高浓度磷酸活化后的纤维抗菌能力有所提高，并且抗菌能力随活化时间的延长而增加，抗菌前后纤维上负载的银未曾大量脱落，经5次抗菌试验后材料仍显示出很强的抗菌能力。     

接枝有抗菌与温度敏感共聚物的聚乙烯薄膜制备及抗菌性能初探

通过紫外光引发表面共接枝的方法,在聚乙烯薄膜表面引入了具有杀菌功能和温度敏感共聚物,聚(甲基丙烯酰氧乙基苄基二甲基氯化铵-co-N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)(P(DMAE-BC-co-NIPAAm)).利用红外光谱(IR)和表面接触角(CA)对共接枝膜的化学结构与表面性能进行了表征.研究了因温度改变引起共接枝膜表面疏水性改变,而导致接枝膜对大肠杆菌(E.coli)吸附作用和菌体内膜破裂作用的改变.大肠杆菌被抗菌膜吸附后,在1 mol/L的NaCl浓盐溶液中只有部分被洗脱,在膜表面疏水情况下,可洗脱菌体比例降低.β-半乳糖苷酶活性测定结果表明,因温度升高而引起接枝膜表面疏水性增强时,会使抗菌膜对大肠杆菌菌体的破裂作用增强.     

Na2O掺杂C12A7材料的结构及其抗菌性能

本文利用溶胶-凝胶方法制备了Na2O掺杂的C12A7(12CaO.7Al2O3-Na2O)材料,通过X-射线衍射(XRD)、电子顺磁共振(EPR)、电感等离子体耦合-原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)和飞行时间质谱(TOF-MS)研究了材料结构与性能。选用金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌为受试菌种,研究了C12A7-Na2O的抗菌性能。结果表明,Na2O掺杂对C12A7的晶体结构以及材料中的氧负离子的浓度没有显著的影响,且C12A7-Na2O材料具有较高的抗菌性能。利用扫描电镜(SEM)对杀菌前后的金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的菌体形态进行了观测,初步探讨了C12A7-Na2O的抗菌机理。     

温敏性丙烯腈共聚物纳米纤维膜的制备与性能

采用可逆加成断裂链转移可控/活性聚合方法合成了丙烯腈与N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAM)的嵌段共聚物,通过调控嵌段聚合反应时间可以获得一系列不同嵌段链长的共聚物,分子量分布在1.3左右.运用静电纺丝技术制备了所合成嵌段共聚物的纳米纤维膜,扫描电镜照片表明纳米纤维膜较为均匀且直径可调.研究了纳米纤维膜表面水接触角与荧光标记牛血清清蛋白的吸附现象,接触角结果证实共聚物纳米纤维膜具有一定的温度响应性,且疏水性嵌段的引入导致响应温度较PNIPAM有所降低;蛋白质吸附结果则表明温度较低时纳米纤维膜表面更亲水,蛋白质吸附较少.所制备的温敏性纳米纤维膜可望用作智能分离与吸附材料.     

Ag-TiO_2/ACF纳米复合物的制备及其对亚甲基兰光降解作用及抗菌性能

以钛酸四丁酯为前躯体,活性炭纤维(ACF)为载体,蔗醣为粘结剂,采用真空吸附水解法制备了TiO2/ACF催化剂.通过在TiO2/ACF表面负载上银纳米颗粒,制得Ag-TiO2/ACF光降解-抗菌复合材料.利用BET、XRD、SEM等方法对其进行了表征.研究了Ag-TiO2/ACF在光照下对亚甲基兰的降解作用和对大肠杆菌的杀灭效果.结果表明,光照2h,Ag-TiO2/ACF可以将溶液中亚甲基兰降解97%以上.当纳米复合材料中Ag含量为0.75wt%时,Ag-TiO2/ACF对大肠杆菌具有很强的灭杀作用.     

聚丙烯-麦饭石功能纤维的性能

应用冷场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、声速法、蠕变测试、苯胺吸附和振荡烧瓶法对聚丙烯-麦饭石功能纤维的形貌、取向因子、蠕变性、吸附性和抗茵率进行了测试与表征.研究表明:聚丙烯纤维和麦饭石添加剂呈镶嵌结构,聚丙烯-麦饭石功能纤维表面存在一些微细褶皱,其杨氏模量和取向因子相对较低,蠕变现象明显;苯胺的吸附率在30%左右;抗菌率在90%以上,而且水洗50次后抗茵率基本不变,具有很好的吸附和抑菌作用.     

