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1.
柳海涛  李会泉  杨玮娇  王兴瑞  张懿 《化学学报》2009,67(15):1749-1753
研究了CO2氧化丙烷脱氢制丙烯高效wCr/MSU-1 (w=2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 质量分数, 以Cr2O3计算)催化剂中Cr含量对催化剂结构和催化活性的影响. 催化剂活性评价结果表明, 随Cr含量的增加, 催化剂的活性呈现先提高后降低的变化趋势. 在600 ℃条件下, 6.0Cr/MSU-1表现出最佳的催化反应活性, 其中丙烷、CO2转化率分别达到62.6%和22.1%. 为明确Cr含量对催化剂结构的具体影响, 对催化剂样品进行了XRD, UV-Vis和XPS表征: 催化剂样品的XRD表征发现Cr/MSU-1催化剂不仅能够保持良好的MSU-1分子筛的孔道结构, 而且活性金属Cr在载体表面具有很高的分散度, 随着Cr含量的增加催化剂表面形成明显的Cr2O3晶相; UV-Vis表征结果证实低Cr含量催化剂表面主要以Cr6+的形式存在, 高Cr含量催化剂表面有明显的Cr3+出现; 反应前后的催化剂XPS表征结果进一步证实催化剂表面的Cr6+与催化反应活性具有良好对应关系. 基于上述结果, 我们认为Cr6+是该催化剂重要的活性中心.  相似文献   

2.
亚微米ZSM-5负载Cr催化剂上乙烷CO2气氛下脱氢制乙烯   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
石油资源的日趋短缺使天然气和页岩气的开发利用受到重视,因而低碳烷烃脱氢制取低碳烯烃也随之引起了人们越来越多的关注.由于乙烷纯脱氢反应的平衡收率低,能耗高,而氧气氧化脱氢又易将乙烷深度氧化为CO2或CO,因此开发具有反应条件温和、装置投资和操作费用低等优势的CO2气氛下乙烷脱氢的技术路线日益得到重视. CrOx是该反应理想的催化剂之一, CO2的加入可使CrOx对乙烷脱氢的催化活性提升3倍,然而受困于CrOx过小的比表面积,通常将CrOx制备成负载型催化剂使用. CrOx的常见载体有Al2O3, ZrO2和SiO2等氧化物及MCM-41, SBA-15, SBA-1和MSU-x等介孔硅材料, ZSM-5作为载体负载CrOx用于低碳烷烃脱氢的研究则较少,所得结果也不甚理想.我们采用亚微米尺寸的ZSM-5作为载体制备了负载型CrOx催化剂,研究了其在CO2气氛下催化乙烷脱氢反应,发现该催化剂具有非常优异的脱氢活性,高硅铝比和Na型的ZSM-5作载体对反应更加有利,而且在反应进行50 h后,催化剂依然保持很好的活性和很高的乙烯收率,这是在一般负载型CrOx催化剂上所不能实现的.
  X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征发现, Na型ZSM-5载体制得的催化剂具有更高的Cr6+/Cr3+比.一般认为, Cr6+是Cr系催化剂进行低碳烷烃脱氢反应时的活性位(或活性位前驱体),因此可以初步判定, Na型载体具有很好催化效果的原因可能是由它制得的催化剂具有更多的反应活性位.程序升温还原(H2-TPR)表征结果证实了这一点, Na型载体明显具有更高的H2消耗量;也就是说, Na型载体制得的催化剂具有更多的可还原Cr物种,即脱氢活性位.进一步表征发现,反应活性还与Cr物种存在形式有关.文献报道,低聚态的Cr物种和孤立态的Cr物种比Cr2O3有更好的催化活性.通过漫反射紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)对Cr物种的存在形态进行表征后发现, Na型载体上Cr主要以四配位形式存在,而在H型载体上出现了对应于六配位的Cr物种;激光Raman表征结果表明, Na型载体上出现的都是低聚态Cr物种和孤立态Cr物种,而H型载体上出现了明显的对应于α-Cr2O3的峰,说明相较于H型载体, Na型载体更有利于Cr组分分散,这也是Na型ZSM-5载体催化剂具有更高活性的原因之一.
  CO2引入后对乙烷脱氢反应具有明显的促进作用,特别是在CO2/C2H6=5时,催化剂上C2H6转化率是非CO2气氛下的3.2倍;同时, CO2的引入也提高了脱氢反应的稳定性.在非CO2气氛下,反应进行6 h后, C2H6转化率降低到初活性的60%左右,而在CO2/C2H6=5时,相同时间内催化剂活性下降仅有5%左右.实验分析了CO2对脱氢反应具有促进作用的原因.在脱氢反应温度650 oC下, CO2/H2=1时进行了逆水煤气反应测试,发现CO2的转化率达到22.5%,说明引入CO2后可以通过逆水煤气反应有效地消耗掉乙烷脱氢反应生成的H2,从而促进反应向脱氢方向进行; CO2的引入也可以促进Cr物种的CrOx/CrOx-1循环,从而提高催化剂效率,减缓催化剂失活; CO2还可与反应中生成的积碳类物质发生Boudouard反应,将反应活性位暴露出来,从而提高催化剂的稳定性. CO2气氛下反应6 h后催化剂的积碳量为3.0%,低于非CO2气氛下的3.4%,同时在脱氢反应中生成的CO量与消耗掉的CO2量的比值约为1.4,也有力地说明Boudouard反应的存在.  相似文献   

