高温处理对碳载吡啶钴催化氧还原性能的影响

利用碳黑(Vulcan XC-72R) 中加入硫酸钴和吡啶(Py)作为催化剂前躯体, 经溶剂分散热处理构建了一类新型的高效氧还原CoPy/C复合催化剂. 运用循环伏安法和旋转圆盘电极(RDE)技术研究了不同温度(600~900 ℃)处理CoPy/C催化剂在碱性介质中对氧还原的电催化性能. 结果表明, 热处理能显著提高CoPy/C的催化活性, 活性次序为800 ℃>900 ℃>600 ℃>未处理. 其中800 ℃处理的15%Co25%Py/C(质量分数)复合催化剂表现出最佳的氧还原催化性能, 以其制备的气体扩散电极在3.0 mol/L KOH 电解质溶液(O₂气氛)中的半波电位为-0.069 V(相对于标准可逆氢电极), 起峰电位为0.026 V, 同时表现出明显的极限扩散电流. 利用透射电镜、 能谱分析和X射线衍射技术对催化剂的微观形貌、 颗粒大小和活性位结构的研究结果表明, 所制备的碳黑负载吡啶钴催化剂(15%Co25%Py/C)平均粒径为17 nm, 经800 ℃处理后吡啶结构发生了坍塌, 形成了其它价态的钴氧化合物、 硫化物和单质钴, 并协同吡啶中的氮对氧起催化还原作用. RDE结果表明, O₂在CoPy/C催化剂上的反应动力学主要通过4e^-过程还原成H₂O.     

CoPy/C催化氧还原的碱效应及活性位研究

以碳黑(Vulcan XC-72R)为载体, 硫酸钴(CoSO₄ · 7H₂O)和吡啶(Py)作为催化剂前躯体, 经溶剂分散及800℃热处理可制备出高效催化氧还原反应(ORR)的碳载钴吡啶复合催化剂(15%Co25%Py/C, 质量分数). 采用红外光谱(IR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等对催化剂的结构进行表征. 运用旋转圆盘电极(RDE)技术研究了不同浓度的KOH溶液(0.05~12.0 mol/L)对CoPy/C催化氧还原活性的影响. 结果表明, 不同浓度的KOH溶液对CoPy/C催化剂催化氧还原反应(ORR)的性能影响很大, 在0.05和0.1 mol/L KOH溶液中催化剂活性最高. 以其制备的气体扩散电极在0.05 mol/L KOH溶液(O₂气氛)中的半波电位为-0.138 V, 起峰电位为0.10 V, 同时表现出明显的极限扩散电流. 在-0.381 V时电流密度达到最大值(4.39 mA/cm²). 随着KOH溶液浓度的增加(pH值下降), 起始电压沿负方向移动, 同时动力学、 混合动力学和扩散区的电流密度均下降. RDE研究结果表明, 在0.05和0.1 mol/L KOH溶液中, O₂在CoPy/C电极上的还原主要经4e^-过程还原成H₂O. XPS研究结果表明, 吡啶作为小分子富氮源对提高催化剂的活性具有重要作用, 所制备催化剂经800℃高温热处理形成了石墨N, 吡啶N以及部分氧化态的氮结构, 其中石墨N和吡啶N作为催化剂的活性中心, 提供氧还原活性位, 从而使该类催化剂对氧还原表现出很好的电催化性能和选择性.     

碳载钴酞菁催化剂的一步法制备及其在碱性条件下对氧的电催化还原

通过固相加热,一步合成了以VulcanXC-72(碳黑)为载体的碳载钴酞菁(CoPc/C)复合催化剂,其可用作空气电极的氧还原催化剂。通过X射线衍射、红外光谱等测试技术对催化剂进行了表征。利用极化曲线和交流阻抗(EIS)方法测试了其在碱性介质(6mol/LKOH)中对氧还原的催化性能。结果显示,得到的产物为CoPc/C复合物,平均粒径30nm。以磷酸处理的碳黑为载体,在600℃下制备的CoPc/C复合催化剂表现出最佳的催化活性。以其制备的电极在空气气氛下-0.03V(Hg/HgO)电位时即可产生明显氧还原电流,-0.2V时电流密度达90×10-3A/cm2。     

碱性燃料电池Co-N/C复合催化剂的电化学性能

碳黑经过酸处理后再加入醋酸钴经氨气900 ℃热处理后, 以其制备的气体扩散电极在6 mol•L^―1 KOH溶液中对氧还原反应(ORR)的电催化性能得到大大提高. XRD物相分析表明: 碳粉中加入醋酸钴经氨气热处理生成了氮化钴(Co_5.47N). 通过极化曲线和交流阻抗方法对制备的气体扩散电极在空气中的性能进行了研究. 室温时在－0.2 V (vs. Hg/HgO)电位下, 未经处理的碳电极对氧还原基本没有电流产生; 用酸处理后的碳电极在空气中的电流密度提高到57 mA•cm^―2; 而Co-N/C复合电极在同样条件下电流密度可达170 mA•cm^―2, 交流阻抗显示氮化物的生成减小了氧还原反应的阻抗, 增强了对氧还原反应的电催化作用.     

