新型双光子荧光探针用于高灵敏检测硝基还原酶及细胞成像

以2-乙酰基-6-甲氨基萘为荧光团,对硝基氯甲酸苄酯为识别域,设计合成一种新型双光子荧光探针NNTR。基于单光子和双光子模式考察了NNTR探针的光学特性及其对硝基还原酶(NTR)的荧光响应,发现在NADH催化下,NNTR可与NTR(NTR)反应,5 min后,在单光子激发模式下,510 nm处的发射光强度增加了约350倍,而在双光子激发模式下,810 nm处的发射光强度增加了约500倍,活性截面积可达66 GM(1 GM=1×10~(-50)cm~4·s/photon)。将NNTR探针用于NTR检测,检出限低至22 ng/mL,且具有反应速度快、选择性高、光学稳定性好等特点。考察了探针对HeLa的细胞毒性,并以盖玻片诱导缺氧法使HeLa细胞缺氧,促使NTR过表达,实现了NNTR探针对HeLa活细胞中NTR的成像分析。     

组蛋白乙酰化的耦合增强拉曼散射生物传感方法

提出了一种组蛋白乙酰化修饰检测的耦合增强拉曼散射生物传感新方法. 该方法以金纳米粒子为表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)基底, 表面修饰乙酰化组蛋白H3多肽为识别探针, 对甲氧基苯硫酚(4-MTP)为拉曼标记物, 制备了组蛋白乙酰化修饰检测的SERS纳米探针. 通过紫外可见吸收光谱与动态光散射分析, 证实了组蛋白乙酰化抗体可介导SERS纳米粒子发生可控组装与聚集, 使SERS纳米探针间发生局域电场共振耦合, 产生显著增强的SERS信号. 基于此, 通过待测抗原与SERS纳米探针对抗体的竞争性相互作用, 我们设计了组蛋白乙酰化修饰检测的竞争免疫SERS生物传感方法. 该法操作简便、快速、重现性好, 且裸眼即能进行可视化鉴定. 通过设计不同染料标记的SERS纳米探针, 该法有望实现多种组蛋白修饰的复合检测.     

基于功能化Fe3O4@Ag纳米粒子快速检测H92+的SERS方法

近年来,汞作为一种重要的污染物引起了人们的广泛关注.迄今为止,基于表面增强拉曼光谱（Surface-enhanced Raman scattering,SERS）的Hg²⁺检测方法因其在不同的检测方法中具有高灵敏度而备受关注.基于“turn-off”机制,我们合成出一种磁性Fe₃O₄@Ag（FA）纳米材料用于Hg²⁺的SERS检测.磁等离子体共振纳米颗粒结合了磁共振和等离子体共振特性,可用于高灵敏度和高选择性的汞离子的SERS检测.通过修饰带正电的聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵（PDADMAC,PolyDADMAC,PDDA）层,Fe₃O₄@Ag表面吸附上带负电的甲基橙探针分子,在Hg²⁺存在的情况下,可以观察到SERS信号显著降低.由于Hg²⁺与Ag纳米颗粒会快速反应并在Ag纳米颗粒表面形成一层汞齐,从而影响了Ag纳米颗粒的表面等离子体共振（Surface Plasmon Resonance,SPR）性能,导致电磁场强度的减弱;同时,这样也会导致Ag纳米颗粒的表面Zeta电位的降低,并且影响拉曼探针分子在其表面的吸附,从而进一步导致SERS信号的降低.因此,在含有Hg²⁺的情况下,SERS强度的降低主要归因于Hg²⁺与AgNPs的相互作用.通过我们的实验可以证明,基于“turn-off”机制检测Hg²⁺的方法的检测限可以低至10^-10 mol/L.本实验设计的SERS纳米传感器可用于快速检测环境中Hg²⁺,为构建重金属离子SERS纳米传感器提供了巨大的潜力.     

