(R)-甘油醛缩丙酮的合成及Wittig反应选择性

D-(R)-甘油醛缩丙酮是近年来研究的很多的一种用来合成一些手性药物和具有光学活性的天然产物的重要前体.用Lew is酸无水ZnC l2作为催化脱水剂,D-甘露醇与丙酮缩合反应合成二异亚丙基缩合物,然后用NaIO4氧化断键制备D-(R)-甘油醛缩丙酮,该方法具有产率高、价廉、环境友好等优点.主要研究了(R)-甘油醛缩丙酮W ittig反应的立体选择性.     

(S)-甘油醛缩丙酮的新合成方法

(S)-甘油醛缩丙酮是一种用来合成一些手性药物和具有光学活性的天然产物的重要前体,本文以L-抗坏血酸为原料,经高压氢化还原、缩合反应、氧化剂氧化等步骤合成(S)-甘油醛缩丙酮.同时考察了不同的反应条件对产品收率的影响.     

索非布韦核苷中间体异构体的合成

以S-甘油醛缩丙酮为原料,经Wittig反应、高锰酸钾氧化、磺酰化、氟化、水解、内酯化得索非布韦关键中间体的异构体 (3R,4R,5S)-3-氟-4-羟基-5-(羟基甲基)-3-甲基四氢呋喃-2-酮,优化反应条件：n(磺酰氯)/n(化合物3)=1.6/1.0,温度为-10℃,反应2 h;氟化试剂为TEAF(四乙基氟化铵),温度为100 ℃,反应3 h,制得5S-核苷的总收率为14.21%,化学纯度97.5%,ee值98.4%;经¹HNMR, MS(ESI)和IR表征。     

昆虫信息素结构鉴定和合成的研究 ⅩⅥ.午毒蛾光学活性性信息素及其三个光学异构体的合成

本文报道的一条合成路线是以(+)-甘油醛缩丙酮(2)为原料,各经过9～10步反应可分别合成午毒蛾光学活性性信息素1a及其三个光学异构体1b～d,总得率达20～30％。     

5-羟基嘧啶——Ⅴ.1,3-二甲氧基乙酰丙酮与胍和硫脲的缩合

1,3-二甲氧基乙酰丙酮(1)与胍在中性条件下以低产率(28%)缩合生成5-甲氧基-2-氨基-6-甲氧甲基-4-甲基嘧啶(3),而不与硫脲缩合。在与S-甲基异硫脲的反应中,1降解为甲氧基丙酮和甲氧基乙酸,从而生成甲氧基丙酮缩-S-甲基异硫脲甲氧基乙酸盐(4)和S-甲基异硫脲甲氧基乙酸盐(5)。由此可见,1对碱非常敏感,而对酸有一定的稳定性。     

基于N,S-缩烯酮的杂环合成的研究

N,S-缩烯酮是一类重要的有机合成中间体,其官能团的多样性决定了反应的多样性。N,S-缩烯酮的主要反应有与亲核体的共轭加成、与金属有机试剂的选择性加成、环合(五元环或六元环)、还原和缩合等反应,其在杂环合成中具有非常重要的意义。本文主要综述了N,S-缩烯酮的制备及其在参与合成含氮杂环(吡咯、吲哚、吡啶、嘧啶等)、含氧杂环(呋喃、吡喃等)及在多组分反应中的应用,重点介绍了各类反应的普适性、反应机理或衍生化的研究结果,以更好地认识N,S-缩烯酮分子,并期望通过N,S-缩烯酮实现选择性的合成各类所需的杂环化合物,以促进N,S-缩烯酮在杂环合成中的应用。此外,N,S-缩烯酮合成的杂环化合物大部分具有潜在的生物活性,这将促进其在药物化学及药物合成领域的应用和发展。     

(±)-6,7-丙酮缩二醇-3-酮-庚酸乙酯合成研究

用对甲苯磺酸-2,3-丙酮缩甘油酯(2)与乙酰乙酸乙酯盐、碳酸二乙酯反应, 制备β-酮酯类衍生物1. 以(±)-1,2-丙酮缩甘油为起始物, 经对甲苯磺酰化、亲核取代、脱羧等反应, 方便、高产率地合成了6,7-丙酮缩二醇-3-酮-庚酸乙酯(1). 试图通过对甲苯磺酸-2,3-丙酮缩甘油酯(2)和乙酰乙酸乙酯双阴离子反应制备6,7-丙酮缩二醇-3-酮-庚酸乙酯(1)未获成功. 所合成的化合物经元素分析, IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR和MS光谱表征.     

