基于核酸外切酶Ⅲ诱导的双重信号放大与MoS2纳米片荧光碎灭性质的核酸检测方法

将核酸外切酶Ⅲ诱导的双重信号放大技术与MoS2纳米片的荧光猝灭性质结合,构建了一种高灵敏高选择性的DNA检测方法.首先设计两条末端修饰荧光基团的探针核酸(HP1和HP2).由于两条探针核酸具有3'粘性末端,使其不会被核酸外切酶Ⅲ降解,因而被吸附于MoS2纳米片而猝灭其荧光.当目标DNA存在时,会促使核酸外切酶Ⅲ启动双重信号放大反应,并将探针核酸降解成大量的不能吸附于MoS2纳米片表面的荧光碎片.在优化条件下,目标DNA浓度在0.5~6.0 pmol/L范围内与荧光信号变化呈良好的线性关系,检出限为0.28 pmol/L.与单重信号放大技术相比,本方法极大改善了分析灵敏度和检出限,且具有良好的单碱基错配区分能力.     

核酸适体靶向的膜蛋白识别与功能调控研究进展

膜蛋白在细胞生命活动中发挥着重要作用, 研究并调控细胞膜蛋白的结构和功能有助于阐明生命活动的基本规律, 为新型药物研发和高效疾病诊治提供研究基础. 核酸适体是一类特殊的寡核苷酸序列, 因具有特异性识别靶标的能力而被广泛用于生物传感领域. 将核酸适体与DNA纳米技术相结合, 利用DNA分子可程序化设计、 可功能化修饰等优势, 发展核酸适体靶向的膜蛋白识别与功能调控方法可为研究膜蛋白相互作用提供有力工具. 本文介绍了基于核酸适体靶向识别的DNA纳米技术在膜蛋白识别及细胞功能调控中的研究进展, 并对核酸适体靶向的膜蛋白识别及功能调控领域面临的挑战进行了分析, 对其应用前景进行了展望.     

核酸适配体在肿瘤靶向治疗方面的研究进展

传统的抗肿瘤药物大多不具有选择性,在临床治疗中产生了严重的毒副作用。核酸适配体是一种小分子核酸,能够与靶标高亲和性、高特异性地结合。选择与癌症发生发展过程密切相关的生物标记物为靶标进行SELEX过程筛选出的核酸适配体自身可作为药物,也可与药物、siRNA、纳米粒等结合构成靶向给药体系,该体系能靶向作用于特定的肿瘤细胞,降低对正常细胞的毒性,用药量显著降低,药效提高。本文综述了近年来核酸适配体直接作为抗肿瘤药物、药物载体、siRNA载体以及作为纳米材料靶向剂构成多元复合靶向给药体系在肿瘤靶向治疗领域的研究进展。     

无标记型核酸适体荧光传感器检测氯霉素的含量

建立了DNA核酸适体检测氯霉素的荧光分析新方法。将前人筛选得到的80bp的氯霉素DNA核酸适体截短至40bp,实验发现截短并不影响核酸适体与氯霉素的结合能力。40bp的DNA核酸适体与另一条互补DNA链形成双链DNA,SYBR Green I荧光染料能插入双链并有强荧光发射,加入氯霉素后,氯霉素能和DNA核酸适体形成稳定的复合物,诱导DNA双链打开,SYBR Green I释放,荧光降低。实验结果显示:在10~200μmol/L范围内,荧光降低百分数和氯霉素之间有良好线性关系,检测限为6μmol/L。     

稀土及其配合物对核酸的断裂作用

人工核酸酶是一类具有限制性内切酶的功能、能高效高选择性地催化水解DNA 或RNA 的断裂工具。它们一般由核酸结构识别系统及催化断裂系统组成, 将两种功能有效地结合起来, 可模拟核酸的酶切反应。本文综述了稀土及其配合物对核酸的断裂作用, 并对其断裂机制进行了探讨。     

水介质钯卟啉室温磷光探针与小牛胸腺DNA作用的光谱特性

研究水溶性卟啉及其金属配合物与生物大分子 ,特别是核酸的相互作用方式对获得 DNA的碱基序列和识别 DNA的结构进而设计新型药物尤其是抗癌药物具有重要意义 [1] .近年来 ,采用电子吸收光谱、荧光光谱法和电化学技术研究卟啉与 DNA的相互作用多有报道 [2～ 4 ] ,磷光探针 [5]已成为探索有机介质中微环境性质或生物大分子如核酸和蛋白质的构型变化以及它们与药物作用机理的有力工具 .由于磷光具有更高的选择性 ,且与体系氧浓度密切相关 ,而生物分子在接近红外的长波长区几乎没有室温磷光发射 ,因此 ,寻找或合成一种在这一波段具有室温磷…     

