Ni/HZSM-5催化剂的结构及其催化山梨醇水相加氢合成烷烃性能

采用浸渍法制备了Ni/HZSM-5双功能催化剂,考察了焙烧温度对催化剂结构及其催化山梨醇水相加氢合成C5～C6烷烃性能的影响.结果表明,在金属中心和酸性载体的协同作用下,通过山梨醇中C-O键加氢和异构化高选择性合成了C5～C6烷烃.经500°C焙烧的Ni/HZSM-5催化剂上山梨醇水相加氢的活性最高,山梨醇转化率为62.0%,戊烷和己烷的总选择性为76.4%,其中异己烷选择性达45.4%.对催化剂进行N2物理吸附、X射线衍射、NH3程序升温脱附和H2程序升温还原等表征后发现,经500°C焙烧催化剂的有效比表面积和孔体积均明显增大,HZSM-5负载的硝酸镍分解成较小晶粒的NiO,表面酸量适中,且Ni物种与载体相互作用较强,较易被H2还原,Ni还原度达100%.这是其催化活性最高的原因.     

改性纳米ZSM-5催化剂上正辛烷转化反应的研究

以纳米晶粒HZSM-5(20~50 nm)沸石为活性组分, 用碱性介质水热处理、 负载混合稀土和ZnO(或GaO)组合改性方法对纳米HZSM 5分子筛进行改性, 并用TEM， XRF， IR及XRD等手段对催化剂进行表征. 以正辛烷的芳构化和异构化为模型反应, 研究了改性纳米ZSM 5催化剂总酸和酸强度分布、 L/B酸位比例对正辛烷异构化和芳构化反应性能的影响以及催化剂酸强度、 L/B酸位比例与催化剂稳定性和积炭的关系. 结果表明, 碱性介质水热处理和混合稀土改性后, 总酸量减少和酸强度降低导致纳米HZSM-5催化剂的芳构化活性减弱, 异构化活性增强, 稳定性明显提高. 在碱性介质水热处理和负载混合稀土改性的基础上, 再负载适量氧化锌(或氧化镓)改性的催化剂， 总酸量增加, 强酸中心数量减少, B酸略有减少, 而L酸明显增加, L/B酸位比值增加. L酸中心和B酸中心的协同作用和较合适的L/B(1.4~1.7)比值使改性的纳米ZSM-5催化剂保持了较强的和稳定的芳构化和异构化活性, 催化剂积炭失活速率降低. 芳烃和异构烷烃产率分别达到约50%和30%, 高辛烷值的烷基芳烃(C7~C9)和异构烷烃(C4~C6)的选择性分别达到84%和80%.     

改性纳米HZSM-5沸石催化剂上C5～C8混合烷烃的芳构化反应

在小型固定床反应器上研究了水蒸气钝化及过渡金属(Ni,Co,Cu,Zn)改性对调变纳米HZSM-5沸石催化剂上C5~C8混合烷烃芳构化反应的作用.采用NH3-TPD和Py-FT-IR方法表征了改性催化剂的表面酸性质,并与其催化芳构化性能进行了关联.结果表明,在450℃下进行水蒸气钝化能显著提高催化剂的芳构化选择性,减少甲烷和乙烷等低碳烷烃的生成;催化剂进一步用锌盐或铜盐溶液浸渍改性,可以显著提高催化剂的抗积炭失活能力.这是由于水蒸气钝化能适当减少沸石表面的酸量,降低酸强度,而铜、锌改性可进一步减少B酸中心,增加L酸中心,并与B酸中心协同作用形成具有脱氢活性的催化中心,从而影响混合烷烃的活化方式与芳构化路径.     

ZnZr/HZSM-5复合催化剂上CO2加氢制备C5+异构烷烃

本研究将锌锆氧化物(ZnZr)与HZSM-5分子筛有效耦合制得系列ZnZr/HZSM-5复合催化剂,考察了HZSM-5硅铝比及Zn/Zr比对复合催化剂上CO₂加氢制备C₅₊异构烷烃性能的影响。结果表明,SiO₂/Al₂O₃=130,Zn/Zr=1∶5制得的ZnZr-4/HZSM-5复合催化剂表现出最优的CO₂加氢制C₅₊异构烷烃性能,CO₂转化率为17%,CO选择性抑制到25%,C₅₊烃及C₅₊烃中异构烷烃选择性分别达60%及89%。该复合催化剂稳定性良好,连续运转120 h未出现失活现象。ZnZr氧化物与HZSM-5分子筛的良好匹配对CO₂加氢高选择性合成C₅₊异构烷烃至关重要。     

