双环和多环四唑含能化合物的合成研究进展

综述了近年来双环和多环四唑含能化合物的合成研究进展,包括偶氮四唑、联四唑、双环四唑胺、肼基四唑、硝胺基四唑、硝基四唑、烷基相连的双环四唑、多环四唑等,结合化合物的表征,对双环和多环四唑含能化合物的性质做了阐述,对双环和多环四唑含能化合物的发展做了展望.     

吡啶类含能化合物的合成研究进展

吡啶类化合物在含能材料领域中的研究和应用较为广泛.从分子结构出发,按照硝基吡啶、吡啶类含能离子盐和吡啶类含能配合物分类,综述了多种吡啶硝基衍生物的合成,并简单介绍了一些重要的硝基吡啶类含能化合物的特性及主要应用.     

硝基唑类含能化合物的合成研究进展

硝基唑类化合物在含能材料领域中应用较为广泛.按直接硝化、间接硝化、硝基重排、其他方法将硝化方法进行分类,综述了吡唑、咪唑、三唑及四唑硝基衍生物的合成,并介绍了一些重要硝基唑类含能化合物的特性及主要应用.     

三、四唑高能离子盐的研究概况

为满足火炸药等领域对多功能含能材料的需求,高生成焓、高密度、钝感、稳定和环境友好的三、四唑高能离子盐的研究受到广泛关注。 本文综述了10年来三唑和四唑高能离子盐的合成及性能研究概况,为含能离子盐的研究提供参考。     

硝基四唑及其高氮化合物*

硝基四唑及其高氮化合物是指分子中含有5-硝基四唑结构的一类高氮化合物,优越的性能和突出的特点使其成为含能材料领域的研究热点之一,在起爆药、推进剂及其燃速催化剂、高能炸药、气体发生剂等领域有着广泛的应用前景。本文对硝基四唑的结构与热分解机理进行了分析介绍;全面系统地综述评价了硝基四唑及其盐类和配合物类衍生物的合成、性能表征与应用前景。根据其成盐阳离子的不同,硝基四唑盐类主要包括碱金属盐、碱土金属盐、过渡金属盐、胺盐和高氮杂环阳离子盐。根据配位方式的不同,其配合物可分为配阴离子型和配阳离子型。在此基础上,对硝基四唑及其高氮化合物的未来发展及应用提出了展望。     

吡唑含能离子盐的合成研究进展

吡唑环上有三个可修饰的碳位点和一个可修饰的NH位点,通过对这四个位点的修饰(主要是引入硝基、硝胺基、氨基、羟基以及形成稠环等),可设计出种类丰富的吡唑含能化合物.同时,相对于2,4,6-三硝基甲苯(TNT)、黑索金(RDX)、奥克托今(HMX)等常规含能化合物,吡唑含能化合物具有氮含量高、生成焓高及感度低等优势.近年来,国内外基于吡唑骨架设计并合成了大量吡唑含能离子盐,其中很多种化合物表现出高能及钝感等特性.按单环吡唑含能离子盐、联环吡唑含能离子盐及稠环吡唑含能离子盐,分类综述了近年来所报道的吡唑含能离子盐的合成及性能,并对该类化合物的应用前景进行了展望.     

高氮化合物及其含能材料*

高氮含能化合物及其含能材料是新型含能材料领域的研究热点之一。相比于传统的含能材料,高氮含能材料具有很多优异或独特的理化性能和爆轰性能。本文综述了新型高氮化合物及其含能材料的研究进展,介绍了国内外近十年来众多研究小组的相关工作,重点阐述了四嗪、四唑和呋咱3大类高氮含能化合物的合成、性能及应用研究进展。结合作者的研究工作,进一步探讨了高氮含能化合物在钝感高能炸药、推进剂和新型气体发生剂等含能材料领域中的应用前景。     

含能材料热动力学行为和热力学性质的研究进展

针对近年来含能材料热力学和热动力学分析研究方面所取得的一些进展进行了回顾和概述;对新型含能材料如含能离子盐、FOX-7及其衍生物、新型高能氧化剂及高能添加剂等的热动力学行为和热力学性质进行了系统总结.此外,介绍了目前最新的一些研究方法和理论,讨论了当前研究中存在的问题,同时对未来的发展方向进行了展望.     