季铵化聚乙烯亚胺的抗菌性能研究

采用叔胺化反应与季铵化反应两步高分子反应过程,制备了季铵化的聚乙烯亚胺(QPEI);以大肠杆菌(E.coli)为致病菌体,重点研究了高分子季铵盐QPEI的抗菌活性;采用平板活菌记数法考察了季铵化度及pH值等因素对其抗菌性能的影响规律;并采用β-半乳糖苷酶活性测定法,研究了QPEI的抗菌机理.研究结果表明,QPEI具有很强的抗菌能力,对浓度为109CFU/mL的菌悬液,在药剂量为15mg/L、接触时间为4min的条件下,杀菌率可达100%;QPEI的季铵化度对其抗菌性能影响很大,季铵化度越高,抗菌性能越好;在一定的pH值范围内,pH值越高,抗菌性能越好.β-半乳糖苷酶活性测定结果表明,QPEI的抗菌机理是基于杀菌过程,而不只是抑菌作用.     

Pt/TiO_2催化剂上的氢—氧作用——Ⅱ. 程序升温还原和程序升温氧化研究

本文采用TPR、TPO技术分别考察了氧处理Pt/TiO_2上氧物种的还原行为和氢还原样品的氧化过程.TPR结果表明,表面含有活泼氧物种的Pt/TiO_2样品对氢很活泼,室温条件下可以吸附大量氢,并且这些吸附氢又可以在TPR过程中脱附.表面活泼氧物种与氢的反应温度在500—673K之间,当大于673K时,Pt/TiO_2继续耗氢,可能是氢与还原产生的表面Ti~(3+)离子进一步反应生成钛—氢物种,并向TiO_2体相扩散与TiO_2体相晶格氧发生反应.对于773K还原的Pt/TiO_2作品,室温吸附氧在TPD过程中可以与表面吸附氢反应;473K氧化处理可以消除表面的吸附氢,但并不能完全去除体相储氢;573K氧化处理则基本上恢复了原样品的氧化状态.不同温度氢还原处理的Pt/TiO_2样品在动态氧化过程(TPO)中,在300-600K温区,气相氧与样品上表面吸附氢和表面氧空位反应;在大于600K温区,氧主要与表面钛—氢物种发生反应,并向体相扩散,与体相氢发生反应.文中描述了气相氢、氧分别与Pt/TiO_2催化剂存在的氧或氢物种作用的形式.     

改性香蕉叶对Ca~(2+)的吸附性能研究

以改性香蕉叶作为吸附材料吸附溶液中的Ca~(2+),研究了Na OH浓度和反应时间对香蕉叶改性效果的影响,并研究了吸附时间、温度、吸附剂用量、Ca~(2+)初始质量浓度、溶液p H值对改性香蕉叶吸附性能的影响,包括吸附平衡和吸附动力学过程。结果发现,改性香蕉叶吸附剂的最佳制备方案为:Na OH浓度为0.2mol/L,反应时间为1h;改性香蕉叶吸附剂对Ca~(2+)的吸附平衡较好地符合Langmuir吸附等温式,其吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型,由此确定其吸附类型为化学吸附;通过红外光谱分析和扫描电镜显示,改性的过程可除去香蕉叶纤维表面的果胶、半纤维素、木质素,使Ca~(2+)更容易接触纤维表面而被吸附。     

Photocatalytic degradation of pathogenic bacteria with AgI/TiO2 under visible light irradiation

The photocatalytic disinfection of pathogenic bacteria in water was investigated systematically with AgI/TiO2 under visible light (lambda > 420 nm) irradiation. The catalyst was found to be highly effective in killing Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The adsorbed *OH and hVB+ on the surface of the catalyst were proposed to be the main active oxygen species by study of electron spin resonance and the effect of radical scavengers. The process of destruction of the cell wall and the cell membrane was verified by TEM, potassium ion leakage, lipid peroxidation, and FT-IR measurements. Some products from photocatalytic degradation of bacteria such as aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids were identified by FT-IR spectroscopy. These results suggested that the photocatalytic degradation of the cell structure caused the cell death. The electrostatic force interaction of the bacteria-catalyst significantly affected the efficiency of disinfection on the basis of the E. coli inactivation under different conditions.     