5,5'-二硫代双(琥珀酰亚氨基-2-硝基苯甲酸)功能化的SERS纳米探针在免疫检验中的应用

以5,5'-二硫代双(琥珀酰亚氨基-2-硝基苯甲酸)(DSNB)分子作为偶联剂将蛋白质结合在金纳米粒子表面,既保持了蛋白质的生物活性,同时DSNB分子又具有较高的表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)活性,可作为蛋白质定量分析的探针分子.选用生物素与亲和素的特异性识别以及抗原抗体的免疫识别2个生物反应体系,将SERS纳米探针固定在蛋白质检测芯片上.以硅片为蛋白质检测载体,利用硅片在520 cm-1处的拉曼特征峰为内标,对人Ig G抗体进行定量分析.结果表明,该探针对人Ig G抗体检测的最低浓度可以达到5 pg/m L.     

SERS标记的金纳米棒探针用于免疫检测

报道了基于金纳米棒表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)的免疫检测. 将拉曼活性分子对巯基苯甲酸吸附于金纳米棒表面, 制备出SERS标记的金纳米棒探针. 该探针和蛋白抗体结合形成SERS标记抗体. 通过SERS标记抗体、待测抗原和俘获抗体(固体基底上修饰的抗体, 即俘获抗体)之间的免疫应答反应, 将金纳米棒探针组装到固体基底上, 形成SERS标记抗体-抗原-俘获抗体 “三明治”夹心复合体. 待测抗原浓度越大, 固体基底上俘获的金纳米棒探针的数目越多, 从而可通过SERS信号的强弱来检测待测抗原的浓度. 由于金纳米棒的表面等离子体共振(SPR)峰位置可以在较宽的范围内调控, 可通过激发光和SPR的耦合来提高SERS信号, 从而提高免疫检测的灵敏度. 单组分抗原可检出的浓度范围高于1×10－8 mg/mL.     

新型一氧化氮比率型纳米探针的构建及性能研究

该文首先通过两步化学反应合成NO识别分子3,4-二氨基苯硫醇(DABT),然后制备具有强表面拉曼增强散射(SERS)效应的银包金纳米星(AuNSs@Ag)材料,并通过Ag—S键对其进行DABT修饰,制备了比率型SERS纳米探针AuNSs@Ag-DABT。利用透射电子显微镜、水合粒径、Zeta电位以及紫外吸收光谱对纳米探针进行表征,并开展了NO的定量检测。结果表明：构建的AuNSs@Ag-DABT纳米探针表面有尖锐突出的星状结构,尺寸约为80 nm。NO存在时,DABT与NO发生反应并在541 cm^-1附近出现一个新的拉曼峰(三唑环),而在1 078 cm^-1处的拉曼峰(C—S离面弯曲峰)强度保持不变,因此可以根据I₅₄₁/I₁₀₇₈的比值定量检测NO。在最优条件下,I₅₄₁/I₁₀₇₈的比值与NO浓度在10～60 nmol/L范围内表现出良好的线性响应,检出限为3.89 nmol/L。选择性实验表明该比率型SERS纳米探针对NO响应具有良好的专一性和抗干扰...     

金纳米粒子修饰的氨基硅胶整体柱的制备及超灵敏表面增强拉曼散射检测

采用溶胶-凝胶法结合超分子模板技术, 以四乙氧基硅烷(TEOS)和3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)作为反应前体, 以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)为超分子模板, 简单快速地制备了一种新型氨基硅胶整体柱, 通过氨基将金纳米粒子组装在整体柱材料孔表面并用于表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)光谱分析. 以对巯基苯胺(PATP)和结晶紫(CV)为拉曼探针, 考察了金纳米粒子修饰的氨基硅胶整体柱用作SERS活性基底的性能. 结果表明, 该整体柱基底具有良好的SERS增强效应, 可检测到的PATP和CV的最低浓度分别为10^-9和10^-11 mol/L. 与金溶胶SERS基底相比, 本文制备的整体柱基底的检测灵敏度显著提高, 并具有良好的信号均一性, 是一种具有现场痕量检测应用潜力的SERS活性基底.     

