WO3基气敏传感器*

气敏传感器已在生物、化学、航空、军事等领域获得了广泛的应用。鉴于WO₃基气敏传感器是检测H₂S、NO_x、O₃和NH₃等气体最有前景的新型氧化物气敏传感器之一,本文以不同的敏感气体为分类依据系统阐述了近年来WO₃基气敏传感器的研究进展,详细探讨了制备方法及贵金属掺杂对上述各种气体气敏性能的影响,并指出了目前WO₃基气敏传感器在研究过程中存在的问题。     

钼酸铋基气敏材料研究进展

气体传感器被广泛应用于检测工业和家庭中有毒有害气体。气体敏感材料是气体传感器中重要的组成部分,敏感材料的性质决定了气体传感器的性能。研制精度高、检测快、集成度高的气体检测器迫在眉睫。钼酸铋作为一种新型双金属氧化物气敏材料,具有高选择性、高敏感度的优势。本文从气敏机理、形貌控制、掺杂和复合材料构建方面对近年来钼酸铋作为气敏材料的研究进行了总结,并对钼酸铋基气敏材料未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

碳纳米管气体传感器研究进展

碳纳米管具有一维纳米结构、高表面吸附能力、良好的导电性和电子弹道传输特性等优异的力学、电学、物理和化学性能,成为制作纳米气体传感器的理想材料之一.近年来,各国研究者广泛开展了碳纳米管气体传感器的研究工作,并取得了许多显著成果.研究结果表明,碳纳米管气体传感器具有灵敏度高、响应速度快、尺寸小、能耗低和室温下工作等诸多特点.本文结合本研究小组近年来在碳纳米管气体传感器领域所做的大量研究工作,从环境监测、医学检测和国防军事等方面,对碳纳米管气体传感器取得的研究进展进行了综述,同时也阐述和分析了碳纳米管气体传感器的工作原理和制作过程.尽管面临诸多挑战,随着研究的不断深入,碳纳米管气体传感器仍有可能凭借其独特的性能优势成为当前商业应用气体传感器的有力竞争者.     

基于半导体纳米SnO_2构建的气敏传感器的应用研究进展

SnO2是传统的气敏材料,由于其具有间隙锡离子和氧空位的特性,使得气体更容易吸附在材料表面,从而显示出更好的气敏性质.通过把SnO2进行贵金属附载掺杂和多种气敏性半导体氧化物的复合,探讨了一系列性能良好的气敏传感器,阐述了SnO2气敏传感的最新进展.     

金属氧化物半导体气敏材料抗湿性能提升策略

金属氧化物半导体气体传感器是目前研究和应用最为广泛的气体传感器之一,具有高灵敏、长寿命和低成本等优点。然而,金属氧化物半导体气敏材料在湿润环境中会与水蒸气发生相互作用,导致传感器的基线电阻发生漂移,气敏性能受到显著影响,成为传感器应用中面临的瓶颈问题。针对该问题,研究者们从抑制水的表面吸附、水与氧的竞争吸附及调控水与吸附氧的反应三个方面开发了一些金属氧化物半导体气敏材料的抗湿性能提升策略,从而提升金属氧化物半导体气敏材料的抗湿性。本文对水蒸气的影响机理进行了分析,对三类抗湿提升策略的未来发展提出展望,有望为金属氧化物半导体气敏材料抗湿性能的提升提供解决思路与方法指导。     

气体传感器气敏性能测试技术研究进展

对国内文献报道的气体传感器气敏性能测试系统的设计开发情况进行综述。从配气系统、数据处理系统、软件开发三个方面对半导体型气体传感器测试系统的组成进行了概述。配气系统为气敏性能测试提供一定浓度目标气体,分为静态配气法和动态配气法,动态配气法制备出的气体精确度较高,误差较小,可以连续制备气体,是目前主要配气方式。控制器是测试系统的核心部件,负责接收、处理、储存传感器与目标气体反应产生的信号,应用较多的是单片机,其次是ARM微控制器,但都存在内存和存储空间有限的问题。测试软件主要功能是发送指令,实现整个测试系统的有序运行,并实时显示测试结果,目前开发工具种类较多,其中LabVIEW较受青睐。未来气敏测试系统的测试精确度和测试效率还需进一步提高,研究开发功能更加全面的测试系统,来满足其它类型传感器测试需求。     

二维光学薄膜的气敏反射光谱特性

研究二维光学薄膜ＳｎＯ２：ＴｉＯ２在乙醇、丙酮、氨蒸汽中的气敏反射光谱，发现它与厚膜（膜厚２０μｍ）的气敏反射光谱有明显的差异，它的反射光强在气体浓度较低时随气体浓度增加而增强，气体浓度较高时则现象相反，并且它的反射峰会发生位移。利用不同气体的反射峰的气敏特性，可制成有气体选择性的气敏光纤传感器。     

