稀土对SAPO-11分子筛结构与性能的影响

分别采用浸渍法及离子交换法将稀土元素镧、铈引入SAPO-11分子筛, 通过XRD、BET、孔分布、in-situ FTIR及NH3-TPD等表征手段考察了稀土对SAPO-11分子筛结构及表面性能的影响. 结果表明, SAPO-11分子筛经稀土元素La、Ce改性后, 分子筛摩尔组成改变、结晶度下降, 其中La3+离子交换改性带来的变化最为明显. 在分子筛表面聚集的稀土元素可作为Lewis酸中心, 造成分子筛L酸含量增多, B/L比值下降；同时, 由于三价稀土离子吸引电子的能力弱于Al3+, 改性后催化剂的桥连羟基强度下降. 经稀土改性后, 催化剂总酸量下降.     

FCC汽油中含硫化合物在Ce交换的Y型分子筛上的吸附

 研究了NaY分子筛在与硝酸铈溶液进行液相离子交换前后对含有大量芳烃和烯烃的FCC汽油的吸附脱硫. 结果表明,在室温和常压下,以离子交换方式将Ce3+引入到Y分子筛中后,分子筛吸附剂对FCC汽油的脱硫选择性明显提高,并且脱硫选择性随分子筛中Ce3+含量的增多而提高. 噻吩吸附的红外光谱表明,在Ce3+改性后的分子筛吸附剂上存在着噻吩分子直接以硫原子与吸附剂相互作用的吸附模式,这种不同于π络合的吸附方式可能不易受FCC汽油中竞争分子的影响,因此分子筛表现出较高的吸附脱硫选择性.     

La／HZSM—5催化剂上丙烷的芳构化反应研究

采用浸渍法和离子交换法制备了La/HZSM-5分子筛催化剂,用于丙烷芳构化反应,利用XRD,SPS,FT－IR,NH3－TPD技术考察了La对HZSM－5分子筛结构和表面酸性的影响,引入La后能显著提高HZSM－5的丙烷芳构化活性,其中由离子交换法得到的催化剂效果最佳,在反应温度550度,空速600h^-1条件下,丙烷转化率和芳烃选择性分别达到94．58％,68．99％,在La/HZSM-5中分子筛结晶度下降,B酸中心减少,L酸中心增多,离子交换法制备的催化剂比浸渍法催化剂的这种变化更显著,同时更有利于La3 进入分子筛孔道内,并与分子筛产生强相互作用,新增加的L酸中心可能是芳构化反应的活性中心。     

高活性甲醇氧化羰基化CuY催化剂的结构及催化活性中心

采用硝酸铜溶液和NaY分子筛溶液离子交换制备了CuY催化剂,通过加入氨水提高交换溶液的pH值以及高温焙烧活化,显著提高了甲醇氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯的催化活性,与固相离子交换、沉积和浸渍法制备的催化剂相比,虽负载的铜量较低,但催化活性较高. 通过元素分析、XRD、H2-TPR、XPS和AES等对CuY催化剂微观结构的表征表明,在Cu(NO3)2离子交换溶液中加入氨水,促进了Cu2+离子交换的进行,提高了CuY催化剂的Cu交换量,并且交换的Cu2+主要落位于分子筛的超笼中. 在惰性气氛中焙烧活化CuY催化剂,Cu2+自还原为Cu+,氨促进了自还原过程的进行,显著提高了催化剂的活性. 焙烧活化温度越高,越有利于超笼中Cu2+→Cu+的自还原过程,使超笼中Cu+的含量增加, CuY催化活性增加. 进一步研究表明Y分子筛超笼中的Cu+是主要的催化活性中心.     

镧改性β分子筛上的异丁烯水合醚化复合反应

 采用离子交换法,分别在微波加热和常规加热的条件下,制备了La/β分子筛催化剂,并采用红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、 X射线衍射与能量色散谱进行了表征. 考察了不同加热条件下所得的改性β分子筛上La的负载量, La在分子筛表面的分散度以及催化剂对乙醇-水-异丁烯体系水合醚化复合反应的催化性能,并分析了反应机理. 与传统加热法相比,微波加热法制得的催化剂上La离子的一次交换度和负载量高,且交换时间大大缩短. La离子的引入使得β分子筛上乙醇与水的转化率提高了10%～20%, 而且随着La负载量的增加,催化剂的活性呈明显的上升趋势. 反应机理的分析表明,上述水合醚化反应主要发生在β分子筛的表面上, B酸位桥接 Al-OH-Si 酸性点可能是主要的反应活性点,并且反应过程经历碳正离子中间体的形成步骤.     

La 或 Ce 增强 Y型分子筛结构稳定性的机制

 采用 X 射线粉末衍射、²⁹Si 固体核磁共振、X 射线光电子能谱和扫描电镜及能谱等方法研究了 La, Ce 增强 Y 分子筛结构稳定性的差异. 结果表明, La 和 Ce 的引入均可稳定 Y 分子筛的骨架结构, 但 La 离子比含量相当的 Ce 离子更容易进入分子筛内部和抑制骨架铝的脱除, 因而对分子筛结构的稳定作用更优. 结合量子力学密度泛函计算方法, 从理论上阐述了这种增强机制, 即La 或 Ce 的引入能显著增加分子筛骨架 Al 和相邻 O 原子的作用力, 有效稳定分子筛骨架 Al 位, 并且稀土离子与分子筛间存在较强的作用力; 与 Ce 相比, La 与分子筛的相互作用更大, Al–O 作用力更强, 因此, La 比 Ce 更有利于稳定分子筛的骨架结构.     

