改性钛锆复合氧化物催化环己酮肟气相Beckmann重 排反应

制备了经SO4^2-,PO4^3-,MoO3,WO3和B2O3改性的钛锆复合氧化物(TiO2-ZrO2)催化剂,并用常压连续流动固定床微型反应器考察了它们对环己酮肟气相Beckmann重排反应制己内酰胺的催化性能。结果表明,在反应温度300℃时,B2O3/TiO2-ZrO2具有较高的己内酰胺选择性(97.0%)和收率(96.7%),且明显高于B2O3/TiO2和B2O3/ZrO2催化剂,用N2吸附和NH3-TPD,CO2-TPD等方法对催化剂的经表面积、孔容、孔分布和表面酸、碱性分别进行了测定,讨论了这些物化性能对催化剂活性、选择性和稳定性的影响。     

B2O3/TiO2-ZrO2催化环己酮肟气相Beckmann重排反应研究 Ⅲ. 反应条件的影响

 对B2O3／TiO2－ZrO2催化环己酮肟气相Beckmann重排制己内酰胺的反应条件进行了优化研究，系统考察了反应温度、原料空速、载气及其流速和稀释剂等对催化剂催化性能的影响．结果表明，当反应温度为300℃、环己酮肟的重时空速WHSV）为0．33h－1、氮气为载气（流速30ml／min）及乙腈为稀释剂时，B2O3／TiO2－ZrO2催化剂的催化性能最佳，连续反应6h，环己酮肟的转化率为100％，己内酰胺的选择性高达98．6％．     

B2O3／TiO2—ZrO2催化环己酮肟气相Beckmann重排反应研究Ⅳ.TiO2—ZrO组成的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了不同组成的复合氧化物TiO2-ZrO2.N2吸附和差热分析结果表明，随着TiO2-ZrO2中TiO2含量的增加，其BET比表面积和晶化温度提高，并均在TiO2含量为50％时达到最大值，以TiO2-ZrO2为载体的B2O3／TiO2-ZrO2催化剂对环己酮肟气相Beckmann重排反应的催化性能表明，随着TiO2-ZrO2中TiO2含量的增加，己内酰胺的收率逐渐升高，当TiO2含量增加至50％时，收率达到最大值（96．7％），之后随着TiO2含量的进一步增加，己内酰胺的收率逐渐降低。     

环己酮肟在B2O3/Al2O3-TiO2催化剂上的气相Beckmann重排反应

制备了B2O3/Al2O3-TiO2复合载体催化剂,并考察了其对环己酮肟气相Beckmann重排制己内酰胺反应的催化性能. 结果表明,载体中TiO2的含量、B2O3的负载量、载体的预处理温度及催化剂的焙烧温度等均对催化剂的性能产生明显的影响. 当载体中TiO2含量为60%,B2O3负载量为20%,催化剂经350 ℃焙烧时,环己酮肟的气相Beckmann重排反应的转化率和选择性很高. 用BET,NH3-TPD,XRD和IR等方法对催化剂的织构、表面酸性和晶相等进行了表征,并与催化剂的活性进行了关联,表明催化剂表面中等强度的酸中心浓度与催化剂的选择性具有对应关系.     

B2O3/ZrO2催化剂稳定性和再生性能的研究

以气相环己酮肟重排反应合成己内酰胺是多相催化研究领域的重要课题之一[1,2]. 本研究小组曾首次报道了B2O3/ZrO2催化剂对该反应表现出较高的活性和己内酰胺选择性,但是该催化剂的稳定性和再生性能较差[3,4]. 而通过对催化剂的组成和结构与己内酰胺产率关系的研究表明,当B2O3在ZrO2载体(60 m2/g)表面平均形成约两个单层厚度的B2O3表面相时催化剂性能最好[2],这预示着增加ZrO2载体的比表面积可望改善B2O3/ZrO2催化剂的性能. 采用常规方法制备的ZrO(OH)2经600 ℃焙烧后所得ZrO2的比表面积一般不超过60 m2/g. 本文以蒸煮回流ZrO(OH)2水凝胶的方法制备了高比表面积的ZrO2,并考察了以其为载体的B2O3/ZrO2催化剂对气相环己酮肟重排反应的催化性能.     