g-C3N4/Ag纳米复合材料表面增强拉曼基底对婴幼儿糖果中的罗丹明B的痕量检测

近年来, 由婴幼儿食品中存在非法添加剂所引起的食品安全问题已经受到了广泛的关注. 表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)技术可以对食品中被禁止添加的常用染料分子罗丹明B (RhB)进行快速无损超灵敏的检测. 通过在类石墨相氮化碳(g-C₃N₄)纳米片上组装Ag纳米粒子的方式构筑了g-C₃N₄/Ag复合材料, 并采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、紫外可见近红外分光光度计(UV-Vis)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、荧光光谱仪和共聚焦显微拉曼光谱仪(Raman)对复合材料的形貌和结构进行了表征. g-C₃N₄纳米片不仅具有高度的离域π共轭体系和良好的吸附染料分子的性能, 而且可以作为Ag纳米粒子的载体, 使Ag纳米粒子均匀稳定地分散在其表面. 通过控制实验条件, 优化了测试过程中的pH及基底与RhB的结合时间, 详细探究pH对基底表面等离子共振的影响和对探针分子SERS强度的影响. 由于基底与探针分子之间的静电相互作用及π-π相互作用, 基底可以对阳离子染料进行大量地富集, 从而实现对其检测. 在最佳的实验条件下, 在1.0×10 ^–9~1.0×10 ^–6 mol/L浓度范围内, SERS强度与RhB浓度之间成线性关系, 最低检测限为0.39 nmol/L. 另外这种基底也可以对婴幼儿食用的棒棒糖中添加的RhB分子实现痕量检测. 总而言之, g-C₃N₄/Ag纳米复合物是一种均一、稳定、高灵敏的SERS基底, 可以简单快速地实现对罗丹明B的痕量检测.     

空间稳定的SERS标记金纳米棒探针用于免疫检测

报道了空间稳定的表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)标记的金纳米棒探针在免疫检测方面的应用.该探针是将拉曼活性分子4-巯基苯甲酸和生物亲和性高分子α-巯基-ω-羧基聚乙二醇共吸附于金纳米棒表面而制得.其中,聚乙二醇高分子链为探针提供保护作用和空间稳定,使之可以耐受较苛性的条件;其端位的羧基与抗体等靶向实体结合,从而赋予探针检测识别功能.当探针检测待测抗原时(通过固体基底上的捕获抗体、待测抗原和探针上的抗体之间的特异性结合,形成经典“三明治”夹心结构),探针上4-巯基苯甲酸的SERS信号就能示踪出这种识别.该探针对单组分抗原的检出浓度能低至1×10^-9mg·mL^-1.     

SERS纳米探针对电刺激过程中细胞内产生活性氧的检测

电刺激是用于细胞内紊乱电活动引起疾病的一类重要治疗方式. 在电刺激过程中是否会诱导细胞内活性氧(ROS)水平的改变, 以及常规抗氧化抑制药物与电刺激治疗同时运用带来的影响, 目前尚未有相关研究. 本文设计了一种具有较好生物相容性的金/银核壳纳米棒表面增强拉曼(SERS)活性探针, 用于电刺激过程中细胞内产生ROS的检测. 将该探针与细胞共孵育, 使其内化入细胞, 对细胞进行不同时间的电刺激, 利用拉曼光谱对SERS探针的信号进行检测. 实验结果表明, 随着电刺激时间的延长, SERS信号减弱, 说明细胞内产生ROS的量明显增加. 该传感机制是利用ROS能刻蚀金/银核壳纳米棒的银壳, 从而使其变薄引起SERS信号减弱. 抗坏血酸(AA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)两种抗氧化抑制剂类药物与电刺激同时运用时, 可观察到它们会对电刺激过程产生的ROS有清除作用. 该研究发展了一类用于细胞内ROS检测的光谱方法, 也为异常的氧化应激和肿瘤治疗过程中的组合用药提供了建议.     