核酸检测的校正在二氧化硅吸附等温线中的应用

利用在高盐环境下氧化硅微球表面对核酸的选择性吸附分离纯化核酸已成为一种较为普遍的核酸固相提取方法,简单准确地测量高盐溶液中的核酸浓度,是研究DNA吸附性能的关键.通过制作标准曲线的方法, 校正含高浓度盐溶液中的DNA浓度,计算得到校正系数k,提出了一种检测SiO2对DNA单位吸附量的简便方法--参比法.与传统方法相比,此方法不须脱盐纯化即可方便地绘制出了SiO2微球对鲑鱼精DNA的吸附等温线,为DNA吸附载体的研究奠定了方法学基础.     

刺激响应双硒交联聚乙烯亚胺基因微载体

以丙酸二硒醚为交联剂,通过调节交联剂的用量及反应时间,制备了4种双硒交联聚乙烯亚胺(PEISeSe),研究了其对脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)缔合能力、质子缓冲能力和转染效率的影响.结果表明,随着交联程度的增大,质子缓冲能力降低.PEISeSe能有效诱导DNA的缔合,当聚合物与DNA的质量比≥8时,PEISeSe/DNA组装体可形成150 nm的粒子.在模拟细胞内的还原性环境下,双硒键能有效断裂,显示出很好的响应特性.将氯喹与PEISeSe/DNA组装体同时加入到HEK293T细胞中,氯喹的存在有利于PEISeSe/DNA组装体逃离溶酶体.在细胞内高浓度还原型谷胱甘肽的作用下,PEISeSe交联聚合物可被降解为低分子量的PEI片段,有利于释放出DNA并进攻细胞核,提高转染率并降低毒性.     

用共振Rayleigh散射光谱研究盐酸氯丙嗪和盐酸异丙嗪与核酸相互作用

研究了结构相似的吩噻嗪类药物盐酸氯丙嗪(CPZ·HCl)和盐酸异丙嗪(PZ·HCl)与核酸 (NA) 的相互作用, 发现CPZ-NA体系可产生强烈的共振Rayleigh散射(RRS), 而PZ-NA反应较微弱. 采用量子化学AM1和密度泛函B3LYP方法计算了两个反应的能量关系, 讨论了CPZ与DNA分子的结合位点和作用方式, 获得一些有意义的结果. RRS法有望成为研究核酸的分子识别和基因药物的分子设计的有用手段. 此外, 用盐酸氯丙嗪作试剂, RRS法测定核酸具有很高的灵敏度和良好的选择性, 因此也为核酸的定量测定提供了一种新的灵敏、简便、快速的新方法.     

具有核酸分子"光开关"特性钌(Ⅱ)配合物的研究进展

钌（Ⅱ）配合物类核酸分子“光开关”探针性质稳定、无毒环保,可用于痕量核酸检测、基因序列分析及三链DNA检测、DNA图像研究及DNA动力学过程分析、基因损伤研究、基因转染材料研究、量子点生物效应研究及用作电化学探针。随着核酸及其相关分析研究的不断深入和适配子技术的迅猛发展,基于核酸和核酸分子“光开关”还可进行药物筛选、生命活性分子如ATP及蛋白质等的分析检测,具有简便、快速、灵敏、抗光漂白等特性。对生命科学基础研究、食品安全及医学诊断具有重要的理论意义。作者对近10年来核酸分子“光开关”探针研究进展进行了评述,引用文献55篇。     

Induced cross-linking reactions to target genes using modified oligonucleotides

Synthetic oligonucleotides (ONs) are valuable tools that interfere with gene expression by specifically binding to target genes in a sequence-specific manner. Reactive ONs containing cross-linking agents are expected to induce efficient inhibition because they bind covalently to target genes. In recent years, researchers have reported several cross-linking reactions that target DNA induced by external stimuli. This short review highlights recently developed novel cross-linking reactions, focusing particularly on nucleoside derivatives developed by our group.     