含能配合物[Mn(BTA)(phen)2·5H2O]n的合成、结构与性质研究

以N,N'-二(5-四唑基)胺为含能配体设计合成了一个含能配合物[Mn(BTA)(phen)2·5H2O](1)(BTA=N,N'-二(5-四唑基)胺,phen=1,10-phenanthroline),利用元素分析,X射线单晶衍射,红外光谱以及热重分析等手段对标题化合物进行了表征,并研究了配合物1对固体推进剂主要组分HMX热分解行为的影响,结果表明配合物1可以降低HMX的分解峰温.晶体学数据:单斜晶系,P2(1)/c空间群,a=1.0752(6)nm,b=2.6913(14)nm,c=1.0965(6)nm,β=107.953°,V=3.019(3)nm3,Z=4,S=1.010,最终残差因子[I＞2σ(I)R1=0.0420,wR2=0.1084,对于全部数据R1=0.0608,wR2=0.1207.     

含能配合物[Mn(BTA)(phen)2•5H2O]n的合成、结构与性质研究

以N,N′-二(5-四唑基)胺为含能配体设计合成了一个含能配合物[Mn(BTA)(phen)2•5H2O] (1) (BTA＝N,N′-二(5-四唑基)胺, phen＝1,10-phenanthroline), 利用元素分析, X射线单晶衍射, 红外光谱以及热重分析等手段对标题化合物进行了表征, 并研究了配合物1对固体推进剂主要组分HMX热分解行为的影响, 结果表明配合物1可以降低HMX的分解峰温. 晶体学数据: 单斜晶系, P2(1)/c空间群, a＝1.0752(6) nm, b＝2.6913(14) nm, c＝1.0965(6) nm, β＝107.953°, V＝3.019(3) nm3, Z＝4, S＝1.010, 最终残差因子[I＞2σ(I)] R1＝0.0420, wR2＝0.1084, 对于全部数据R1＝0.0608, wR2＝0.1207.     

Investigation of the Effect of Various Substituents on the Density of Tetrazolium Nitrate Salts as Green Energetic Materials

The substitution effect of various functional groups such as –NO₂, –CN, –N₃, –NF₂, and –NH₂ on the density of tetrazolium nitrate salts is investigated through multiple linear regression method. The methodology of this work introduces a new model, which related density of tetrazolium nitrate salts to the number of fluorine and nitrogen atoms, the presence of NF₂ groups, NO₂ groups, as well as CH₃ groups in the structural formula. The new reliable correlation shows that the NF₂ and NO₂ group can cause increasing the density of tetrazolium nitrate salts, especially NO₂, whereas the CH₃ group can decrease their density. The new proposed relationship has good reliability and predictability, so it can be used to design new rich nitrogen compounds based on tetrazolium nitrate salts as green energetic materials. These results are also tested for N,N′‐azo‐1,2,4‐triazolium nitrate salts, which is caused to derive another correlation. This correlation shows that the presence of NF₂ functional groups increases the density of N,N′‐azo‐1,2,4‐triazolium nitrate salts as well as the value of n_O/n_C.     

Ionic Liquid‐Based Routes to Conversion or Reuse of Recycled Ammonium Perchlorate

New, potentially green, and efficient synthetic routes for the remediation and/or re‐use of perchlorate‐based energetic materials have been developed. Four simple organic imidazolium‐ and phosphonium‐based perchlorate salts/ionic liquids have been synthesized by simple, inexpensive, and nonhazardous methods, using ammonium perchlorate as the perchlorate source. By appropriate choice of the cation, perchlorate can be incorporated into an ionic liquid which serves as its own electrolyte for the electrochemical reduction of the perchlorate anion, allowing for the regeneration of the chloride‐based parent ionic liquid. The electrochemical degradation of the hazardous perchlorate ion and its conversion to harmless chloride during electrolysis was studied using IR and ³⁵Cl NMR spectroscopies.     

Fully C/N‐Polynitro‐Functionalized 2,2′‐Biimidazole Derivatives as Nitrogen‐ and Oxygen‐Rich Energetic Salts

Through the use of a fully C/N‐functionalized imidazole‐based anion, it was possible to prepare nitrogen‐ and oxygen‐rich energetic salts. When N,N‐dinitramino imidazole was paired with nitrogen‐rich bases, versatile ionic derivatives were prepared and fully characterized by IR, and ¹H, and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Both experimental and theoretical evaluations show promising properties for these energetic compounds, such as high density, positive heats of formation, good oxygen balance, and acceptable stabilities. The energetic salts exhibit promising energetic performance comparable to the benchmark explosive RDX (1,3,5‐trinitrotriazacyclohexane).     

Design and synthesis of fused-ring chiral ionic liquids from amino acid derivatives

Six novel imidazolium salts, which contain a chiral moiety as well as a fused-ring system, have been designed, synthesized, and fully characterized. The synthesis of these ionic liquids is concise and practical due to the commercial availability of the starting materials. These imidazolium compounds were readily prepared from 1-methyl-2-imidazoliumcarboxaldehyde and chiral amino alcohols. Salts that contain the PF₆ anion were solids, but salts with the NTf₂ anion were liquids at room temperature. We envision that these new chiral imidazolium compounds can serve as effective reaction media as well as chiral catalysts for asymmetric reactions, which are presently being investigated in our lab.     