A New Tetraphenylethylene‐Derived Fluorescent Probe for Nitroreductase Detection and Hypoxic‐Tumor‐Cell Imaging

The fluorescence detection of nitroreductase (NTR) and evaluation of the hypoxia status of tumor cells are vital, not only for clinical diagnoses and therapy, but also for biomedical research. Herein, we report the synthesis and application of a new fluorometric “turn‐on” probe for the detection of NTR ( TPE?NO₂ ) that takes advantage of the aggregation‐induced emission of tetraphenylethylene. TPE?NO₂ can detect NTR at concentrations as low as 5 ng mL^?1 in aqueous solution. The detection mechanism relied on the aggregation and deaggregation of tetraphenylethylene molecules. Moreover, this fluorescent probe can be used to monitor the hypoxia status of tumor cells through the detection of endogenous NTR.     

A Novel NIR Fluorescent Probe for Highly Selective Detection of Nitroreductase and Hypoxic-Tumor-Cell Imaging

Nitroreductase as a potential biomarker for aggressive tumors has received extensive attention. In this work, a novel NIR fluorescent probe for nitroreductase detection was synthesized. The probe Py-SiRh-NTR displayed excellent sensitivity and selectivity. Most importantly, the confocal fluorescence imaging demonstrated that HepG-2 cells treated with Py-SiRh-NTR under hypoxic conditions showed obvious enhanced fluorescence, which means that the NTR was overexpressed under hypoxic conditions. Moreover, the probe showed great promise that could help us to study related anticancer mechanisms research.     

An Unsymmetrical Squaraine-Based Activatable Probe for Imaging Lymphatic Metastasis by Responding to Tumor Hypoxia with MSOT and Aggregation-Enhanced Fluorescent Imaging

Optoacoustic imaging has great potential for preclinical research and clinical practice, and designing robust activatable optoacoustic probes for specific diseases is beneficial for its further development. Herein, an activatable probe has been developed for tumor hypoxia imaging. For this probe, indole and quinoline were linked on each side of an oxocyclobutenolate core to form an unsymmetrical squaraine. A triarylamine group was incorporated to endow the molecule with the aggregation enhanced emission (AEE) properties. In aqueous media, the squaraine chromophore aggregates into the nanoprobe, which specifically responds to nitroreductase and produces strong optoacoustic signals due to its high extinction coefficient, as well as prominent fluorescence emission as a result of its AEE feature. The nanoprobe was used to image tumor metastasis via the lymphatic system both optoacoustically and fluorescently. Moreover, both the fluorescence signals and three-dimensional multispectral optoacoustic tomography signals from the activated nanoprobe allow us to locate the tumor site and to map the metastatic route.     

A Cofactor‐Substrate‐Based Supramolecular Fluorescent Probe for the Ultrafast Detection of Nitroreductase under Hypoxic Conditions

Identifying the location and expression levels of enzymes under hypoxic conditions in cancer cells is vital in early‐stage cancer diagnosis and monitoring. By encapsulating a fluorescent substrate, L‐NO₂ , within the NADH mimic‐containing metal–organic capsule Zn‐ MPB , we developed a cofactor‐substrate‐based supramolecular luminescent probe for ultrafast detection of hypoxia‐related enzymes in solution in vitro and in vivo. The host–guest structure fuses the coenzyme and substrate into one supramolecular probe to avoid control by NADH, switching the catalytic process of nitroreductase from a double‐substrate mechanism to a single‐substrate one. This probe promotes enzyme efficiency by altering the substrate catalytic process and enhances the electron transfer efficiency through an intra‐molecular pathway with increased activity. The enzyme content and fluorescence intensity showed a linear relationship and equilibrium was obtained in seconds, showing potential for early tumor diagnosis, biomimetic catalysis, and prodrug activation.     