Study of the alkylation behaviors of antitumor agents to DNA using a quartz crystal resonator in PEG-DNA solution

 The alkylation of DNA by antitumor agents such as mechlorethamine hydrochloride (mustargen), thiophosphoramide (TSPA), mitomycin c (MMC), bleomycin-A₅ and dacarbazine (DTIC) can be detected with quartz crystal resonators (QCR). In the course of alkylation, the resonator frequency change in polyethylene glycol (PEG)-DNA solutions follows the cross-linking of DNA and the cleavage of the sugarphosphate backbone of DNA. It is at least partly attributed to the viscosity change of the PEG-DNA solution and possibly to some extent to the change of mass adsorbed on the QCR surface due to cross-linking and cleavage. Experimental results are consistent with that expected from theory. Received: 15 April 1996 / Revised: 3 July 1996 / Accepted: 9 July 1996     

FR66979 requires reductive activation to cross-link DNA efficiently

The activity of FR66979 as a DNA-DNA interstrand cross-linking agent in the absence of exogenous reducing agents was re-examined. Samples of FR66979 prepared by hydrogenation of FR900482 (H₂/Pd-C) were quite active whereas reduction of FR900482 with sodium borohydride afforded inactive or very weakly active FR66979 samples. Rigorous purification of FR66979 from either source abolished the observed cross-linking activity thus indicating that FR66979 does not efficiently cross-link DNA in the absence of exogenous reducing agents. LC-MS analysis of active samples indicated the possible presence of the over-reduced impurity 3, below. The DNA-DNA cross-link arising from the same sample was identical in structure to that formed by reductively activated FR66979.     

Synthesis of isochrysohermidin-distamycin hybrids

The synthesis of the alkylating subunit of the DNA cross-linking agent, isochrysohermidin (2), and its subsequent incorporation into conjugates with distamycin A (1) are described. The DNA binding properties of these agents were compared to that of distamycin A, using a fluorescence intercalator displacement (FID) assay.     

FR900482 class of anti-tumor drugs cross-links oncoprotein HMG I/Y to DNA in vivo

BACKGROUND: Overexpression of the high-mobility group, HMG I/Y, family of chromatin oncoproteins has been implicated as a clinical diagnostic marker for both neoplastic cellular transformation and increased metastatic potential of several human cancers. These minor groove DNA-binding oncoproteins are thus an attractive target for anti-tumor chemotherapy. FR900482 represents a new class of anti-tumor agents that bind to the minor groove of DNA and exhibit greatly reduced host toxicity compared to the structurally related mitomycin C class of anti-tumor drugs. We report covalent cross-linking of DNA to HMG I/Y by FR900482 in vivo which represents the first example of a covalent DNA-drug-protein cross-link with a minor groove-binding oncoprotein and a potential novel mechanism through which these compounds exert their anti-tumor activity. RESULTS: Using a modified chromatin immunoprecipitation procedure, fragments of DNA that have been covalently cross-linked by FR900482 to HMG I/Y proteins in vivo were polymerase chain reaction-amplified, isolated and characterized. The nuclear samples from control cells were devoid of DNA fragments whereas the nuclear samples from cells treated with FR900482 contained DNA fragments which were cross-linked by the drug to the minor groove-binding HMG I/Y proteins in vivo. Additional control experiments established that the drug also cross-linked other non-oncogenic minor groove-binding proteins (HMG-1 and HMG-2) but did not cross-link major groove-binding proteins (Elf-1 and NFkappaB) in vivo. Our results are the first demonstration that FR900482 cross-links a number of minor groove-binding proteins in vivo and suggests that the cross-linking of the HMG I/Y oncoproteins may participate in the mode of efficacy as a chemotherapeutic agent. CONCLUSIONS: We have illustrated that the FR class of anti-tumor antibiotics, represented in this study by FR900482, is able to produce covalent cross-links between the HMG I/Y oncoproteins and DNA in vivo. The ability of this class of compounds to cross-link the HMG I/Y proteins in the minor groove of DNA represents the first demonstration of drug-induced cross-linking of a specific cancer-related protein to DNA in living cells. We have also demonstrated that FR900482 cross-links other minor groove-binding proteins (HMG-1 and HMG-2 in the present study) in vivo; however, since HMG I/Y is the only minor groove-binding oncoprotein presently known, it is possible that these non-histone chromatin proteins are among the important in vivo targets of this family of drugs. These compounds have already been assessed as representing a compelling clinical replacement for mitomycin C due to their greatly reduced host toxicity and superior DNA interstrand cross-linking efficacy. The capacity of FR900482 to cross-link the HMG I/Y oncoprotein with nuclear DNA in vivo potentially represents a significant elucidation of the anti-tumor efficacy of this family of anticancer agents.     