3.
石油资源的日趋短缺使天然气和页岩气的开发利用受到重视,因而低碳烷烃脱氢制取低碳烯烃也随之引起了人们越来越多的关注.由于乙烷纯脱氢反应的平衡收率低,能耗高,而氧气氧化脱氢又易将乙烷深度氧化为CO2或CO,因此开发具有反应条件温和、装置投资和操作费用低等优势的CO2气氛下乙烷脱氢的技术路线日益得到重视.CrOx是该反应理想的催化剂之一,CO2的加入可使CrOx对乙烷脱氢的催化活性提升3倍,然而受困于CrOx过小的比表面积,通常将CrOx制备成负载型催化剂使用.CrOx的常见载体有Al2O3,Zr O2和Si O2等氧化物及MCM-41,SBA-15,SBA-1和MSU-x等介孔硅材料,ZSM-5作为载体负载CrOx用于低碳烷烃脱氢的研究则较少,所得结果也不甚理想.我们采用亚微米尺寸的ZSM-5作为载体制备了负载型Cr O x催化剂,研究了其在CO2气氛下催化乙烷脱氢反应,发现该催化剂具有非常优异的脱氢活性,高硅铝比和Na型的ZSM-5作载体对反应更加有利,而且在反应进行50 h后,催化剂依然保持很好的活性和很高的乙烯收率,这是在一般负载型CrOx催化剂上所不能实现的.X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征发现,Na型ZSM-5载体制得的催化剂具有更高的Cr6+/Cr3+比.一般认为,Cr6+是Cr系催化剂进行低碳烷烃脱氢反应时的活性位(或活性位前驱体),因此可以初步判定,Na型载体具有很好催化效果的原因可能是由它制得的催化剂具有更多的反应活性位.程序升温还原(H2-TPR)表征结果证实了这一点,Na型载体明显具有更高的H2消耗量;也就是说,Na型载体制得的催化剂具有更多的可还原Cr物种,即脱氢活性位.进一步表征发现,反应活性还与Cr物种存在形式有关.文献报道,低聚态的Cr物种和孤立态的Cr物种比Cr2O3有更好的催化活性.通过漫反射紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)对Cr物种的存在形态进行表征后发现,Na型载体上Cr主要以四配位形式存在,而在H型载体上出现了对应于六配位的Cr物种;激光Raman表征结果表明,Na型载体上出现的都是低聚态Cr物种和孤立态Cr物种,而H型载体上出现了明显的对应于α-Cr2O3的峰,说明相较于H型载体,Na型载体更有利于Cr组分分散,这也是Na型ZSM-5载体催化剂具有更高活性的原因之一.CO2引入后对乙烷脱氢反应具有明显的促进作用,特别是在CO2/C2H6=5时,催化剂上C2H6转化率是非CO2气氛下的3.2倍;同时,CO2的引入也提高了脱氢反应的稳定性.在非CO2气氛下,反应进行6 h后,C2H6转化率降低到初活性的60%左右,而在CO2/C2H6=5时,相同时间内催化剂活性下降仅有5%左右.实验分析了CO2对脱氢反应具有促进作用的原因.在脱氢反应温度650o C下,CO2/H2=1时进行了逆水煤气反应测试,发现CO2的转化率达到22.5%,说明引入CO2后可以通过逆水煤气反应有效地消耗掉乙烷脱氢反应生成的H2,从而促进反应向脱氢方向进行;CO2的引入也可以促进Cr物种的CrOx/CrOx-1循环,从而提高催化剂效率,减缓催化剂失活;CO2还可与反应中生成的积碳类物质发生Boudouard反应,将反应活性位暴露出来,从而提高催化剂的稳定性.CO2气氛下反应6 h后催化剂的积碳量为3.0%,低于非CO2气氛下的3.4%,同时在脱氢反应中生成的CO量与消耗掉的CO2量的比值约为1.4,也有力地说明Boudouard反应的存在.  相似文献   