Al2O3-SiO2催化环己胺氧化制备环己酮肟

以Al2O3-SiO2为催化剂,用双氧水氧化环己胺制备了环己酮肟。考察了溶剂用量、催化剂用量、反应时间和反应温度等因素对催化性能的影响。结果表明,在溶剂乙腈与环己胺体积比为3∶1,催化剂质量分数31.0%,75℃反应5 h后的环己胺转化率为100%,环己酮肟选择性可达83.6%。并对环己胺催化氧化的反应机理作了初步的探讨。     

B2O3/TiO2-ZrO2催化环己酮肟气相Beckmann重排反应研究Ⅳ. TiO2-ZrO2组成的影响

 采用共沉淀法制备了不同组成的复合氧化物TiO2－ZrO2．N2吸附和差热分析结果表明，随着TiO2－ZrO2中TiO2含量的增加，其BET比表面积和晶化温度提高，并均在TiO2含量为50％时达到最大值．以TiO2－ZrO2为载体的B2O3／TiO2－ZrO2催化剂对环己酮肟气相Beckmann重排反应的催化性能表明，随着TiO2－ZrO2中TiO2含量的增加，己内酰胺的收率逐渐升高，当TiO2含量增加至50％时，收率达到最大值（96．7％），之后随着TiO2含量的进一步增加，己内酰胺的收率逐渐降低．     

V2O5/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂上甲醇选择氧化制甲缩醛

采用共沉淀法制备TiO2-ZrO2复合氧化物载体、等体积浸渍法制备V2O5/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂,对催化剂在温和条件下甲醇选择氧化生成甲缩醛(DMM)反应进行研究.结果表明,与单一氧化物载体TiO2或ZrO2负载的钒基催化剂相比,V2O5/TiO2-ZrO2对甲醇选择氧化具有较好的催化性能.XRD、NH3-TPD和...     

多功能Na2WO4-离子液体催化体系催化环己醇一锅合成己内酰胺

己内酰胺是合成尼龙-6和工程塑料的关键中间体.工业上己内酰胺的合成工艺分三步:以环己醇为原料合成环己酮,环己酮氨肟化合成环己酮肟,环己酮肟重排生成己内酰胺.该工艺存在工艺流程长、重排过程中使用发烟硫酸腐蚀设备、形成大量低值副产物硫酸铵等问题.随着人们对环境保护意识的提高,发展环境友好、经济效益高的直接合成己内酰胺工艺已经迫在眉睫.多步串联反应具有设备投资少、中间分离步骤少、反应效率高等优点,其关键问题之一是多功能催化剂的开发.环己醇作为环己烷氧化反应的副产物,能够直接用于己内酰胺的合成,具有理论研究价值和工业应用意义.本文构建了以环己醇氧化、环己酮肟化和环己酮肟重排反应构成的串联反应系统,可缩短己内酰胺合成工艺流程,降低能耗,减小环境污染.合成了九种离子液体,并与Na2WO4组成催化体系,以环己醇、过氧化氢和羟胺为原料,催化环己醇直接合成己内酰胺.首先研究了不同Na2WO4-离子液体催化体系对环己醇直接氧化合成环己酮反应的影响.反应介质的酸性和离子液体水油两相中的相转移功能是影响氧化过程的两个主要因素.Na2WO4-磺酸基功能化的离子液体催化剂具有较高的氧化活性.这是由于磺酸基的引入提高了催化剂酸性,另外磺酸基功能化的离子液体随碳链的增长,催化剂的亲油性增强,即该催化剂相转移功能增强.考察了九种离子液体对氧化过程的影响,其中Na2WO4-[BSTma]HSO4在氧化过程中催化活性最高,因此将其用于催化环己酮与羟胺合成己内酰胺的反应,并考察了环己酮与[BSTma]HSO4的摩尔比对该反应的影响,发现该摩尔比为1:0.08时,反应效果最好.最后,将Na2WO4-[BSTma]HSO4体系用于催化环己醇直接合成己内酰胺的反应.考察了反应温度、反应时间和环己醇与[BSTma]HSO4摩尔比的影响.在氧化时间为300 min,肟化和重排时间为150 min,反应温度为80℃,环己醇:H2O2:(NH2OH)2·H2SO4:Na2WO4·2H2O:[BSTma]HSO4的摩尔比为1.00:1.50:0.50:0.06:0.08的条件下反应效果最好,环己醇转化率为97.3%,己内酰胺收率为76.0%.Na2WO4-[BSTma]HSO4催化体系活性较高的原因是离子液体阳离子的相转移作用,以及在氧化过程中离子液体与过氧钨酸盐的配位作用和对Beckmann重排过程中中间产物的稳定作用.研究了Na2WO4-[BSTma]HSO4催化体系的普适性,发现该催化体系对所考察的脂肪醇和芳香醇直接合成酰胺均具有较好的催化活性.另外,回用的Na2WO4-[BSTma]HSO4催化剂仍具有较好的催化活性.因此,该催化体系具有高效易回收、操作简单和反应条件温和的优点.     