吡啶掺杂碳载钴酞菁催化氧还原的电化学性能及在燃料电池中的应用

以碳黑(Vulcan XC-72R)为载体, 吡啶(Py)和钴酞菁(CoPc)为催化剂前驱体, 经溶剂分散法制备了Py掺杂碳负载纳米钴酞菁复合催化剂(Py-CoPc/C). 通过扫描电镜-能谱分析(SEM-EDS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析和X射线衍射(XRD)分析技术对催化剂的组成和微观结构进行了表征, 并运用线性扫描循环伏安法(LSV)和旋转圆盘电极(RDE)技术考察了不同Py掺杂含量对碳载钴酞菁(CoPc/C)催化氧还原反应(ORR)活性的影响及稳定性. 结果显示: Py掺杂可以明显改善CoPc/C 对ORR的电催化性能, 其中掺杂20%Py下所制备的20%Py-20%CoPc/C 催化剂对ORR表现出最佳的催化活性, 以其制备的气体扩散电极在O₂气氛饱和的0.1 mol·L^-1 KOH 电解质溶液中, 0.2 V (相对于标准氢电极)即可产生明显的氧还原电流, 半波电位为-0.03 V. 相比于40%Py/C 和未掺杂的40%CoPc/C, 20%Py-20%CoPc/C催化剂的半波电位分别正移了160 和15 mV. 进一步运用RDE理论研究表明, 在Py-CoPc/C 电极上ORR的电子转移总数为2.38, 高于CoPc/C电极上的电子转移总数1.96, 从而使ORR的选择性明显提高. SEM-EDS和XRD分析表明Py掺杂提高了CoPc/C催化剂的分散性和N含量, 更利于O₂的吸附. XPS分析表明: 吡啶结构的N与石墨结构的N均存在于Py-CoPc/C 催化剂中,与催化剂表面的Co离子配位可能是促使ORR活性提高的原因. 最后以20%Py-20%CoPc/C制备了膜电极组装(MEA)电极, 应用于H₂/O₂ 燃料电池单电池发电, 室温下获得最大发电功率密度为21 mW·cm^-2, 相对于CoPc/C提高至2.4倍.     

应用于锌-空气电池的新型碳载钴-聚噻吩复合催化剂

采用化学氧化聚合法合成了以碳为载体的钴-聚噻吩复合物(Co-PTh/C)作为气体扩散电极氧还原催化剂。 通过扫描电子显微镜-能量色散X射线能谱（SEM-EDX）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）等测试技术对催化剂进行表征。 结果表明,Co-PTh/C催化剂颗粒的粒径为10~30 nm,且分布均匀。 利用极化曲线、交流阻抗等电化学方法测试了其在碱性介质中(6 mol/L KOH)对氧还原的催化性能。 此催化剂在碱性介质中空气气氛条件下,电极电位在-0.20 V(vs.Hg/HgO)时电流密度达到0.152 A/cm2,催化性能高于质量分数5%Pt/C,显示出优越的氧还原电催化性能。 采取催化层/集流体/扩散层的排布方式,以纯锌为负极,6 mol/L的KOH为电解液,将气体扩散电极与锌负极组装成锌-空气电池。 电池以0.075 A/cm2进行恒流放电,放电电压为1.1 V且性能稳定。     

碳载钴酞菁催化剂的制备及其氧还原催化性能研究

研究了一种通过固相加热一步合成碳载钴酞菁复合催化剂(CoPc/C)的制备方法.通过XRD,IR对制备的催化剂进行了表征.结果显示,得到的产物为CoPc/C,平均粒径30nm.利用极化曲线和交流阻抗等电化学方法测试了其在碱性介质中对氧还原的催化性能.该催化剂在碱性介质中(6mol·L-1KOH)空气气氛下,氧还原的初始电位达到0V,电极电位为-0.10V vs·Hg/HgO时电流密度达到100mA·cm-2,有显著的氧还原电催化效果.对实验得到的极化曲线及交流阻抗数据进行拟合处理及计算,获得相关动力学参数.     