4.
CO2气氛下负载型Cr2O3催化剂上乙苯脱氢制苯乙烯反应   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
 采用浸渍法制备了负载型Cr2O3/Al2O3和Cr2O3/SiO2催化剂,并考察了催化剂在CO2气氛下催化乙苯脱氢制苯乙烯反应的活性. 结果表明,Cr2O3/Al2O3的催化活性高于Cr2O3/SiO2. 这可能是由于Cr2O3在Al2O3载体表面的分散度大大高于在SiO2表面的分散度. 催化剂的催化活性与Cr2O3的负载量有关,在w(Cr2O3)=25%时,Cr2O3/Al2O3的催化活性最高. CO2气氛对乙苯脱氢反应有明显的促进作用; 在CO2气氛下,Cr6+物种可能是催化乙苯脱氢反应活性位的前驱体.  相似文献   

5.
CO2氧化丙烷脱氢制丙烯用Pd-Cu/V2O5-SiO2催化剂的研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
 采用等体积浸渍法制备了V2O5-SiO2负载的Pd-Cu双金属催化剂,以程序升温还原/程序升温氧化、红外光谱、程序升温脱附和微反技术表征了Pd-Cu/V2O5-SiO2对CO2和丙烷的化学吸附性能及对CO2部分氧化丙烷脱氢反应的催化性能. 结果表明,在催化剂表面金属活性位(Pd,Cu)和邻近的Vn+协同下形成的CO2卧式吸附态可在172和284 ℃断裂形成CO和晶格氧,以甲基氢和亚甲基氢双位吸附在V=O上的丙烷分子吸附态可在238 ℃脱氢生成丙烯. 在600 ℃,CO2/C3H8体积比为1和空速为1?286 h-1的条件下,丙烷转化率为35.22%,丙烯选择性为85.44%. 催化剂V=O中的晶格氧参与了丙烷氧化脱氢过程.  相似文献   

6.
丙烯是一种基础石油化工原料,在全球石油化工生产中占有重要地位.以丙烯为原料可生产许多石油化学品,如丙烯腈、环氧丙烷和聚丙烯等.经济快速发展带动了丙烯下游衍生物产业的发展,进而增加了对丙烯的需求量,因此尽管近年来丙烯产能逐年上升,丙烯产量与需求量之间仍存在较大缺口.传统的丙烯生产路径主要是石脑油蒸汽裂解和重质油催化裂化.然而,随着石油资源的短缺和页岩气的发展,丙烷脱氢作为一种直接生产丙烯的技术,成为丙烯生产领域的研究热点.近年来,镓基催化剂由于其较少的积碳和较高的催化活性受到了越来越多的关注.镓基催化剂在丙烷脱氢反应中的活性位点也得到了更多研究.在镓基催化剂中,镓氧化物具有丙烷脱氢活性,而丙烷脱氢反应过程中产生的镓氢(Gaδ+-Hx)物种不稳定,且会造成丙烯选择性降低,导致丙烯产率降低.因此,反应过程中原位消除镓氢物种对于提高丙烷脱氢反应性能具有非常重要的意义.本文将CO2作为温和氧化剂引入Ga2O3/SiO2催化的丙烷脱氢反应中,促进不利的中间产物Gaδ+-Hx的转化,再生丙烷脱氢的活性位点Ga3+-O,从而提高催化性能.原位红外光谱实验结果表明,CO2可有效消除Gaδ+-Hx.在不同反应温度下,引入CO2可显著提高Ga2O3/SiO2催化丙烷脱氢的转化率,特别是选择性.反应4.5 h时,3Ga2O3/SiO2催化丙烷脱氢的选择性从93%降低到89%;引入CO2后,丙烯选择性可提高到并维持在93%.Ga2O3负载量由3 wt%提高到10 wt%时,引入CO2仍可促进反应性能.当CO2:C3H8由0.5增加到3时,引入CO2带来的反应性能提升基本相同.同时,引入CO2大大减少反应过程中产生的积碳.本文对镓基催化剂丙烷脱氢活性中心的认识和提高丙烷脱氢反应性能提供了新方向.  相似文献   