水对两段法合成汽油中HZSM-5分子筛稳定性及油相产物的影响

模拟两段法合成汽油工艺的反应条件(360℃、2 MPa),通过控制甲醇的脱水量或在该气氛下对HZSM-5进行水热预处理,考察了水对催化剂稳定性及油相产物的影响。XRD、BET、FT-IR、SEM和NH3-TPD等表征手段表明水热预处理后的分子筛具有晶粒小、中孔多和酸强度低等特点,能显著提高汽油收率和异构烷烃选择性。甲醇在HZSM-5分子筛上发生脱水反应,产生的水热气氛造成强酸中心失活。     

Ni/Al2O3-SiO2催化剂对轻质C5馏分加氢的催化性

 利用X射线衍射、热重-差热分析和孔结构分析对新鲜和失活的Ni/Al2O3-SiO2催化剂进行了表征,讨论了催化剂的失活机理,并考察了催化剂在轻质C5馏分加氢反应中的稳定性和加氢工艺条件. 结果表明,催化剂失活的主要原因是加氢原料中的硫化物与催化剂活性组分镍发生反应生成了Ni3S2、镍晶粒长大和催化剂结焦. 使用氧化锌脱硫剂将加氢原料脱硫后,在单个反应器内,用饱和烷烃稀释C5馏分至其中二烯烃的质量分数为6%～9%,在加氢压力为1.3～2.5 MPa,体积空速为5.0～6.0 h-1,H2/油体积比为80～120的条件下,原料中二烯烃和炔烃转化率为100%,单烯烃转化率在97%以上. 催化剂连续运行375 h后,其催化活性与新鲜催化剂基本相同.     

XO~4^2-/ZrO~2固体超强酸催化剂上的正构烷烃反应

本文考察了SO~4^2-/ZrO~2固体超强酸催化剂上正构烷烃的反应及影响催化剂活性和选择性和各种因素。结果表明: 烷烃的骨架异构化和裂解反应在催化剂上同时进行, 烷烃的碳原子数增加, 催化剂活性提高, 裂解反应比例增加, 降低反应温度有利于骨架异构化反应; 同时催化剂的反应性能与含水量关系十分密切, 完全脱水的催化剂活性很低, 少量水的存在有利于提高催化活性, 过量的水又可使催化剂失活。根据催化剂的热重分析、红外光谱和反应数据, 提出低温时正戊烷反应主要在催化剂表面B酸位上进行, 随着反应温度升高和烷烃碳原子数增加, 催化剂表面的L酸位才显示一定的活性。     

XO~4^2-/ZrO~2固体超强酸催化剂上的正构烷烃反应

本文考察了SO~4^2-/ZrO~2固体超强酸催化剂上正构烷烃的反应及影响催化剂活性和选择性和各种因素。结果表明: 烷烃的骨架异构化和裂解反应在催化剂上同时进行, 烷烃的碳原子数增加, 催化剂活性提高, 裂解反应比例增加, 降低反应温度有利于骨架异构化反应; 同时催化剂的反应性能与含水量关系十分密切, 完全脱水的催化剂活性很低, 少量水的存在有利于提高催化活性, 过量的水又可使催化剂失活。根据催化剂的热重分析、红外光谱和反应数据, 提出低温时正戊烷反应主要在催化剂表面B酸位上进行, 随着反应温度升高和烷烃碳原子数增加, 催化剂表面的L酸位才显示一定的活性。     

多酸基深度加氢脱硫催化剂的原位表征和反应性能

采用浸渍法合成了镍盐复合的磷钨酸(HPW)/纳米晶HZSM-5固体酸催化剂,其在催化裂化(FCC)汽油加氢改质反应中显示出了良好地深度加氢脱硫活性。 原位电子自旋共振和原位吡啶吸附红外光谱表征手段的研究结果表明,纳米晶HZSM-5沸石上Ni(Ⅱ)结合3电子还原态的HPW(Ⅲ)是FCC汽油深度加氢脱硫反应的活性中心。 探讨了多酸基催化剂在FCC汽油深度加氢脱硫反应中活性改善的原因。     