Preparation and Antibacterial Function of Quaternary Ammonium Salts Grafted Cellulose Fiber Initiated by Fe2 +-H2O2 Redox

The surface contact disinfecting technique is a newly developed method for water sterilization. In this paper, the grafted quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) antibacterial fibers were prepared and designed to apply for the surface contact disinfecting process in water treatment. The antibacterial fibers were directly prepared by grafting methacryloxylethyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DMAE-BC) onto cellulose fiber using thiocarbonate-H₂O₂ redox system. All kinds of factors in the grafting reactions, such as reaction time, reaction temperature, monomer concentration, initiator concentration, which influence the percentage of grafting, were studied and optimized. The modified cellulose fibers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope(SEM). The effects of the percentage of grafting of the grafted cellulose fibers on bactericidal activity were also studied. The spread plate method was used to characterize the bactericidal activity. The disinfection process was further investigated by directly observing the morphology of the bacterial cells adsorbed on the antibacterial fibers with SEM and measuring extracelluar total protein concentration in suspension. The poly(DMAE-BC)-grafted cellulose ?ber was found to exhibit particularly high activity against E.coli.     

Deposition of polymer latices on grafted Nylon 6 fiber

Deposition of polymer latices on a grafted Nylon 6 fiber was studied as a function of pH and the degree of grafting. The latices were polystyrene (PS), styrene/acrylamide copolymer (P(St/AAm)) and styrene/acrylic acid copolymer (P(St/AA)). The deposition of the latices on the grafted fiber decreased in every case with increasing pH and no deposition was observed at alkaline pH. The grafting of fiber with acrylic and methacrylic acid reduced the deposition of P(St/AAm) and P(St/AA) latices but had no influence on the deposition of PS latex. The relation between the deposition rates and the interaction energy at acidic pH indicates that the deposition of PS latex on the grafted fiber mainly depends on the electrostatic interaction. These results suggest that the expansion of water-soluble polyelectrolyte layer on the surface of grafted fiber plays an important role on the deposition.     

Adsorption and Equilibrium Isotherm Study of Removal of Copper (II) Ions from Aqueous Solution by Chemically Modified Abelmoschus esculentus Fibers

The present study explores surface modification of Abelmoschus esculentus by graft copolymerization reaction using acrylonitrile as a monomer and ascorbic acid/H₂O₂ as a redox initiator. Further, polyacrylonitrile grafted fibers were treated with hydroxylamine to convert the nitrile group of the grafted fiber into the amidoxime group to enhance adsorption of copper ions from wastewater. The graft copolymers and amidoximated fibers were characterized by FT-IR and FE-SEM. The effects of physicochemical parameters such as pH of the solution, initial metal ion concentration, and time on Cu(II) adsorption were studied to optimize condition for maximum adsorption. In addition, Langmuir, Freundlich, and Tempkin models were applied to describe the adsorption isotherm of Cu²⁺ ions.     

刷状结构的阳离子性接枝微粒QPDMAEMA/SiO_2对牛血清白蛋白的吸附特性

以微米级硅胶微粒为基质,通过接枝聚合和大分子反应,制备了具有刷状结构的阳离子性接枝微粒,深入研究了其对牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的强吸附能力、吸附机理和吸附热力学.首先使含叔胺基团的单体甲基丙烯酸二甲基氨基乙酯(DMAEMA)在硅胶微粒表面发生接枝聚合,制得接枝微粒PDMAEMA/SiO2,然后以氯乙胺为试剂,使接枝大分子PDMAEMA链中的叔胺基团发生季铵化反应,获得了具有刷状结构的阳离子聚电解质的功能接枝微粒QPDMAEMA/SiO2.测定了微粒QPDMAEMA/SiO2的zeta电位,实施了对BSA的等温吸附实验,考察了介质pH值、离子强度及温度对吸附作用的影响,研究了吸附热力学.研究结果表明,功能接枝微粒QPDMAEMA/SiO2比接枝微粒PDMAEMA/SiO2具有更高的zeta电位,在静电相互作用驱动下,微粒QPDMAEMA/SiO2对BSA具有很强的吸附能力.吸附容量随介质pH值的增大呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,当pH值等于BSA的等电点(pI=4.7)时,具有最高的吸附容量(高达112 mg?g-1).以等电点为界,离子强度对吸附容量会产生完全相反的影响作用:当介质pH值小于BSA的等电点时,电解质浓度增大,吸附容量增高;当介质pH值等于BSA的等电点时,吸附容量几乎不随电解质的浓度发生变化.吸附过程熵值减小而且放出热量,是一个焓驱动的吸附过程.     