用于电化学水氧化的铁、镍、钴金属及其二元金属纳米颗粒比较研究

从环境兼容角度来设计应用于氧析出反应的电催化剂是否有效、耐用和廉价对能源转化过程至关重要. 本文报告了一种快速制备低成本、原料丰富的金属催化剂制备方法。通过一步电化学沉积法在钛金属基材上制备了铁、镍、钴金属及其钴镍、钴铁二元金属纳米颗粒. 采用场发射电子显微镜 (FE-SEM), 能量散射X-射线能谱 (EDX), X-射线衍射光谱 (XRD), X-射线光电子能谱 (XPS)和电化学技术对制备的不同纳米颗粒进行了表征. 电化学结果显示,在合成的五种钛基金属纳米催化剂中, 钛基上沉积钴金属纳米颗粒(Ti/Co)电极在0.l mol·L^-1氢氧化钾溶液中氧析出反应的电催化活性最好,0.70 V(相对于银/氯化银电极)的电流密度为10.0 mA·cm^-2. 经优化后Ti/Co电极的过电位(η)很小,当电流密度为10.0 mA·cm^-2时η为0.43 V,质量活性高达105.7 A·g^-1,逆转频率(TOF)值为1.63×10^-3 s^-1, 这些与当前最好的碳载铂(Pt/C)和氧化钌(RuO₂)电催化剂的性能相当. 此外,通过计时电位技术对优化后Ti/Co电极的耐久性进行了测试, 发现该电极在碱性溶液中氧析出反应的稳定性良好. 本工作制备的钛金属基材上电化学沉积金属钴纳米颗粒具有高催化活性、高稳定性、原料来源丰富、廉价且易于大规模生产,在工业化水分解领域具有潜在的应用前景.     

高分散钴氮共掺杂碳纳米纤维氧还原催化剂

过渡金属氮掺杂碳基催化剂已成为替代铂基氧还原反应(ORR)电催化剂的理想选择。本文通过静电纺丝技术制备了高比表面、高度分散的钴原子配位氮掺杂的碳纳米纤维催化剂(Co-N/C)。X射线衍射(XRD)和高分辨率透射电镜(HRTEM)结果证实Co元素高度分散于制备的Co-N/C催化剂中。X射线光电子能谱结果表明N元素主要以吡啶N和石墨N形式存在。该Co-N/C催化剂对ORR反应呈现出较高的电催化活性,其氧还原起始和半波电位分别为0.92 V和0.80 V(相对于标准氢电极),接近于商业化Pt/C催化剂的性能。以制备的Co-N/C催化剂作为阴极,25℃下锌空气燃料电池的开路电位1.54 V、最大功率密度达到了190 m V·cm~(-2)表明该催化剂具有良好的应用前景。     

磷钼酸修饰炭载Pd电极的H2O2电催化还原

采用化学还原法制备了炭载钯（Pd/C）催化剂,浸渍修饰磷钼酸（PMA）制备成复合催化剂. 通过XRD和红外谱图（IR）表征催化剂的组分和结构,采用线性扫描曲线及计时电流曲线考察了该电极的电催化性能. 研究表明,室温（20 ^oC）PMA-Pd/C电极的H₂O₂还原电催化活性更优.     

Ir/CNTs催化剂的制备及对氨的电催化氧化

分别以碳纳米管(CNTs)和XC-72活性碳为载体制备了Ir/CNTs和Ir/C催化剂. X射线衍射(XRD)结果显示, CNTs拥有更高的石墨化程度. 电化学研究结果表明, 与Ir/C催化剂相比, Ir/CNTs对氨氧化具有更高的电流密度、更低的起始氧化电位和更好的稳定性. 同时, Ir/CNTs催化剂对氨检测的线性范围更宽, 灵敏度更高, 检出限更低.     

Ir–V nanoparticles supported on microstructure controlled carbon nanofibers as electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction

Ir–V nanoparticles supported on microstructure controlled carbon nanofibers (CNFs) or on carbon black, Vulcan XC-72 (XC-72), have been synthesized via chemical reduction, and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) properties of catalysts are investigated in this paper. The physico-chemical properties are characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), N₂ physisorption and electrochemical analysis. HRTEM results show that the metal nanoparticles are separated on carbon support with well-controlled particle size, dispersity, and composition uniformity. Moreover, the metal nanoparticles on CNFs have a smaller size than those on XC-72. Cyclic voltammetric analysis reveals that Ir–V/CNFs exhibits a higher ORR activity than Ir–V/XC-72, and this may be associated with the smaller metal nanoparticles and the stronger metal-support interaction of Ir–V/CNFs. Linear sweep voltammetric analysis at different rotation rates proves that ORR on the Ir–V/CNFs electrode is a 4e^? process.     

