浸渍顺序对CuCe/AC催化剂结构和性能的影响

通过在Cu/AC催化剂中添加稀土助剂Ce,考察不同的浸渍顺序对CuCe/AC(活性炭)催化剂表面结构及其催化甲醇气相氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯性能的影响,并采用XRD、XPS、H₂-TPR、AAS和HR-TEM等表征了催化剂活性组分含量、分散状态和价态等性质。发现共浸渍法制备的催化剂,Ce对活性组分Cu在活性炭表面的分散起到一定的促进作用;先浸渍Cu后浸渍Ce制备的催化剂,后浸渍的Ce覆盖部分Cu组分,使这些Cu组分难以还原并无法与反应物分子接触,导致其催化性能有所降低;而先浸渍Ce后浸渍Cu制备的催化剂,Ce组分和Cu组分产生相互作用,使表面存在较多分散均匀的Cu(0)和Cu(Ⅰ)物种,其催化性能最佳,碳酸二甲酯的时空收率及选择性分别达到了142 mg·g^-1·h^-1和85%。     

表面改性对Cu/活性炭催化剂表面Cu物种和催化活性的影响

通过对活性炭表面改性,研究了醋酸铜溶液浸渍后热分解制备的Cu/AC无氯催化剂对甲醇氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯催化性能的影响。通过低温氮吸附－脱附、FTIR等表征对改性前后活性炭的比表面积及表面官能团变化进行了分析,发现氨水改性的活性炭比表面积略有增大,表面不饱和还原性官能团(C≡N、C≡C)增加,而KMnO₄改性的活性炭比表面积减小7%,表面C=O、-COOH显著增加。进一步通过XRD、H₂-TPR、XPS等表征分析了催化剂表面铜物种(Cu⁰/Cu^I/Cu^Ⅱ)的形态,发现表面铜物种的价态和配比与活性炭表面性质密切相关,影响催化剂活性。活性炭改性后,表面微观结构和表面化学性质的变化对浸渍醋酸铜的表面分布和热分解过程产生明显影响,导致催化剂表面活性Cu物种发生变化。和其它表面改性方法相比,氨水改性的活性炭更有利于催化剂活性的提高,碳酸二甲酯的时空收率及甲醇转化率分别达到了152.8 mg·g^-1·h^-1和7.4%。     

Cu/AC催化剂在气相氧化羰基化反应中铜状态变化分析

采用活性炭（AC）载体浸渍醋酸铜后热分解制得Cu/AC催化剂,用于催化甲醇直接气相氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯,通过对反应不同时间的催化剂进行XRD、TEM、H₂-TPR、AAS、XPS和O₂-TPD等表征,探讨反应过程中铜物种状态的变化规律及其催化性能。结果表明,新鲜催化剂中铜物种以单质Cu形式存在;进行反应后,单质Cu吸附反应气氛中的O₂并转化为晶格氧生成Cu₂O物种,反应4h时,催化剂表面主要为分散均匀、粒径较小的Cu₂O,为反应的进行提供活性组分和晶格氧,表现出较好的催化活性;随着反应继续进行,催化剂中Cu₂O晶粒长大,并被表面吸附氧进一步氧化为CuO,Cu₂O含量减少,CuO含量增加,同时铜物种发生了较严重的团聚现象,导致催化剂活性下降。     

活性炭催化碳酸二甲酯水解行为的研究

以无氯Cu/AC催化剂中活性炭载体为研究对象,对活性炭上DMC水解反应条件进行了考察,并通过Boehm滴定法和XPS对活性炭上DMC水解活性位点进行了分析。结果表明,温度的升高和水含量的增加对DMC水解有较大的促进作用,较高的压力和CO₂气氛对DMC水解有一定的抑制作用,甲醇量和CO、O₂、N₂气氛对DMC水解影响较小。不同条件处理的活性炭表面基团种类、数量均有较大变化,HNO₃处理使活性炭碱性基团含量下降,羧基等酸性含氧官能团含量明显增加,总酸量最高可达1.88 mmol·g^-1;先HNO₃后NaOH处理的活性炭上酸性基团含量大量减少,表面碱性基团含量则有较大提高,总碱量最高可达1.69 mmol·g^-1。特别地,活性炭表面碱性基团是催化DMC水解的活性位点,在活性炭碱性基团含量由0.16增加到1.69 mmol·g^-1的过程中,DMC水解程度由2.5%增加到了31.7%,而酸处理可以有效降低活性炭表面碱性基团含量,抑制其催化DMC的水解性能。     