B2O3/TiO2-ZrO2催化环己酮肟气相Beckmann重排反应研究Ⅱ.焙烧温度的影响

采用XRD、FT-IR和NH3-TPD等方法，研究了载体预焙烧温度和催化剂活化焙烧温度对B2O3/TIO2-ZRO2催化剂的结构、酸性和催化环己酮肟气相Beckmann重排反应性能的影响。结果表明，在383-773K范围内，载体预烧温度对催化剂性能的影响不大，但经973K高温预焙烧后，由于生成了ZrTiO4晶相，使其与H3BO3的相互作用减弱，从而导致催化剂的酸性和反应性能降低，提高催化剂活化焙烧温度，有利于B2O3与TiO2-ZrO2的相互作用，生成更多的Beckmann重排反应所需的中等强度酸中心，使催化剂的活性和选择性提高；但活化焙烧温度过高，会使催化剂中大量的B2O3晶粒析出，引起酸中心数量和催化活性的明显下降。     

Electrocatalytic Synthesis of Nylon-6 Precursor at Almost 100 % Yield

Synthesis of cyclohexanone oxime via the cyclohexanone-hydroxylamine process is widespread in the caprolactam industry, which is an upstream industry for nylon-6 production. However, there are two shortcomings in this process, harsh reaction conditions and the potential danger posed by explosive hydroxylamine. In this study, we presented a direct electrosynthesis of cyclohexanone oxime using nitrogen oxides and cyclohexanone, which eliminated the usage of hydroxylamine and demonstrated a green production of caprolactam. With the Fe electrocatalysts, a production rate of 55.9 g h⁻¹ g_cat⁻¹ can be achieved in a flow cell with almost 100 % yield of cyclohexanone oxime. The high efficiency was attributed to their ability of accumulating adsorbed hydroxylamine and cyclohexanone. This study provides a theoretical basis for electrocatalyst design for C−N coupling reactions and illuminates the tantalizing possibility to upgrade the caprolactam industry towards safety and sustainability.     