P改性对HZSM-5酸性及P-HZSM-5/CuO-ZnO-Al2O3混合催化剂二甲醚水蒸气重整制氢的影响

近年来,氢能作为清洁可再生新型能源越来越受到人们关注.然而,氢气储存和运输困难,制约了其广泛利用.因此,寻找一种高效的原位在线制氢技术成为解决这一难题的重要方案之一.二甲醚作为氢的载体,具有高H/C比、高能量密度、无毒和无致癌性等优点,而且二甲醚的物理性质与液化石油气(LPG)相类似,燃烧时不会产生污染性气体,且工业上已实现大规模生产.通过重整技术,可以使二甲醚有效地转化为H2.目前的重整技术主要包括部分氧化重整、自热重整、干重整以及水蒸气重整(SR).其中二甲醚水蒸气重整(DME SR)技术具有很高的氢气产率,被认为是一种非常有前途的在线制氢技术.
　　二甲醚水蒸气重整反应分两步进行,第一步是固体酸催化剂催化的二甲醚水解反应,第二步是金属催化剂催化的甲醇水蒸气重整反应.其中二甲醚水解反应是整个反应的控速步骤.g-Al2O3作为一种最常用的固体酸催化剂,因其在二甲醚水蒸气重整反应中的良好活性和稳定性,以及很少的副反应等优点,得到了国内外研究者的普遍青睐.但是,g-Al2O3催化二甲醚水解反应的温度较高(300–400 oC),极易导致用于重整的铜基催化剂烧结和失活.与g-Al2O3相比, H型分子筛催化剂(如HZSM-5)酸性较强,酸性位较多,催化二甲醚水解反应的温度要低得多(<300 oC).然而HZSM-5含有的强酸位在二甲醚水蒸气重整过程中极易导致催化剂因积碳而失活.因此,有必要对HZSM-5分子筛进行改性,去除不必要的强酸位,以降低积碳,提高催化剂的活性和稳定性.
　　本文利用HZSM-5良好的离子交换能力,在不改变分子筛骨架结构的前提下,通过一种简单的浸渍法制备了一系列不同P含量的P改性HZSM-5催化剂,并分别将其与传统的CuO-ZnO-Al2O3催化剂机械混合用于二甲醚水蒸气重整制氢.详细研究了P改性对HZSM-5分子筛酸性以及P-HZSM-5/CuO-ZnO-Al2O3混合催化剂二甲醚水蒸气重整制氢活性的影响.与未改性的HZSM-5相比, P改性的HZSM-5催化剂在重整反应中表现出更高的CO2选择性和更好的催化稳定性.通过N2吸附-脱附、X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温氧化(TPO)、氨程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)、吡啶红外光谱(IR)和31P魔角旋转核磁共振光谱(MAS NMR)等技术对催化剂进行了表征. NH3-TPD结果表明, P改性可以显著影响HZSM-5的酸量和酸强度;随着P含量的增加,催化剂的强酸位密度明显降低,而弱酸量变化不大;当P含量达到5%时,催化剂的强酸量几乎消失;进一步增加P含量,催化剂的弱酸量也迅速减少. TPO等分析结果表明,积碳是导致催化剂失活的主要原因.5%P改性的HZSM-5催化剂由于其强酸位的消失,在催化反应中表现出更好的稳定性(与未改性的HZSM-5相比). IR结果显示,随着P含量的增加,催化剂的L酸量迅速减少,而B酸量变化相对缓慢.结合31P MAS NMR, NH3-TPD及IR表征结果,提出了P改性对HZSM-5酸性修饰的可能机理.     

Effective conversion of cellobiose and glucose to sorbitol using non-noble bimetallic NiCo/HZSM-5 catalyst

The tandem hydrolysis and hydrogenation of saccharides into sorbitol is an especially attractive reaction in the conversion of biomass. Here, an economical and efficient bimetallic catalyst for the transformation of glucose and cellobiose into sorbitol is reported. Non-precious metal based catalysts such as NiCo, Ni, and Co, were prepared via modified impregnation method, and NiCo/HZSM-5 showed superior performance for the synthesis of sorbitol (86.9% from cellobiose, 98.6% from D-glucose). Various characterizations, such as Brunner-Emmet-Teler (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), confirmed that NiCo alloy formed and highly dispersed in NiCo/HZSM-5 catalyst. The high performance of fabricated catalyst would be attributed to the formation of nickel-cobalt alloy over HZSM-5 zeolite surface. High temperature and H₂ pressure were favorable for the tandem hydrolysis and hydrogenation reaction. Besides, the reaction pathway was also proposed based on the kinetics study. Cellobitol was detected as the intermediate in the reaction mixture. Furthermore, in the catalytic stability study, it was found that active metal species of NiCo/HZSM-5 were stable. The deactivation of catalyst would be due to the covering of acidic sites over NiCo/HZSM-5.     