助剂对Ni基催化剂结构及甲烷化性能的影响

本文采用等体积浸渍制备了掺杂不同金属助剂改性的Ni基催化剂,考察了其催化浆态床CO甲烷化的性能。通过XRD、H₂-TPR、HR-TEM等表征对催化剂进行了分析,结果表明,掺杂Zr、Co、Ce、Zn、La助剂促进了Ni物种在载体表面的分散,减小了Ni的晶粒尺寸,降低了催化剂的还原温度;掺杂Mg助剂则导致催化剂的还原温度升高。浆态床活性评价结果表明,掺杂Zr、Co、Ce、Zn、La助剂提高了催化剂的甲烷化性能,其中以La助剂的效果最明显,通过对La负载量进一步优化后发现,当La负载量为8%时,催化剂的甲烷化催化性能最优,CO转化率、CH₄选择性和时空收率分别达到96.3%、87.1%和179.6g·kg^-1·h^-1;掺杂Mg助剂则降低了催化剂的甲烷化活性。     

Ru/Ce(OH)CO3纳米复合材料催化氨硼烷水解产氢

采用一种简单的方法快速合成了Ru/Ce（OH）CO₃纳米复合材料。基于TG,XRD,TEM,EDX,XPS和ICP等方法详细表征了所制备的催化剂,并用于催化氨硼烷水解制氢。表征结果表明尺寸大约为4.8 nm的Ru纳米粒子高度分散在Ce（OH）CO₃纳米棒上。该催化剂对于氨硼烷水解制氢表现出优异的催化性能,在室温下其转化频率（TOF）达到389.6 mol_H2·mol_Ru^-1·min^-1。而且该催化剂循环使用11次之后依然能够对氨硼烷催化产氢保持很高的活性。     

Ru/Ce(OH)CO3纳米复合材料催化氨硼烷水解产氢

采用一种简单的方法快速合成了Ru/Ce（OH）CO₃纳米复合材料。基于TG,XRD,TEM,EDX,XPS和ICP等方法详细表征了所制备的催化剂,并用于催化氨硼烷水解制氢。表征结果表明尺寸大约为4.8 nm的Ru纳米粒子高度分散在Ce（OH）CO₃纳米棒上。该催化剂对于氨硼烷水解制氢表现出优异的催化性能,在室温下其转化频率（TOF）达到389.6 mol_H2·mol_Ru^-1·min^-1。而且该催化剂循环使用11次之后依然能够对氨硼烷催化产氢保持很高的活性。     

CuPd/MgO室温高效催化甲醛溶液产氢

采用浸渍还原法制备了MgO负载纳米CuPd合金的复合催化剂(CuPd/MgO)。该催化剂在室温催化甲醛溶液重整产氢过程中表现出优异的催化性能,转换频率(TOF)高达812.6 h^-1,分别是相同条件下Cu/MgO (TOF=356.7 h^-1)和Pd/MgO (TOF=34.8 h^-1)的2.3倍和23倍。基于实验测试和表征结果,发现CuPd/MgO催化剂中纳米CuPd合金与表面富集缺陷的MgO载体之间存在金属-载体强相互作用。这种相互作用能够促进氧气在催化剂表面吸附活化并生成活性氧物种(超氧阴离子自由基,·O₂^-),·O₂^-先后促进甲醛中的C—H键断裂和水分子的解离,随后与反应体系中生成的质子及氢自由基(·H)依次结合,最终实现氢气的析出与氧气的再生。     