7.
丙烯是仅次于乙烯的重要有机化工基础原料,广泛应用于生产聚丙烯、丙烯醛、丙烯酸、甘油、异丙醇、聚丙烯氰、丁辛醇等化工产品.近年来,随着市场经济的发展,丙烯下游产品的需求量迅速上涨,极大地促进了全球对丙烯的需求.负载型氧化基催化剂因其良好的催化性能和低廉的生产成本而被广泛应用于低碳烷烃脱氢反应中,Catofin,Linde及FBD工艺使用的就是Cr2O3/γ-Al2O3催化剂.丙烷脱氢过程中,担载型氧化铬催化剂Cr物种的价态、配位结构及与载体之间的相1互作用会影响其催化性能.催化反应过程中,丙烷分子吸附在Cr-O上进行活化反应,因而研究清楚催化剂的活性物种是非常重要的.综合文献,一部分研究者认为Cr6+为反应的活性中心,在反应初期与丙烷接触立即被还原为活性比较弱的Cr3+.随着原位表征技术的发展,一些研究者认为,八面体配位结构的Cr3+物种为催化反应的活性中心,四面体配位结构的Cr6+仅仅是Cr3+活性物种的前驱体,而且Cr6+并没有被发现具有催化活性.但何种Cr物种是脱氢活性中心,至今仍没有一致结论,这是值得继续关注和解决的问题.同时,浸渍法制备催化剂的过程中,金属前驱体、浸渍溶剂、干燥时间、干燥温度及焙烧时间和温度等因素会影响所制备催化剂的催化活性.我们采用等体积浸渍法制备催化剂,并用饱和乙醇蒸气对其进行预处理,以丙烷脱氢为探针反应研究了预处理对催化剂脱氢反应性能的影响,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)等表征手段,揭示催化反应的活性中心及反应机理.在无氧脱氢反应中,经过乙醇蒸气预处理的催化剂CrH-Et催化活性稍高于原始催化剂CrH.在二氧化碳参与的反应中,催化剂CrH-Et催化活性远远高于CrH.当C3Hs∶CO2∶He=1∶5∶4时达到最佳效果,CrH-Et的丙烷转化率为41.4%,丙烯选择性为84.8%,同样条件下CrH的催化活性和丙烯选择性分别为28.0%和85.9%.但是乙醇作为浸渍溶剂,对催化剂并没有促进作用.XRD和TEM结果表明,Cr均匀分散在载体表面,Cr粒子簇的大小并不影响催化剂的催化活性.H2-TPR,XPS和UV-Vis结果说明,经过乙醇蒸气预处理后催化剂中的Cr6+被还原成低价Cr,因而可以证明Cr6+不是催化剂的活性中心.Cr3+作为活性中心而存在,Cr6+仅作为活性组分的前驱体而存在.而在反应过程中,Cr3+容易被反应中生成的H2还原成非活性组分.相对于催化剂CrH,经过乙醇蒸气预处理的催化剂(CrH-Et)上部分还原后的低价Cr更容易被CO2重新氧化成Cr6+.即在反应过程中,CrH-Et能保持相对CrH更多的活性组分,因而保持更高的催化活性.  相似文献   

8.
 采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Cr2O3-SiO2催化剂,考察了催化剂对CO2气氛下乙苯脱氢制苯乙烯反应的催化性能. 结果表明,溶胶-凝胶法制备的Cr2O3-SiO2催化剂上乙苯脱氢活性是常规的Cr2O3/SiO2负载型催化剂的2倍,Cr2O3-SiO2催化剂中Cr6+的含量较高是其具有高活性的主要原因.  相似文献   

9.
CO2 气氛下 MCF 负载氧化钒催化剂上乙苯脱氢反应   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
 以介孔氧化硅泡沫 MCF 为载体合成了一系列负载型氧化钒催化剂 (V 含量为 2%?10%). 采用 N2 吸附、X 射线衍射和 H2 程序升温还原对 V/MCF 催化剂的结构和织构性质进行了表征, 并评价了催化剂在 CO2 气氛下的乙苯脱氢性能. V/MCF 催化剂具有较高的乙苯脱氢活性, 其中 V 含量为 6% 的催化剂具有最高的反应活性. V/MCF 催化剂的乙苯脱氢活性显著高于 V/MCM-41, 这是由于前者具有较高的可还原性以及较好的扩散性能. CO2 气氛下的乙苯转化率明显高于 N2 气氛下的, 这归因于 CO2 与乙苯发生氧化脱氢, 并通过逆水煤气变换反应在线除去脱氢反应生成的氢.  相似文献   