The influence of cross-linking agents on ring-opening metathesis polymerized thermosets

The addition of suitable cross-linking agents with norbornene-based monomers has significant effects on the thermal properties of the resulting polymers formed by olefin metathesis. Ethylidene norbornene (ENB) and endo-dicyclopentadiene (endo-DCPD) were mixed separately with various loadings of three different cross-linking agents and then polymerized with the addition of Grubbs’ catalyst. The polymerization kinetics and resulting glass transition temperature (T _g) of the systems were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The addition of the first cross-linking agent, norbornadiene (CL-1), to both endo-DCPD and ENB resulted in decreasing glass transition temperatures with increasing concentrations. In contrast, the addition of the other two cross-linking agents (CL-2 and CL-3), which were both custom synthesized bifunctional norbornyl systems, to both endo-DCPD and ENB resulted in a monotonic increases in T _g with cross-linker concentration. By tailoring the loading of these custom cross-linking agents, the properties of these polymer systems can be controlled for various applications, including self-healing composites.     

Development of a series of cross-linking agents that effectively stabilize alpha-helical structures in various short peptides

A series of cross-linking agents of varying rigidity and length were designed to stabilize helical structures in short peptides and were then synthesized. The sequences of the short peptides employed in this study each include two X residues (X=Dap, Dab, Orn, and Lys) at the i/i+4, i/i+7, or i/i+11 positions to provide the sites for cross-linking. These peptides were subjected to reaction with the synthesized cross-linking agents, and the helical content of the resulting cross-linked peptides were analyzed in detail by circular dichroism. For each of the peptide classes we found combinations with the cross-linking agents suitable for the construction of stable helical structures up to >95 % helicity at 5 degrees C. Our method could also be applied to biologically related sequences seen in native proteins such as Rev.     

The influence of hydroxyapatite modification on the cross-linking of polydimethylsiloxane/HAp composites

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) was modified by the action of various hydrophobic agents based on silicon-containing compounds. The influence of the type of applied agent on the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the cross-linking of poly(dimethyl siloxane)/HAp composites was investigated. All the modified HAp particles became hydrophobic and these samples were used to synthesize the polysiloxane/hydroxyapatite composites (PDMS/HAp). The possible modes of interaction between the hydroxyapatite and hydrophobing agents were discussed. The most probable interaction between hydroxyapatite and the applied hydrophobing agents is hydrogen bonding. PDMS/HAp composites were formed directly in the cell of the DSC and cross-linking was investigated in situ. It was determined that the introduction of hydroxyapatite into polysiloxane matrices changed the enthalpy of cross-linking, as well as the activation energy of cross-linking and reaction order, while the introduction of modified HAp led to thermodynamic and kinetic parameters more similar to those of the cross-linking of unfilled elastomer.     

UV cross-linking of unmodified DNA on glass surfaces

The performance of DNA microarrays strongly depends on their surface properties. Furthermore, the immobilization method of the capture molecules is of importance for the efficiency of the microarray in terms of sensitivity and specificity. This work describes the immobilization of single-stranded capture oligonucleotides by UV cross-linking on silanated (amino and epoxy) glass surfaces. Thereby we used amino (NH₂) and poly thymine/poly cytosine modifications of the capture sequences as well as unmodified capture molecules. The results were compared to UV cross-linking of the same DNA oligonucleotides on unmodified glass surfaces. Immobilization and hybridization efficiency was demonstrated by fluorescence and enzyme-induced deposition of silver nanoparticles. We found out that single-stranded DNA molecules do not require a special modification to immobilize them by UV cross-linking on epoxy- or amino-modified glass surfaces. However, higher binding rates can be achieved when using amino-modified oligonucleotides on an epoxy surface. The limit of detection for the used settings was 5 pM.     

INDUCTION OF CROSS-LINKS IN VIRAL DNA BY NATURALLY OCCURRING PHOTOSENSITIZERS

Abstract— Six different photosensitizers were compared for their ability to form cross-links in murine cellular DNA and murine cytomegalovirus DNA, in the presence of long wave UV radiation. The viral DNA was in the form of free DNA or intact virions. The compounds consisted of the linear furanocoumarins 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and isopimpinellin; the angular furanocoumarin, angelicin; the two furanochromones, visnagin and khellin; and the β-carboline alkaloid, harmine. Cross-linking was assessed by alkaline agarose gel electrophoresis and hydroxyapatite chromatography. 8-MOP produced extensive cross-linking (as expected), as did isopimpinellin. Visnagin produced less cross-linking, such that not all DNA molecules were affected at the concentrations used. Khellin, angelicin and harmine produced no detectable cross-linking. The same result was obtained for DNA which was treated in situ in the virion. To some degree there was a correlation between the amount of cross-linking and the relative potency of anti-MCMV infectivity. But other factors evidently contribute to the phototoxic effect of these compounds.