CuY制备方法对其催化甲醇氧化羰基化活性中心的影响

以Cu(NO₃)₂为铜源,以NaY和HY分子筛为载体,通过溶液离子交换法和等体积浸渍法制备了不同的无氯CuY催化剂,并进行了气相甲醇氧化羰基化催化活性研究。通过浸渍法制备的催化剂Cu含量为10%,而以NaY和铜氨溶液离子交换制备的催化剂Cu含量只有6.3%,但其催化活性和选择性均较好。通过催化剂的Cu元素分析、低温氮吸附-脱附、XRD、H₂-TPR、XPS和TPD等表征表明,溶液离子交换法制备的催化剂,Cu物种以离子的形式高度分散于分子筛骨架结构中,较好地保持了分子筛晶体结构,并对甲醇有较强的吸附能力,催化活性较高,而将等体积浸渍Cu(NO₃)₂溶液后的HY或NaY分子筛,在400 ℃焙烧过程中,发生了固体离子交换反应,形成了连接于分子筛骨架的Cu²⁺,但以HY为载体更容易进行固体离子交换,未交换的铜物种以CuO的形式分散到分子筛表面。在600 ℃高温活化中,催化剂中Cu²⁺可部分还原为活性物质Cu⁺,但以NaY和铜氨溶液离子交换制备的催化剂Cu²⁺自还原能力最大。     

MCM-41负载的La, Ce和Pt催化剂上三氯乙烯的低温催化燃烧

 分别采用直接水热合成法和浸渍法制备了Si-MCM-41, La-Si-MCM-41和Ce-Si-MCM-41介孔材料及其负载的Pt催化剂. 小角X射线衍射、氮气吸附和扩展X射线精细结构分析表明, La和Ce元素进入了MCM-41分子筛的骨架结构. NH3程序升温脱附测试未检测到含La和Ce样品表面的酸性. 所制备的催化剂具有较高的三氯乙烯催化燃烧活性及生成CO2和HCl的选择性.     

镧、铈对Pt, In/Al2O3催化剂选择性还原NO性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法(SG)制备了掺杂少量La或Ce的Pt/Al2O3贵金属催化剂和In2O3/Al2O3氧化物催化剂, 并考察了La或Ce对催化剂的比表面和晶相结构和丙烯在这些催化剂上选择性还原NO的活性. 结果表明, 掺杂少量的La或Ce, 可以改变催化剂的热稳定性, 富氧条件下丙烯选择性催化还原NO的反应中, La或Ce的掺杂对催化活性和催化活性温度窗口没有明显改善.     

球磨在制备Cs/X型催化剂中的作用以及对甲苯甲醇侧链烷基化反应的影响（英文）

苯乙烯是重要的化工中间体,可以用来生产聚苯乙烯以及其他多聚物化学品.工业上苯乙烯主要通过苯和乙烯烷基化生成乙苯,再将乙苯脱氢制得.该方法存在能耗高、工艺流程复杂、生产成本高等问题.甲苯与甲醇在碱性分子筛上可以发生侧链烷基化反应直接生成苯乙烯,在各种碱性分子筛上中, Cs离子交换的X型分子筛催化剂(CsX)表现出较为突出的催化性能.尽管如此,低的甲苯转化率和苯乙烯选择性仍然是限制甲苯甲醇侧链烷基化工艺在工业上应用的主要因素.为了进一步提高甲苯甲醇侧链烷基化反应的催化性能,向CsX催化剂中添加其他化合物或助剂的化学改性方法被广泛研究.本文采用一种物理方法—球磨法对CsX进行改性,并对比了13X分子筛在球磨前和球磨后担载Cs对甲醇甲苯侧链烷基化反应的影响.研究发现, CsX分子筛在经过球磨之后,其催化性能大幅提高.通过各种表征手段进一步阐释了球磨法在分子筛改性过程中的作用机理.CO_2-TPD结果表明, Cs X在球磨之后碱量增加而碱强度降低.XPS结果显示, CsX-mill上Cs元素主要以离子型的Cs离子形式存在,而CsX上的Cs元素主要以氧化物形式存在.Cs阳离子是路易斯酸中心,可以与甲苯的苯环发生作用,从而吸附稳定甲苯.离子型Cs比例的增加意味着增加了活性路易斯酸中心.~(27)Al和~(29)Si MAS NMR结果表明, CsX经过球磨之后, Si和Al的配位环境也产生了些许变化, Cs X-mill上有非骨架铝出现.综上,我们认为催化效果的显著差异归因于在球磨过程中分子筛上的Cs_2O与分子筛载体发生了强相互作用,进而改变了催化剂的酸碱性质并形成了Si-O-Cs和Al-O-Cs等新的碱性中心.这些新的碱性中心有别于传统的Cs X上的碱性中心,且可能对反应有促进作用.然而,长时间球磨会导致催化剂结构彻底坍塌和微孔消失,这也从侧面证明了微孔在甲苯甲醇侧链烷基化反应中的重要性.球磨法的优势在于不必改变CsX催化剂的Cs含量就可以调节催化剂的酸碱性质,进而提高侧链烷基化反应的催化效果.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

化学计量中不确定度评定研究进展

测量不确定度是表征合理地赋予被测量之值的分散性的参数。本文针对化学计量不确定度评定基础模型仅适用于线性模型、概率分布为正态分布或缩放位移t分布等局限,介绍了近年来不确定度评定的研究热点:蒙特卡罗方法(Monte Carlo Method,MCM),不确定度评定的来源、评定概念、评估方法及其发展过程,扩大了测量不确定度评定与表示的适用范围。     

微量钙的测定方法研究进展

介绍了1995-2006年期间测定微量和痕量钙的方法,如电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法、原子吸收光谱法以及离子色谱法等的工作原理和特点,并说明了其测定微量钙的应用领域。并对微量钙的测定技术进行了展望(引用文献55篇)。