金属氧化物室温气敏材料的结构调控及传感机理

室温气敏材料能耗低、稳定性好、安全性高,并且有助于简化传感器的器件结构,具有很好的实际应用前景。开发具有优异室温传感性能的气敏材料成为近年来传感领域的研究热点。金属氧化物半导体材料来源广泛、环境友好、结构调控灵活,在室温气体传感性能方面取得一定的进展。本文介绍了金属氧化物气敏材料的发展历程及气体传感机理,详述了各种具有室温气敏性能的金属氧化物纳米结构,重点讨论构建金属氧化物室温传感性能的有效策略和传感机制,并对室温传感材料的未来发展进行了展望。     

聚苯胺薄膜的溶液表面制备及室温氨气气敏性能

提出了一种基于溶液表面的聚苯胺(PANI)薄膜及气敏器件的室温制备方法,以苯胺单体、盐酸和过硫酸铵为原料通过氧化聚合在其水溶液表面直接获得质子化聚苯胺(PANI)薄膜,并利用薄膜的可转移特性构筑气敏器件.研究发现溶液的pH对PANI致密薄膜的形成至关重要,从而提出了质子化苯胺单体优先在溶液表面聚集和聚合的PANI薄膜形成机制.该薄膜气敏器件能够对NH₃进行有效的室温检测,且性能随薄膜聚合温度和聚合时间的变化呈规律性变化,优选制备条件下(pH=0.6,室温18℃,聚合60 min)的薄膜其检测下限为10^-6,响应与NH₃浓度呈良好的线性关系,并具有良好的重复性、选择性、快速响应和有竞争力的响应值.该薄膜制备工艺体现了“绿色”制备思想,且薄膜能够大面积制备并具有优异的气敏性能,有望为PANI-基薄膜的制备与室温气体传感器的研究与应用提供一种新的思路.     

改性碳纳米管气体传感器

碳纳米管气体传感器具有灵敏度高、响应速度快、尺寸小和能在室温下工作等诸多优点,是一种很有前景的气体传感器.然而本征碳纳米管气体传感器只对少数几种气体如NH3、O2、NO2和SO2敏感,检测范围有限;而且这类传感器的检测灵敏度和选择性也有待提高.研究表明对碳纳米管进行改性可以克服这些缺陷.目前已有的改性方法主要包括对碳纳米管表面有机修饰、对碳纳米管掺入无机杂原子以及径向力学变形等.本文对改性碳纳米管气体传感器研究的最新进展进行了综述,分析了上述改性方法在扩大碳纳米管气体传感器的检测范围、提高检测灵敏度和选择性方面的优势和不足,并对其研究前景进行了展望.     

Sensitive Detection of Elemental Mercury Vapor by Gold Nanoparticle Decorated Carbon Nanotube Sensors

Low-cost, low power consumption gas sensors that can detect or quantify various gas analytes are of increasing interest for various applications ranging from mobile health, to environmental exposure assessment and homeland security. In particular miniature gas sensors based on nanomaterials that can be manufactured in the form of sensor arrays present great potential for the development of portable monitoring devices. In this study, we demonstrate that a chemiresistive nanosensor comprised of single walled carbon nanotubes decorated with gold nanoparticles has impressive sensitivity to elemental mercury (Hg) gas concentrations, with a lower detection limit as low as 2 ppb(v). Furthermore, this nanosensor was found to regenerate, though slowly, without any additional recovery steps. Finally, the mercury vapor sensing mechanism allowed for direct investigations into the origin of Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) in carbon nanotubes decorated with Au nanoparticles.     

The gas sensing properties of TiO_2 nanotubes synthesized by hydrothermal method

In this paper,the TiO₂ nanotubes were synthesized by hydrothermal method using a 10 mol/L NaOH aqueous solution at 150℃. The structure of prepared materials was characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD）,transmission electron microscopy（TEM）. scanning electron microscope（SEM） and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller（BET）.The prepared TiO₂ nanotubes were used to prepare thick film gas sensors and the gas sensing properties to various gases were tested.Results show the prepared TiO₂ nanotube gas sensors responses to ethanol under dry condition at 450℃.This could be attributed to the fact that it had high porous morphology and a higher pore volume,which can promote the diffusion of ethanol deep inside the films and improve the sensor response. Moreover,the gas sensor made with nanotubes exhibit high selective response towards ethanol gas compared with H₂,CO,acetone.     

碳纳米管在分析化学中的应用

综述了碳纳米管在分析化学中应用的新的进展。主要讨论了碳纳米管在扫描显微镜探针针尖、气体传感器、化学修饰电极和化学分离与检测等方面的应用。     

The Heterogeneity of Multiwalled and Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Iron Oxide Impurities Can Catalyze the Electrochemical Oxidation of Glucose

It is well established that the heterogeneity of carbon nanotubes must be determined before the origin of the electrochemical performance can be attributed. Recently it has been diligently reported that for the case of multiwalled carbon nanotube modified electrodes, copper oxide impurities are responsible for the electrochemical activity facilitating a nonenzymatic sensing strategy towards glucose. We have explored both commercially available multiwalled and single‐walled carbon nanotubes for the sensing of glucose and find that iron oxide impurities remaining from the fabrication process are the electroactive sites facilitating the nonenzymatic detection of glucose. Given that the multiwalled carbon nanotubes in this work are purchased from the same leading supplier as that used recently, discrepancies in the fabrication process exist which clearly has implications in the commercialization of electrochemical sensors based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes.     