在Ni/HZSM-5催化剂上低温水蒸汽重整生物油制氢

We investigated high catalytic activity of Ni/HZSM-5 catalysts synthesized by the impregna-tion method, which was successfully applied for low-temperature steam reforming of bio-oil. The influences of the catalyst composition, reforming temperature and the molar ratio of steam to carbon fed on the stream reforming process of bio-oil over the Ni/HZSM-5 catalysts were investigated in the reforming reactor. The promoting effects of current passing through the catalyst on the bio-oil reforming were also studied using the electrochemical catalytic re-forming approach. By comparing Ni/HZSM-5 with commonly used Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts, the Ni₂₀/ZSM catalyst with Ni-loading content of about 20% on the HZSM-5 support showed the highest catalytic activity. Even at 450 oC, the hydrogen yield of about 90% with a near complete conversion of bio-oil was obtained using the Ni₂₀/ZSM catalyst. It was found that the performance of the bio-oil reforming was remarkably enhanced by the HZSM-5 supporter and the current through the catalyst. The features of the Ni/HZSM-5 catalysts were also investigated via X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma and atomic emission spectroscopy, hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller methods.     

The cooperative effect of Zn on Co/HZSM-5 catalyst for NO reduction with methane

The cooperation of Zn and Co in the Zn-Co/HZSM-5 catalyst was investigated. NO was selectively reduced by CH4 to N₂ in the presence of excess O₂, and the catalytic activity depended on both the activation of CH4 and the adsorption properties of NO_x. It was found that the addition of Zn could effectually heighten the selectivity of methane to NO_x. The results of H₂-TPR, NH₃-TPD and XPS proved that addition of Zn into Co/HZSM-5 could inhibit the formation of bulk Co₃O₄ on the outer surface of the catalyst. Reducing the bulk Co₃O₄ would restrain the combustion of methane and improve the selectivity of methane to NO_x, which was very consistent with the experimental results. MS-TPD results showed that Zn contributed the form of NO₂ and strengthened its adsorption on the Co/HZSM-5 catalyst. So the reaction mechanism is proposed to occur via two successive elementary steps. First NO is oxidized to NO₂ on the dispersed CoOx sites or Co²⁺ active sites; then NO₂ is adsorbed on Zn²⁺ sites, and further reacts with methane on proton acid sites. The key step is the adsorption of NO₂. Zn directly participates in the reaction by adsorption of NO₂.     

Highly shape-selective Zn-P/HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst for methanol conversion to light aromatics

A highly shape-selective and relatively long-lifetime HZSM-5-based catalyst (Zn-2P/HZSM-5) was prepared by chemical modification with both ZnSiF₆·6H₂O and H₃PO₄ solution. The phosphoric acid modification could effectively modulate the Brønsted acid strength of the HZSM-5 catalyst, which promotes the oligomerization, alkylation, cyclization, and hydrogen transfer reactions. The introduction of Zn-Lewis acid sites significantly improved the dehydroaromatization of higher olefins. All of these were very beneficial for the generation of BTX (i.e. benzene, toluene, and xylene) hydrocarbons in aromatization of methanol. The coke amount and the average rate of coke formation decreased over the Zn-2P/HZSM-5 catalysts, which may largely be ascribed to its lower strong acid sites and lower outer surface acidity. The catalytic performance of methanol aromatization showed that the Zn-2P/HZSM-5 catalyst exhibited the highest BTX selectivity of about 46.76% and the longest catalytic lifetime of about 498 h at T = 400 °C, P = 0.1 MPa, and weight hourly space velocity = 0.7 h⁻¹.     

Enhanced Stability of Mo-Promoted Zn/HZSM-5 Catalyst for Methanol to Aromatics

A Mo-promoted Zn/HZSM-5 catalyst was prepared by isometric impregnation method (IM). The physicochemical properties of catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, registration of N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms, transmission electron microscopy, NH₃ temperature-programmed desorption and IR spectroscopic study of pyridine adsorption. The results show that by doping zeolite with Mo species it is possible to tune the microstructures, acidity and crystallinity of the catalyst. Additionally, it was found that the 1%Mo(IM)–5%Zn(IE)/HZSM-5 catalyst had a high catalytic activity and stability for methanol to aromatics (MTA) reaction. The yield of aromatics reached 77.3% at 450°C and TOS = 3 h. When the TOS = 98 h, the yield of total aromatics remains at a 60.4% level. The lifetime of catalysts was influenced by the synergetic effect of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites, so the modification with Mo may bring an opportunity to prolong the lifetime of Zn/HZSM-5 catalyst in the MTA reaction. The metal components are sintered and lost in continuous reaction-regeneration cycles. Accordingly, the activity of deactivated catalyst cannot be completely restored to the initial level.     