CuPd/MgO室温高效催化甲醛溶液产氢

采用浸渍还原法制备了MgO负载纳米CuPd合金的复合催化剂(CuPd/MgO)。该催化剂在室温催化甲醛溶液重整产氢过程中表现出优异的催化性能,转换频率(TOF)高达812.6h^-1,分别是相同条件下Cu/MgO(TOF=356.7h^-1)和Pd/MgO(TOF=34.8h^-1)的2.3倍和23倍。基于实验测试和表征结果,发现CuPd/MgO催化剂中纳米CuPd合金与表面富集缺陷的MgO载体之间存在金属-载体强相互作用。这种相互作用能够促进氧气在催化剂表面吸附活化并生成活性氧物种(超氧阴离子自由基,·O₂^-),·O₂^-先后促进甲醛中的C—H键断裂和水分子的解离,随后与反应体系中生成的质子及氢自由基(·H)依次结合,最终实现氢气的析出与氧气的再生。     

低负载量的双金属Au@Pt核壳催化剂催化氧化甲苯

采用液相氢气两步还原法制备了双金属Au@Pt核壳纳米粒子,通过直接吸附法将纳米粒子均匀地分散于载体上,制备出低负载量的双金属Au@Pt/Al₂O₃催化剂,并且评价了催化剂对甲苯的催化氧化性能。通过TEM、XRD、XPS、N₂吸附-脱附和H₂-TPR等对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,与单金属Au和Pt催化剂相比,双金属Au@Pt核壳催化剂表现出更高的催化活性,具有很好的稳定性和选择性,在甲苯体积分数为1×10^-3,气体空速为18 L·g^-1·h^-1的条件下,Au₁@Pt₂/Al₂O₃核壳催化剂具有优异的催化氧化性能,其中甲苯实现98%的转化率的温度（T₉₈）为195℃。由XPS结果可知,在Au和Pt之间存在电子转移促进了Pt上活性氧物种的形成,催化剂的活性组分主要以Au⁰和Pt⁰的形式存在,并广泛分布在载体的表面上。Au@Pt纳米粒子与载体Al₂O₃之间的强相互作用也是提高甲苯催化氧化活性的重要因素。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

化学计量中不确定度评定研究进展

测量不确定度是表征合理地赋予被测量之值的分散性的参数。本文针对化学计量不确定度评定基础模型仅适用于线性模型、概率分布为正态分布或缩放位移t分布等局限,介绍了近年来不确定度评定的研究热点:蒙特卡罗方法(Monte Carlo Method,MCM),不确定度评定的来源、评定概念、评估方法及其发展过程,扩大了测量不确定度评定与表示的适用范围。     

微量钙的测定方法研究进展

介绍了1995-2006年期间测定微量和痕量钙的方法,如电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法、原子吸收光谱法以及离子色谱法等的工作原理和特点,并说明了其测定微量钙的应用领域。并对微量钙的测定技术进行了展望(引用文献55篇)。     

Stages of thermal decomposition of sodium oxo-salts of sulphur

Thermal behaviour of sodium oxo-salts of sulphur: Na₂SO₄, Na₂S₂O₇, Na₂S₂O₆, Na₂SO₃, Na₂S₂O₅, Na₂S₂O₄, Na₂S₂O₃, Na₂S₃O₆ and of sulphides Na₂S and Na₂S₂ was studied on heating up to 1000°C. The experiments were performed with anhydrous compounds obtained from commercial products by recrystallisation and dehydration. The stage mechanisms of decomposition of anionic sub-lattices of the salts have been proposed basing on the Górski’s morphological classification of simple species. The thermal stability and the stage decomposition mechanisms were correlated with the structure and the potential chemical properties of the salt anions. The thermal decomposition processes were studied by means of thermal analysis, and the decomposition products were identified by means of X-ray phase analysis.