Enzymatic surface modification of Kevlar fibers

Horseradish peroxidase catalyzed grafting of acrylamide (AM) onto Kevlar fibers has been studied. The modified fiber has been characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elemental analysis and the grafting yield. From the SEM micrographs, the surface of the grafted Kevlar fiber is rougher than that of the untreated fiber, and the elemental analysis indicated that the nitrogen content of the treated fibers is higher than that of the untreated fiber. All the results suggested that AM must have been grafted onto the Kevlar surface through HRP-mediated radical initiated grafting reaction. The probably mechanism of HRP catalyzed grafting of AM onto Kevlar surface is proposed.     

The role of electrostatic interactions in protease surface diffusion and the consequence for interfacial biocatalysis

This study examines the influence of electrostatic interactions on enzyme surface diffusion and the contribution of diffusion to interfacial biocatalysis. Surface diffusion, adsorption, and reaction were investigated on an immobilized bovine serum albumin (BSA) multilayer substrate over a range of solution ionic strength values. Interfacial charge of the enzyme and substrate surface was maintained by performing the measurements at a fixed pH; therefore, electrostatic interactions were manipulated by changing the ionic strength. The interfacial processes were investigated using a combination of techniques: fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, surface plasmon resonance, and surface plasmon fluorescence spectroscopy. We used an enzyme charge ladder with a net charge ranging from -2 to +4 with respect to the parent to systematically probe the contribution of electrostatics in interfacial enzyme biocatalysis on a charged substrate. The correlation between reaction rate and adsorption was determined for each charge variant within the ladder, each of which displayed a maximum rate at an intermediate surface concentration. Both the maximum reaction rate and adsorption value at which this maximum rate occurs increased in magnitude for the more positive variants. In addition, the specific enzyme activity increased as the level of adsorption decreased, and for the lowest adsorption values, the specific enzyme activity was enhanced compared to the trend at higher surface concentrations. At a fixed level of adsorption, the specific enzyme activity increased with positive enzyme charge; however, this effect offers diminishing returns as the enzyme becomes more highly charged. We examined the effect of electrostatic interactions on surface diffusion. As the binding affinity was reduced by increasing the solution ionic strength, thus weakening electrostatic interaction, the rate of surface diffusion increased considerably. The enhancement in specific activity achieved at the lowest adsorption values is explained by the substantial rise in surface diffusion at high ionic strength due to decreased interactions with the surface. Overall, knowledge of the electrostatic interactions can be used to control surface parameters such as surface concentration and surface diffusion, which intimately correlate with surface biocatalysis. We propose that the maximum reaction rate results from a balance between adsorption and surface diffusion. The above finding suggests enzyme engineering and process design strategies for improving interfacial biocatalysis in industrial, pharmaceutical, and food applications.     

Enzymatic surface modification of Kevlar fibers

Horseradish peroxidase catalyzed grafting of acrylamide (AM) onto Kevlar fibers has been studied. The modified fiber has been characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elemental analysis and the grafting yield. From the SEM micrographs, the surface of the grafted Kevlar fiber is rougher than that of the untreated fiber, and the elemental analysis indicated that the nitrogen content of the treated fibers is higher than that of the untreated fiber. All the results suggested that AM must have been grafted onto the Kevlar surface through HRP-mediated radical initiated grafting reaction. The probably mechanism of HRP catalyzed grafting of AM onto Kevlar surface is proposed.     

超积累植物李氏禾叶细胞干粉对Cr(VI)的吸附特性研究

借助拟合吸附动力学和等温热力学方程, 研究了湿生超积累植物李氏禾叶细胞干粉对Cr(VI)的吸附性能. 考察了pH值、吸附时间等多种因素对吸附性能的影响; 利用扫描电镜(SEM), X射线能谱(EDS)对李氏禾干粉表面形貌及元素分布进行了表征. 结果表明, 该吸附是单分子吸附的伪二级动力学过程, 吸附过程包含两个步骤: Cr(VI)离子通过静电作用富集在干粉材料表面, 随后干粉表面存在的功能配位官能团会与Cr(VI)发生化学作用. 结合红外光谱图发现对铬起吸附作用的主要是含O, N功能原子的配位官能团, 并且不同功能原子与Cr(VI)的作用方式不同.