NaY型沸石分子筛催化环己胺氧化制备环己酮肟

考察了系列氧化剂、催化剂和溶剂对环己胺液相氧化制备环己酮肟的影响,发现以乙腈为溶剂,过氧化氢为氧化剂,NaY型沸石分子筛对该反应具有优良的催化性能。 对该反应体系进行了五因素四水平的正交实验,确定了适宜的催化剂用量、溶剂用量、反应时间、反应温度和氧化剂用量,比较分析了各因素对环己胺转化率和环己酮肟选择性的影响。 确定了环己胺液相氧化反应的最佳工艺条件为：环己胺为3 mL,催化剂为03 g,环己胺、溶剂和氧化剂的体积比为1∶3∶3,65 ℃反应2 h。 讨论了环己胺液相催化氧化的反应机理。     

Oxidation of cyclohexylamine by air to its oxime

The oxidation of cyclohexylamine was studied over tungsten, molybdenum and vanadium oxides containing catalysts supported on silica, γ-alumina or hydrotalcite in the temperature range 170°C–230°C. Depending on the catalyst and reaction conditions, the main products of the reaction are cyclohexanone oxime, cyclohexylidenecyclohexylamine or cyclohexanone. About 70% selectivity of cyclohexanone oxime formation at about 20% conversion of cyclohexylamine is obtained over tungsten catalysts. The activity of the tested catalysts usually passes through a maximum and, then, gradually decreases with time on stream. The deactivation of the catalyst is caused by the formation of tar products on the catalyst surface. The mechanism of oxidation involves formation of oxygen species on the catalyst surface which oxidizes cyclohexylamine.     

TiO2柱层状HTiNbO5的合成及在环己酮肟气相Beckmann重排反应中的催化性能

钛酸异丙酯(TIP)、CH₃COOH和H₂O按体积比1∶16∶40混合后得到Ti(Ⅳ)多聚阳离子柱化液, 与正癸胺插层钛铌酸盐进行交换反应后制得钛(Ⅳ)多聚阳离子插层钛铌酸盐, 其层间距为1.70 nm. 在空气气氛中于623 K焙烧处理后, 所得产品能保持良好的层柱结构. 在空气气氛中于723 K焙烧后所得的TiO₂柱层状钛铌酸(TiO₂-HTiNbO₅), 其层间距为0.97 nm, 比表面积为89 m²/g. 以TiO₂-HTiNbO₅为载体, 用浸渍法制备了一系列B₂O₃负载量不同的负载型样品B₂O₃/TiO₂-HTiNbO₅, 考察了它们在环己酮肟气相Beckmann重排反应中的催化性能并测试了它们的红外光谱. B₂O₃/TiO₂-HTiNbO₅的催化性能优于TiO₂-HTiNbO₅. 在B₂O₃负载质量分数为7.31%的催化剂上, 环己酮肟转化率接近100%且在4.5 h内无明显改变, 己内酰胺选择性接近90%. 红外光谱分析结果表明, 当B₂O₃负载量很低时, 硼组分高度分散于载体TiO₂-HTiNbO₅表面, 并主要以BO₄结构形式存在; 当B₂O₃负载质量分数高于7.31%时, BO₃结构形式在数量上占优势. 将催化性能与红外光谱结果关联后可知, 对于负载型样品B₂O₃/TiO₂-HTiNbO₅, 表面的BO₃和BO₄两种结构形式在环己酮肟气相Beckmann重排反应中具有协同促进作用.     

A DFT study on secondary reaction pathways in the acid-catalysed Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime in aprotic solvent

In recent studies regarding acid-catalysed Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime in aprotic solvents it has been observed that a quite surprising hydrolysis of the starting material, i.e., cyclohexanone oxime, occurs even if the experimental conditions and the water concentration in the reaction mixture can not justify such a side-reaction. Being this apparent hydrolysis critical for catalyst selectivity and poisoning, a computational DFT study on a possible secondary reaction pathway, involving a bi-molecular reaction between two cyclohexanone oxime molecules in acid media as the primary step, is here reported to explain the experimental results.     

Vapor-phase Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime over B2O3 catalysts supported on TiO2-ZrO2 mixed oxide

A novel catalyst, boria supported on titania-zirconia mixed oxide, exhibits very high catalytic activity and selectivity in vapor-phase Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime to e-caprolactam. It gives 99.7% oxime conversion and 97.0% lactam selectivity at 300°C.     