Fluctuation-enhanced gas sensing

The sensitivity of gas sensors was earlier measured by classical method-comparison the resistance of sensors in gas media and air. Here we reported results of the study of low-frequency noise characteristics of sensors. We compare data for different Figaro TGS sensors as well as our sol-gel H₂ tin dioxide and porous silicon sensors. The study was performed in dry air and in a mix of dry air with carbon monoxide, hydrogen and alcohol of different concentrations. Higher sensitivity of spectral dependence of noise (SDN) to gas concentration in comparison with classical method of the measurements of gas sensing by a change in the Ohmic resistance part of current-voltage characteristics of samples allows using such SND powerful method for determination of gas concentration in the air or environment.     

Thickness dependent sensing mechanism in sorted semi-conducting single walled nanotube based sensors

Single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) networks present outstanding potential for the development of SWCNT-based gas sensors. Due to the complexity of the transport properties of this material, the physical mechanisms at stake during exposure to gas are still under debate. Previously suggested mechanisms are charge transfer between gas molecules and SWCNT and Schottky barrier modulation. By comparing electrical measurements with an analytical model based on Schottky barrier modulation, we demonstrate that one mechanism or the other is predominant depending on the percolation of metallic carbon nanotubes. Below the metallic SWCNT percolation threshold, sensing is dominated by the modulation of the Schottky barrier, while above this threshold, it is only attributed to a charge transfer between SWCNT and gas molecules. Both mechanisms are discussed in terms of sensitivity and resolution leading to routes for the optimization of a gas sensor architecture based on highly enriched semiconducting carbon nanotube films.     

Carbon nanotubes for electrochemical biosensing

The aim of this review is to summarize the most relevant contributions in the development of electrochemical (bio)sensors based on carbon nanotubes in the last years.Since the first application of carbon nanotubes in the preparation of an electrochemical sensor, an increasing number of publications involving carbon nanotubes-based sensors have been reported, demonstrating that the particular structure of carbon nanotubes and their unique properties make them a very attractive material for the design of electrochemical biosensors.The advantages of carbon nanotubes to promote different electron transfer reactions, in special those related to biomolecules; the different strategies for constructing carbon nanotubes-based electrochemical sensors, their analytical performance and future prospects are discussed in this article.     

meso‐Tritolylcorrole‐Functionalized Single‐walled Carbon Nanotube Donor?Acceptor Nanocomposites for NO2 Detection

meso‐Tritolylcorrole‐functionalized single‐walled carbon nanotubes (TTC‐SWNT) donor‐acceptor (D–A) heterojunction nanocomposite film was fabricated on a polycarbonate membrane through filtration and non‐covalent functionalization, providing an excellent sensing platform with low‐cost, high flexibility and good gas accessibility. The TTC‐SWNTs nanocomposite displays a fast and sensitive response to nitrogen dioxide with a limit of detection of 10 ppb (S/N=3). The sensing response was significantly amplified compared to the unmodified one, which was ascribed to a D–A heterojunction at the interface between electron donor TTC and electron acceptor SWNTs. This study provides a simple route to fabricate low‐cost and highly sensitive donor‐acceptor nanocomposite‐based gas sensors.     

Computational studies of boron‐ and nitrogen‐doped single‐walled carbon nanotubes as potential sensor materials of hydrogen halide molecules HX (X = F,Cl, Br)

Potential applicability of undoped, B‐, and N‐doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for elaboration of the working materials of gas sensors of hydrogen halide molecules HX (X = F, Cl, Br) is analyzed in computational studies of molecular adsorption on the CNTs surfaces. Density Functional Theory (DFT)‐based geometry‐optimized calculations of the electronic structure of undoped, B‐, and N‐doped CNTs of (3,3) and (5,5) chiralities with adsorbed HX (X = F, Cl, Br) molecules are performed within molecular cluster approach. Relaxed geometries, binding energies between the adsorbates and the nanotubes, charge states of the adsorbates and the electronic wave function contours are calculated and analyzed in the context of gas sensing applications. Obtained results are supplemented by calculations of adsorption of hydrogen halides on B(N)‐doped graphene sheets which are considered as model approximation for large‐diameter CNTs. It is found that the B‐doped CNTs are perspective for elaboration of sensing materials for detection of HCl and HBr molecules. The undoped and the N‐doped CNTs are predicted to be less suitable materials for detection of hydrogen halide gases HX (X = F, Cl, Br). © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.