光学活性3-(1'-羟基乙基)-4- 乙酰氧基-β-内酰胺的立体选择 性合成

(1'R,3R,4R)-N-取代-3-(1'-羟基乙基)-4-乙酰氧基-β-内酰胺(3)是合成青霉烯和碳青霉烯类β-内酰胺抗生素的关键中间体。以廉价的L-抗坏血酸为原料,制得S-缩异丙氧叉甘油醛(5),与胺反应定量转变成相应的手性亚胺(6a～6d),6与双烯酮[2+2]环加成反应,高立体选择性地合成3(S)-乙酰基-β-内酰胺(8a～8d),其非对映体过量由类似反庆的80%提高到接近100%。8a经四步反应得到目标化合物3a。     

由谷氨酸合成具有光学活性的齿小蠹二烯醇

齿小蠹二烯醇(Ipsdienol,2-甲基-6-甲叉基-2,7-辛二烯-4-醇,1)是手性昆虫信息素.S( )对映体,它首次从齿小蠹(Ips paraconfusus Lanier)的粪便中分离出来.后来又发现其它种小蠹虫的信息素也含有这种成份.R(-)齿小蠹二烯醇是另外一种齿小蠹(Ips pini)信息素的主要组份.Mori,Ohloff 等报道三种方法合成光学活性的齿小蠹二烯醇.所用手性原料为 R( )甘油醛缩丙酮、R( )羟基丁二酸及( )或(-)马鞭烯酮(verbenone).     

光学活性3-(1′-羟基乙基)-4-乙酰氧基-β-内酰胺的立体选择性合成

(1′R,3R,4R)-N-取代-3-(1′-羟基乙基)-4-乙酰氧基-β-内酰胺(3)是合成青霉烯和碳青霉烯类β-内酰胺抗生素的关键中间体.以廉价的L-抗坏血酸为原料,制得S-缩异丙氧叉甘油醛(5),与胺反应定量转变成相应的手性亚胺(6a～6d),6与双烯酮[2+2]环加成反应,高立体选择性地合成3(S)-乙酰基-β-内酰胺(Sa～8d),其非对映体过量由类似反应的80％提高到接近100％.8a经四步反应得到目标化合物3a.     

Convenient synthesis of acetonide-protected 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) for Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis

We report a facile approach to the synthesis of acetonide and Fmoc-protected 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), Fmoc-DOPA(acetonide)-OH. By protecting the amino group of DOPA with a phthaloyl group and the carboxyl group as a methyl ester, acetonide protection of the catechol of DOPA derivative was realized in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid. Following removal of protecting groups, the intermediate was converted to Fmoc-DOPA(acetonide)-OH, which was successfully incorporated into a short DOPA-containing peptide, derived from marine tubeworm cement proteins Pc1 and Pc2.     

Synthèse des (R)- et (S)-O-isopropylidène-1,2-glycérols. Détermination de la pureté optique

Synthesis of the (R)- and (S)-Glycerol Acetonides. Determination of the Optical Purity The optical purity of (R)-glycerol acetonide ( 1 ) and (S)-glycerol acetonide ( 1 ′) has been determined with great accuracy by gas chromatography after derivatization. The optical purity of (S)-glycerol actonide prepared from D -mannitol was > 99.4% while for (R)-glycerol acetonide obtained from L -serine it was 95%.     

Filipin III: Configuration Assignment and Confirmation by Synthetic Correlation

The stereochemical configuration of filipin III (1) was determined using the (13)C acetonide analysis. The relative configurations for the nine stereogenic centers in the top half of filipin were initially identified using just three acetonide derivatives (2, 3, and 4) arising from a two-step protection sequence. The structure was confirmed by synthesis and direct correlation of degradation products 8 (C26-C28) and 10 (C1-C16). Filipin tetraacetonide 2 and triacetonide 4 each contain an anti acetonide in a highly unusual chair conformation. Molecular modeling successfully reproduced the preference for a chair conformation over the normally more stable twist-boat conformation.     

The absolute configuration of (+)-oxopropaline D by theoretical calculation of specific rotation and asymmetric synthesis

The specific optical rotations of (R)-oxopropaline D calculated by two ab initio MO methods were +52+/-31 degrees and +61+/-29 degrees, respectively, and (+)-oxopropaline D (3) was presumed to have an R-configuration. On the basis of this theoretical result, the reaction of 1-litio-beta-carboline with (R)-glyceraldehyde acetonide followed by oxidation with MnO(2) gave (R)-oxopropaline D acetonide (4a), which was consistent with the previously synthesized (+)-oxopropaline D acetonide (4) in all respects. From the results of theoretical calculations and the experimental synthesis, we determined that natural (+)-oxopropaline D (3) has an R-configuration.     

Theoretical and experimental study on cyclic 6-methyl-2,3,4-tris(hydroxymethyl)pyridin-5-ol acetonides

Methods for the preparation of three cyclic 2,3,4-tris(hydroxymethyl)-6-methylpyridin-5-ol acetonides have been developed by variation of the reaction conditions. The six-membered acetonide turned out to be thermodynamically more stable than the seven-membered acetonide and bis-acetonide. The experimental data were consistent with the results of quantum-chemical calculations. The structure of the isolated compounds was proved by X-ray analysis.     