Review of ionic liquids with fluorine-containing anions

Interest in ionic liquids has grown markedly in recent years. The syntheses, characterization and properties of quaternary alkyl-substituted ammonium, imidazolium, triazolium and pyridinium salts with a variety of fluorine-containing anions have been studied in detail; however, ionic liquids with other cations and anions continue to be discovered. This review is limited to the literature from 2000 to 2005 dealing with ionic liquids with fluorine-containing anions.     

酰胺类酸性离子液体催化Oxa-Michael加成反应

设计合成并表征了N-甲基吡咯烷酮磷酸盐([NMPH]H2PO4)、己内酰胺磷酸盐([NHCH]H2PO4)、N,N'-二甲基甲酰胺磷酸盐([DMFH]H2PO4)和N,N'-二甲基乙酰胺磷酸盐([DMEH]H2PO4)等酰胺类质子酸离子液体;将其用于β-苯乙醇和丁烯酮的Oxa.Michael加成反应中,考察了离子液体阳...     

Syntheses of Methylene‐bridged Symmetric Bisimidazolium Picrates as High‐energetic Salts

Symmetric bisimidazolium picrates were synthesized by the quaternization of bisimidazolylmethylene and a metathesis reaction with silver picrate. The symmetric structures of the new picrate salts were confirmed by ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectral analysis and ESI‐MS. The structures of compounds 3a and 4a were also confirmed by X‐ray single crystal diffusion. The thermal properties of the compounds were determined by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The picrates showed better thermal stabilities than did traditional azolium‐based ionic salts, with higher decomposition temperatures, and 3b had the lowest melting point. These results indicated that the electronic effect of the substituent groups obviously influenced the quaternization and the high‐energetic properties.     

Chiral Triazolium Salts and Ionic Liquids: From the Molecular Design Vectors to Their Physical Properties through Specific Supramolecular Interactions

An exhaustive experimental study based on X‐ray diffraction analysis, NMR, FTIR‐ATR (attenuated total reflection), and Raman spectroscopy as well as theoretical calculations is reported in order to understand how the non‐covalent intermolecular contacts are fundamental to explain structure–property relationships and allowing us to correlate a basic macroscopic property (i.e., the melting point, T_m) with the structural variables of a family of enantiopure 1,4‐dialkyl‐1,2,4‐triazolium salts. The effect of different structural vectors such as the ring size, the spatial disposition of the substituent, the substitution on the oxygen atom, the nature of the anion, or the N4 alkylation of the triazole on the intermolecular interactions of these chiral salts of a well‐defined 3D structure is reported. The non‐covalent intermolecular contacts mainly implicating the triazolium H3 proton are fundamental to explain structure–property relationships and, therefore, the physical properties of these new chiral salts, rather than simple anion–cation interactions. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of the specific supramolecular interactions for the understanding of the physical properties of triazolium salts and ionic liquids.     

Syntheses of Energetic cyclo‐Pentazolate Salts

Three energetic salts of cyclo‐N₅^? were synthesized via a metathesis reaction of barium pentazolate and sulfates which was driven by the precipitation of BaSO₄. All the energetic cyclo‐N₅^? salts were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, infrared (IR), ¹H and ¹³C multinuclear NMR spectroscopies, thermal analysis (TGA and DSC), and elemental analysis. The salts exhibit relatively good detonation performance with low sensitivities and good thermal stabilities. This new method opens the door to exploring more pentazolate anion‐containing high‐performance energetic materials.     

Nitrocyanamide‐Based Ionic Liquids and Their Potential Applications as Hypergolic Fuels

Nitrocyanamide ionic liquids with substituted imidazolium, guanidinium, and tetrazolium cations have been synthesized and fully characterized. Aminoguanidinium nitrocyanamide ( 7 ) crystallizes in the triclinic system P$\bar 1$ . The results obtained from theoretical calculations based on 7 are consistent with the single‐crystal structure data. These ionic liquids exhibit desirable physicochemical properties, such as low melting points and good thermal stabilities. Furthermore, they are all impact insensitive materials. Their energetic performances, including heats of formation, detonation pressures, and detonation velocities, were studied by a combination of theoretical and empirical calculations. The ionic liquids 1 – 4 have large liquid ranges and low viscosities. They were shown to be promising candidates as hypergolic ionic liquids through the combustion tests with 100 % HNO₃.