Preparation of CoSe nanoparticles by microwave-assisted polyol method: effect of Se/Co ratio, support type and synthesis conditions on oxygen reduction activity

Highly methanol-tolerant CoSe nanoparticles supported on different carbon substrates were synthesized by microwave heating of glycerol solutions of cobalt(II) acetate and sodium selenite at different Se/Co mole ratios in the presence of different concentrations of acetic acid and ammonia. The resulting CoSe catalysts were used for the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in acidic solution in the presence of methanol. The ORR activity of the catalyst was increased by increasing its Se content up to 50?mol%. The presence of acetic acid or ammonia in the synthesis solution significantly affects the electrocatalytic performance of the CoSe catalyst; highest activity was observed when the catalyst was synthesized at NH₃/Co(II) mole ratio of 6. Among the catalysts prepared on different supports including carbon black (Vulcan XC-72R), and nanoporous carbons synthesized from resorcinol-formaldehyde and phloroglucinol-formaldehyde resins, the one supported on the carbon prepared from the last resin exhibited highest electrocatalytic activity for ORR.     

Activity, stability and degradation of multi walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) supported Pt fuel cell electrocatalysts

Understanding and improving durability of fuel cell catalysts are currently one of the major goals in fuel cell research. Here, we present a comparative stability study of multi walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and conventional carbon supported platinum nanoparticle electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The aim of this study was to obtain insight into the mechanisms controlling degradation, in particular the role of nanoparticle coarsening and support corrosion effects. A MWCNT-supported 20 wt.% Pt catalyst and a Vulcan XC 72R-supported 20 wt.% Pt catalyst with a BET surface area of around 150 m(2) g(-1) and with a comparable Pt mean particle size were subjected to electrode potential cycling in a "lifetime" stability regime (voltage cycles between 0.5 to 1.0 V vs. RHE) and a "start-up" stability regime (cycles between 0.5 to 1.5 V vs. RHE). Before, during and after potential cycling, the ORR activity and structural/morphological (XRD, TEM) characteristics were recorded and analyzed. Our results did not indicate any activity benefit of MWCNT support for the kinetic rate of ORR. In the "lifetime" regime, the MWCNT supported Pt catalyst showed clearly smaller electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) and mass activity losses compared to the Vulcan XC 72R supported Pt catalyst. In the "start-up" regime, Pt on MWCNT exhibited a reduced relative ECSA loss compared to Pt on Vulcan XC 72R. We directly imaged the trace of a migrating platinum particle inside a MWCNT suggesting enhanced adhesion between Pt atoms and the graphene tube walls. Our data suggests that the ECSA loss differences between the two catalysts are not controlled by particle growth. We rather conclude that over the time scale of our stability tests (10,000 potential cycles and beyond), the macroscopic ECSA loss is primarily controlled by carbon corrosion associated with Pt particle detachment and loss of electrical contact.     

Study of the Electrochemical Oxygen Pump Based on Solid Polymer Electrolyte

Electrochemical process of atmospheric oxygen concentration in a modified electrolytic cell with a solid polymeric electrolyte and cathode depolarized by atmospheric oxygen was experimentally studied. The influence exerted by various factors (catalyst hydrophobicity, temperature, pressure, and air supply rate) on the process efficiency was examined. It was shown that the energy consumption for obtaining high-purity oxygen in this process can be reduced by 50–75% as compared with obtaining oxygen by electrolysis of water. The highest activity was observed for Pt40V catalyst (40 wt % Pt on Vulcan XC-72 carbon black) containing 10 wt % fluoroplastic.     

Erythrocyte-like hollow carbon capsules and their application in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Hierarchical nanostructured erythrocyte-like hollow carbon (EHC) with a hollow hemispherical macroporous core of ca. 230 nm in diameter and 30-40 nm thick mesoporous shell was synthesized and explored as a cathode catalyst support in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The morphology control of EHC was successfully achieved using solid core/mesoporous shell (SCMS) silica template and different styrene/furfuryl alcohol mixture compositions by a nanocasting method. The EHC-supported Pt (20 wt%) cathodes prepared have demonstrated markedly enhanced catalytic activity towards oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs) and greatly improved PEMFC polarization performance compared to carbon black Vulcan XC-72 (VC)-supported ones, probably due to the superb structural characteristics of the EHC such as uniform size, well-developed porosity, large specific surface area and pore volume. In particular, Pt/EHC cathodes exhibited ca. 30-60% higher ORR activity than a commercial Johnson Matthey Pt catalyst at a low catalyst loading of 0.2 mg Pt cm(-2).