10.
考察了Ga2O3对于丙烷脱氢和CO2气氛脱氢反应的催化性能. 结果表明, Ga2O3具有较高的催化活性, 其性能优于传统的Cr2O3脱氢催化剂. 催化反应可能经过了一个丙烷异裂的过程, 其中CO2是通过逆水煤气反应和Boudouard反应来促进催化剂性能的, 在高于823 K时该促进作用更为明显. 催化剂的催化活性和其表面酸密度密切相关, 在Ga2O3结构中, 四配位Ga3+是其酸位的来源, 并通过质子与氧化物的共同作用促进反应进行. 催化剂的失活是由于表面的积碳和活性氧的消耗共同造成的. 同时还对Ga2O3作为丙烷脱氢反应的催化剂的催化反应机理进行了初步探讨.  相似文献   

11.
The reaction kinetics of the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane was studied at 475-550oC over a VMgO catalyst. Vanadium-magnesium-oxides are among the most selective and active catalysts for the dehydrogenation of propane to propylene. Selectivity to propylene up to about 60% was obtained at 10% conversion, but the selectivity decreased with increasing conversion. No oxygenates were detected, the only by-products were CO and CO2. The reaction rate of propane was found to be first order in propane and close to zero order in oxygen, which is in agreement with a Mars van Krevelen mechanism with the activation of the hydrocarbon as the rate determining step. The activation energy of the conversion of propane was found to be 122±6 kJ/mol.  相似文献   

12.
Cr对Pt-Sn /γ-Al2O3催化剂丙烷脱氢性能的影响   总被引:5,自引:3,他引:2  
通过H2-TPR、O2-脉冲等表征手段,结合丙烷脱氢催化性能考察了助剂Cr对Pt-Sn/γ-Al2O3催化剂反应性能的影响。结果表明,添加少量Cr可显著改善Pt-Sn/γ-Al2O3催化剂的脱氢稳定性,可提高丙烯选择性,降低催化剂表面积炭量。这是由Cr和Pt-Sn之间存在的协同作用引起的,一方面,Pt促进了Cr的还原,生成了可提高丙烯选择性的+3价Cr;另一方面,Cr使Sn变得难于还原,在强还原气氛下保持了活性氧化态价态,进而改善了催化剂的脱氢稳定性。  相似文献   

13.
The reaction kinetics of the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane was studied at 475-550℃over a VMgO catalyst. Vanadium-magnesium-oxides are among the most selective and active catalysts forthe dehydrogenation of propane to propylene. Selectivity to propylene up to about 60% was obtained at10% conversion, but the selectivity decreased with increasing conversion. No oxygenates were detected, theonly by-products were CO and CO2. The reaction rate of propane was found to be first order in propaneand close to zero order in oxygen, which is in agreement with a Mars van Krevelen mechanism with theactivation of the hydrocarbon as the rate determining step. The activation energy of the conversion ofpropane was found to be 122±6 kJ/mol.  相似文献   

14.
Summary Dehydrogenation of propane to propylene in carbon dioxide was investigated over promoted Cr/SiO2. The results showed that the catalysts were effective for the reaction and CO2 in the feed promoted the catalytic activity. XRD, TPR and microcalorimetric adsorption techniques were used to study the structure and surface acidity of the catalysts. It was found that the surface acidity decreased with the increase of K in the Cr/SiO2 and led to the increase of selectivity toward propylene. A propane conversion of 31% with 91% selectivity to propylene over the 5%Cr-0.4%K/SiO2 catalyst was observed at 923 K with CO2 /C3H8 molar ratio of 3.6.  相似文献   

15.
The effects of the available zoon above the catalyst bed on the performance of the catalyst were investigated. It has been suggested that propylene is an intermediate species in the reaction of propane to acrolein, and a two-step reaction scheme is proposed, the first step is oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propylene in the gas phase then followed by the second step, the selective oxidation of propylene to acrolein on the surface of the catalyst. The performance of the catalyst depends on both the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propylene in the gas phase and the selective oxidation of propylene to acrolein on the catalyst surface. The thermal cracking, homogeneous oxidative dehydrogenation and heterogeneous catalytic dehydrogenation of propane as well as the selective catalytic oxidation of propane to acrolein over BiMoO based mixed oxides catalysts were studied. Under the optimum reaction conditions of propane dehydrogenation and selective oxidation of propylene, the selectivity and the yield of acrolein approached to 45mol% and 14mol%, respectively under about 30mol% propane conversion.  相似文献   