Rapid differentiation between bacterial infections and cancer using a near-infrared fluorogenic probe

The reliable differentiation between bacterial infections and other pathologies is crucial for both diagnostics and therapeutic approaches. To accommodate such needs, we herein report the development of an activatable near-infrared fluorescent probe 1 that could be applied in the ultrafast, ultrasensitive and specific detection of nitroreductase (NTR) activity in bacterial pathogens both in vitro and in vivo. Upon reaction with NTR, the nitro-group of the para-nitro phenyl sulfonic moiety present in probe 1 was reduced to an amino-group, resulting in a near-infrared fluorescence turn-on of the latent cyanine 7 fluorophore. Probe 1 was capable of rapid and real-time quantitative detection of 0–150 ng mL⁻¹ NTR with a limit of detection as low as 0.67 ng mL⁻¹in vitro. In addition, probe 1 exhibited an outstanding performance of ultrafast measurements and suitable selectivity toward NTR to accurately sense intracellular basal NTR in ESKAPE bacterial pathogens. Most remarkably, probe 1 was capable of noninvasively identifying bacterial infection sites without showing any significantly increased signal of tumour sites in the same animal within 30 min.

A new nitroreductase-responsive near-infrared fluorogenic probe can specifically image live bacteria in mouse models and does not accumulate at sites of inflammation or tumor.     

A Cofactor-Substrate-Based Supramolecular Fluorescent Probe for the Ultrafast Detection of Nitroreductase under Hypoxic Conditions

Identifying the location and expression levels of enzymes under hypoxic conditions in cancer cells is vital in early-stage cancer diagnosis and monitoring. By encapsulating a fluorescent substrate, L-NO₂ , within the NADH mimic-containing metal–organic capsule Zn- MPB , we developed a cofactor-substrate-based supramolecular luminescent probe for ultrafast detection of hypoxia-related enzymes in solution in vitro and in vivo. The host–guest structure fuses the coenzyme and substrate into one supramolecular probe to avoid control by NADH, switching the catalytic process of nitroreductase from a double-substrate mechanism to a single-substrate one. This probe promotes enzyme efficiency by altering the substrate catalytic process and enhances the electron transfer efficiency through an intra-molecular pathway with increased activity. The enzyme content and fluorescence intensity showed a linear relationship and equilibrium was obtained in seconds, showing potential for early tumor diagnosis, biomimetic catalysis, and prodrug activation.     

Fine-tailoring the linker of near-infrared fluorescence probes for nitroreductase imaging in hypoxic tumor cells

Fine-tailoring the linker of nitroreductase fl uorescence probes with a given recognition unit and reporting unit is found to be able to achieve the best sensing performance.     

Nanoaggregate Probe for Breast Cancer Metastasis through Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography and Aggregation-Induced NIR-I/II Fluorescence Imaging

An activatable nanoprobe for imaging breast cancer metastases through near infrared-I (NIR-I)/NIR-II fluorescence imaging and multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) imaging was designed. With a dihydroxanthene moiety serving as the electron donor, quinolinium as the electron acceptor and nitrobenzyloxydiphenylamino as the recognition element, the probe can specifically respond to nitroreductase and transform into an activated D-π-A structure with a NIR emission band extending beyond 900 nm. The activated nanoprobe exhibits NIR emission enhanced by aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and produces strong optoacoustic signal. The nanoprobe was used to detect and image metastases from the orthotopic breast tumors to lymph nodes and then to lung in two breast cancer mouse models. Moreover, the nanoprobe can monitor the treatment efficacy during chemotherapeutic course through fluorescence and MSOT imaging.     

Nanoaggregate Probe for Breast Cancer Metastasis through Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography and Aggregation‐Induced NIR‐I/II Fluorescence Imaging

An activatable nanoprobe for imaging breast cancer metastases through near infrared‐I (NIR‐I)/NIR‐II fluorescence imaging and multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) imaging was designed. With a dihydroxanthene moiety serving as the electron donor, quinolinium as the electron acceptor and nitrobenzyloxydiphenylamino as the recognition element, the probe can specifically respond to nitroreductase and transform into an activated D‐π‐A structure with a NIR emission band extending beyond 900 nm. The activated nanoprobe exhibits NIR emission enhanced by aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) and produces strong optoacoustic signal. The nanoprobe was used to detect and image metastases from the orthotopic breast tumors to lymph nodes and then to lung in two breast cancer mouse models. Moreover, the nanoprobe can monitor the treatment efficacy during chemotherapeutic course through fluorescence and MSOT imaging.