Synthesis and properties of new fullerene C60 derivatives,containing acetonide and polyol fragments

New mono- and hexa-methanofullerenes containing different number of acetonide groups are synthesized and characterized. Removing the acetonide protection leads to new chromatographically pure water-soluble polyol methanofullerenes with essentially quantitative yields.     

Determination of betamethasone and triamcinolone acetonide by GC-NCI-MS in excreta of treated animals and development of a fast oxidation procedure for derivatisation of corticosteroids.

The use of corticosteroids in combination with other hormonal substances has long been known to result in increased mass gain with bovines. Practice has demonstrated, however, that even the single use of a glucocorticoid may result in growth promoting effects. In addition to the popular dexamethasone, more recently other corticosteroids have also been misused for fattening purposes. The first part of this study deals with the detection of two of them, namely betamethasone and triamcinolone acetonide. Betamethasone was administered orally to a cow at a dose of 50 mg d-1 for 5 d, then later the same cow was injected intramuscularly with a dose of 50 mg of betamethasone dipropionate. Excretion in urine and faeces was followed with both HPLC-enzyme immunoassay and a previously described method based on negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry (NCI-MS) after oxidation. For the triamcinolone acetonide study a cow was treated with 50 mg d-1 of the drug during a 7 d period. Excretion in faeces was followed with GC-NCI-MS. As triamcinolone acetonide is resistant to the previously described oxidation procedure, however, a hydrolysis step had to be introduced prior to oxidation. In addition to this specific modification necessary for triamcinolone acetonide, in a subsequent part of this study the original oxidation procedure with pyridinium chlorochromate was re-investigated especially to shorten the procedure. With the introduction of potassium dichromate the reaction time could be decreased from 3 h to 10 min.     

Novel pentablock copolymer (PLA–PCL–PEG–PCL–PLA)-based nanoparticles for controlled drug delivery: effect of copolymer compositions on the crystallinity of copolymers and in vitro drug release profile from nanoparticles

The purpose of this investigation was to design novel pentablock copolymers (polylactide–polycaprolactone–polyethylene glycol–polycaprolactone–polylactide) (PLA–PCL–PEG–PCL–PLA) to prepare nanoparticle formulations which provide continuous delivery of steroids over a longer duration with minimal burst effect. Another purpose was to evaluate the effect of poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) and poly(d,l-lactide) (PDLLA) incorporation on crystallinity of pentablock copolymers and in vitro release profile of triamcinolone acetonide (selected as model drug) from nanoparticles. PLA–PCL–PEG–PCL–PLA copolymers with different block ratio of PCL/PLA segment were synthesized. Release of triamcinolone acetonide from nanoparticles was significantly affected by crystallinity of the copolymers. Burst release of triamcinolone acetonide from nanoparticles was significantly minimized with incorporation of proper ratio of PDLLA in the existing triblock (PCL–PEG–PCL) copolymer. Moreover, pentablock copolymer-based nanoparticles exhibited continuous release of triamcinolone acetonide. Pentablock copolymer-based nanoparticles can be utilized to achieve continuous near–zero-order delivery of corticosteroids from nanoparticles without any burst effect.     

Determination of triamcinolone in human plasma by a sensitive HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method: application for a pharmacokinetic study using nasal spray formulation

A liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method for the quantitation of triamcinolone in human plasma after nasal spray application was developed and validated. Betamethasone was used as internal standard (IS). The analytes were extracted by a liquid-liquid procedure and separated on a Zorbax Eclipse XDB C(18) column with a mobile phase composed of 2 mM aqueous ammonium acetate pH 3.2 and acetonitrile (55:45). Selected reaction monitoring was performed using the transitions m/z 435 → 415 and m/z 393 → 373 to quantify triamcinolone acetonide and betamethasone, respectively. Calibration curve was constructed over the range of 20-2000 pg/ml for triamcinolone acetonide. The lower limit of quantitation was 20 pg/ml. The mean RSD values were 4.6% and 5.7% for the intra-run and inter-run precision, respectively. The mean accuracy value was 98.5% and a recovery rate corresponding to 97.5% was achieved. No matrix effect was detected in the samples. The validated method was successfully applied to determine the plasma concentrations of triamcinolone acetonide in healthy volunteers, in a pharmacokinetic study with nasal spray formulation.     

Novel synthesis of 4-halo-3-hydroxy-2-pyrone: one pot rearrangement-cyclization reaction by magnesium halide

Treatment of acetonide protected 4,5-dihydroxy-2-chloroglycidic ester or its rearrangement product, the acetonide protected 4,5-dihydroxy-3-chloro-2-oxo ester, with magnesium halides gave 4-halo-3-hydroxy-2-pyrone in excellent to reasonable yields in one pot. The mechanism of this novel one pot rearrangement-cyclization reaction is also proposed.