16.
The reaction of propane dehydrogenation on platinum–tin catalysts supported onto different woven carriers (an aluminoborosilicate and two silica materials) was studied. It was found that the catalyst was rapidly deactivated by carbon deposits formed, and the rate of this reaction increased with the specific surface area of the glass-fiber woven material and the Pt content. It was established that the Pt: Sn ratio in surface platinum particles was about 6, and it increased to 39 after the reaction; this fact is indicative of a Sn loss, which led to an increase in the conversion of feed into carbon deposits that deactivated the catalyst. A mixture of propane and 5–10 vol % H2 should be used for the stabilization of the catalytic system; in this case, the negative effect of hydrogen on the yield of propylene was minimal. On the catalyst supported onto a silica carrier under optimum conditions (550°C; propane space velocity, 480 h–1), which correspond to minimum selectivity for the formation of carbon deposits, the yield of propylene was ~18%. The test glass-fiber woven catalyst was inferior to granulated platinum–tin catalysts in terms of catalytic activity; therefore, its use in the reaction of propane dehydrogenation is inexpedient.  相似文献   

17.
The N(2)O-mediated oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (ODHP) to propylene has been investigated in the temperature range of 673-773 K over steam-activated FeMFI zeolites with different framework compositions (Si-Al, Si-Ga, Si-Ge, and pure Si). The catalysts, which were characterized by ICP-OES, XRD, SEM, N(2) adsorption, NH(3)-TPD, and FTIR of pyridine adsorbed, HRTEM, and UV/vis, have a very similar iron content (0.6-0.7 wt %). A tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) coupled to on-line analysis of products has been applied to simultaneously monitor activity and mass changes during the ODHP reaction. FeAlMFI and FeGaMFI zeolites display higher propylene yields (up to 25%) and a much slower deactivation due to coking than do FeGeMFI and FeMFI zeolites. The higher density and strength of acid sites in the former samples did not induce a faster catalyst deactivation. In general, catalyst deactivation was accelerated upon decreasing the reaction temperature. The total amount of coke formed in the samples during 400 min on stream ranged from 6 to 23 wt %, increasing linearly with the amount of propylene produced. The distinct performance of both groups of zeolites is likely related to the different iron speciation, which is influenced by the composition of the framework. The smaller primary crystallites of FeAlMFI and FeGaMFI, as well as the presence of mesopores in these samples, which are created by dislodgement of aluminum and gallium to extraframework positions, appear to be also beneficial for higher catalyst effectiveness and a reduced deactivation.  相似文献   

18.
The molecular structures, oxidation states, and reactivity of 3 and 6% CrO3/ZrO2 catalysts prepared by incipient wetness impregnation were examined under different conditions. The in situ Raman spectroscopic studies under dehydrated conditions reveal that the 3 and 6% CrO3/ZrO2 catalysts possess equal amounts of monochromate and polychromate species. Consequently, monolayer coverage on this ZrO2 support is about 3% CrO3. The 6% CrO3/ZrO2 possesses an additional Raman band due to Cr2O3 crystals corresponding to the remaining 3% CrO3. Furthermore, during reaction conditions the polychromate species is preferentially reduced, the monochromate species are slightly affected, and the Cr2O3 crystals are not affected. The in situ UV-vis-NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy results reveal that under steady-state reaction conditions the extent of reduction and edge energy position of surface Cr6+ cations increase with an increase in reduction environment for the 3 and 6% CrO3/ZrO2 samples. Propane oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) studies reveal that the catalytic activity expressed in moles of propane converted per gram catalyst per second is similar for the two catalysts, which is consistent with equal amounts of molecularly dispersed chromia present. The turnover frequency for the 6% CrO3/ZrO2 catalyst is, however, smaller than that for the 3% CrO3/ZrO2 sample due to the presence of Cr2O3 crystals, which are relatively inactive for propane ODH. For this catalytic system and for the experimental conditions used, propene, CO, and CO2 are primary products. Furthermore, the 33-39% propene selectivity is not affected by the C3H8/O2 ratio for both catalysts. Structure-reactivity studies suggest that the molecularly dispersed species are present in equal amounts in the 3 and 6% CrO3/ZrO2 samples as Cr6+ monochromate and polychromate species are the most effective catalytic active sites taking part in the propane ODH reaction.  相似文献   

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