Synthesis of ϵ‐Caprolactam from Cyclohexanone Oxime Using Zeolites Hβ, HZSM‐5, and Alumina Pillared Montmorillonite

The Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime (CHO) to ?‐caprolactam (?‐C) was studied in a plug flow reactor at 300–400°C under atmospheric pressure by using Hβ, ZSM‐5, and alumina pillared montmorillonite. With Hβ(X) Y zeolites, raising the SiO₂/Al₂O₃ molar ratio (X) results in the enhancement of catalyst acid strength with concomitant decrease of the total acid amount. In creasing the calcination temperature (Y) causes remarkable diminution of catalyst surface area, acid strength, and acid amount. A similar trend was found for AlPMY catalysts. In there action of CHO, the initial catalytic activity correlates well with the total acid amount of various catalysts except for Hβ(10) Y (Y > 600°C). The reaction proceeds on both Brönsted and Lewis acid sites and the catalyst deactivation most likely occurs at the strong Brönsted acid sites. The effect of solvents in the feed on the catalytic results was also investigated; it was found that polar solvents such as ethanol or n‐butanol give high ?‐C yield and longer catalyst life time. In the reaction of CHO/C₂H₅OH over Hβ(10)800 at 400°C and W/F 74.6 gh/mol, the CHO conversion and ?‐C yield remain 100% and 92%, respectively, for at least 20 h time‐on‐stream. The reaction paths and the mechanism for ?‐C formation are proposed.     

The Catalysis of Vapor-Phase Beckmann Rearrangement for the Production of ε-Caprolactam

Recently, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. developed the vapor-phase Beckmann rearrangement process for the production of -caprolactam. In the process, cyclohexanone oxime is rearranged into -caprolactam using a zeolite as a catalyst instead of sulfuric acid. EniChem in Italy developed the ammoximation process that involves the direct production of cyclohexanone oxime without producing any ammonium sulfate. Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. has commercialized the combined process of vapor-phase Beckmann rearrangement and ammoximation in 2003.In this paper, the authors focus on some aspects of the vapor-phase Beckmann rearrangement catalysis. A solid catalyst that is mainly composed of a high-silica MFI zeolite (Silicalite-1) has been developed for the vapor-phase Beckmann rearrangement. This catalyst does not possess acidity that can be detected by ammonia TPD. Methanol fed into the reactor with cyclohexanone oxime improves the yield of caprolactam. Methanol reacts with terminal silanols on the zeolite surface and converts them to methoxyl groups. The modification of the catalyst by methanol has an important role for the Beckmann rearrangement reaction.Nest silanols located just inside the pore mouth of the MFI zeolite are supposed to be the active sites of the catalyst. We propose that the coordination between the NOH group of cyclohexanone oxime molecule and the nest silanols through hydrogen bonding is responsible for the reaction. The reaction mechanism of Beckmann rearrangement under vapor-phase conditions is the same as in the liquid phase, namely, the alkyl group in anti-position against the hydroxyl group of the oxime migrates to the nitrogen atom's position.     

Preparation of tantalum-pillared magadiite and its catalytic performance in Beckmann rearrangement

Vapor phase Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime to ε-caprolactam has been carried out using tantalum-pillared magadiites (Ta-magadiites) with different surface areas as catalysts. The Ta-magadiite catalysts of relatively large surface areas showed high catalytic activities, due to a large number of active sites. For the Ta-magadiite catalyst of the largest surface area, the oxime conversion reached 99.1%, with 97.5% of lactam selectivity. FT-IR and NH₃-TPD results demonstrated that the new hydroxyl groups and a large amount of acidic sites generated by Ta pillaring into the magadiite interlayer were responsible for the high catalytic performance of Ta-magadiite catalyst.