Effect of Fe-Mo promoters on HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst for 1-hexene aromatization

The promotional effect of Fe-Mo species introduced into HZSM-5 (Zeolyst Int., SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ≈ 30) zeolite catalyst by the wetness impregnation method for the 1-hexene aromatization was investigated. The structure and catalytic performance for the aromatization of 1-hexene over xFeyMo-ZSM-5 catalysts in comparison with unmodified HZSM-5 catalysts were studied. The xFeyMo-ZSM-5 catalysts contain fixed loading (5 wt%) and variable Fe/Mo ratio. The catalysts were characterized by BET, ICP-AES, HRSEM-EDS, HRTEM, XRD, FTIR, H₂-TPR, NH₃-TPD, and pyridine DRIFT spectroscopy. The characterization data confirmed the existence of Fe and Mo species in the zeolite matrix. With Fe and Mo species implementation to HZSM-5 zeolite, the amount of the acid sites decreased, but the selectivities to C₉₊ aromatics increased. The catalyst evaluation was performed at 350 °C for 6 h on-stream at atmospheric pressure using a fixed-bed quartz tube reactor. The selectivity to products of different carbon number was affected by the Fe/Mo ratio within the zeolite. It was found the product distribution of grouped fractions of C₁–C₁₇₊ from the liquid product. The results indicate that the optimum ratio of Fe/Mo is 1–1.5. The highest selectivity for gasoline and distillate ranges was obtained for the 2.5wt%Fe2.5wt%Mo- and 3wt%Fe2wt%Mo-ZSM-5 samples, which was higher than that for parent HZSM-5 catalyst.     

浆态床合成二甲醚复合催化剂失活原因探索

在反应温度260℃、压力5.0MPa的条件下,对浆态床反应器中二甲醚合成复合催化剂的失活规律进行了研究。结果表明, Cu基催化剂失活较快是导致浆态床二甲醚合成催化剂不稳定的主要原因。通过分析Cu基催化剂在浆态床反应器和固定床反应器中的活性变化规律,发现在浆态床反应器中不能及时导出反应体系的H2O对催化剂的毒副作用导致了浆态床Cu基催化剂快速失活。对失活催化剂进行的TPR、XRD和SEM EDS表征结果可以看出,Cu粒子的长大和积炭是Cu基催化剂失活的重要原因,与已有文献报道不同的是并未发现明显的Cu元素流失。     

Study of the role of Zn in aromatization of light alkanes with probe molecules

The role of Zn²⁺ in ZnZSM-5 catalyst in the process of aromatization of alkanes has been studied with the probe molecules - n-hexane, cyclohexane and 1-hexene. IR measurements showed that the parent HZSM-5 zeolite contains predominantly Br?nsted acid sites, while Zn cations in ZnZSM-5 catalyst represent Lewis sites. From the results it follows, that Zn cations in ZnZSM-5 catalyst as Lewis acid sites have strong hydro-dehydrogenation activity and they catalyze the dehydrogenation of n-hexane as well as of cyclic intermediates into the corresponding aromatics. From the results of catalytic tests we conclude that the hydro-dehydrogenation activity of the catalyst plays an essential role in aromatization of light alkanes. The results indicate that for improving the yields of aromatics in aromatization of light alkanes on bifunctional catalysts it is inevitable to increase the participation of the dehydrogenation reactions in the activation of alkane as well as in the formation of the corresponding aromatics from cyclic intermediates. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Ni nanoparticles encapsulated within H-type ZSM-5 crystals for upgrading palmitic acid to diesel-like fuels

Meso-Ni@HZSM-5 bi-functional catalysts were successfully post-encapsulated with about 3–7 nm Ni nanoparticles within HZSM-5 crystals,which exhibited significantly efficient conversion activity (67.4g[palmitic acid]g[Ni]^-1h^-1) of palmitic acid and 100%selectivity of hydrocarbons with the outstanding stability during recycling application,compared to the impregnated Ni/HZSM-5 catalyst (14.0 g[palmitic acid]g[Ni]^-1h^-1).