合成异丙苯二次失活FX-01催化剂烧炭再生研究

以工业合成异丙苯二次失活催化剂为研究对象，考察了二次失活催化剂在不同温度下再生前后酸种类及其比例、酸含量、晶相、孔结构等性能，并分析了失活催化剂结炭性质及不同温度烧炭再生情况。结果表明：温度大于４５０℃才能烧炭，５００℃可将炭烧除７８％，６００℃方可将炭烧净。５００～６００℃烧炭后催化剂酸种类及其比例可完全恢复，酸量可恢复８０～９９％，晶相、孔结构基本未改变，本征活性恢复６６～８５％。与一次轻度结炭ＦＸ０１催化剂相比，要提高烧炭温度。     

环己酮氨肟化反应中失活TS-1催化剂上沉积物的物化表征

在液相环己酮氨肟化反应中，有机物在钛硅分子筛催化剂（TS-1）上的沉积是造成失活的原因之一。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、热重-差热、色谱-质谱联用、X-射线衍射、固体核磁共振、N2物理吸附和扫描电镜等分析手段，对失活TS-1的骨架结构及表面沉积物分子的结构和物化性质进行了表征。结果表明，引起催化剂失活的沉积物富集在分子筛的孔道内，主要有环己酮的氧化或还原产物、环己酮的二聚物、环己酮肟深度反应产物、叔丁基环己酮等可溶性沉积物以及它们缩聚而成的不溶性沉积物，其量可占失活催化剂总质量的5.0%。TPO烧炭时靠近Ti中心处的沉积物可以在较低温度下脱除，而孔道内的其他沉积物需要在较高温度下脱除，650℃沉积的炭可完全脱除。失活催化剂经700℃煅烧再生后，催化活性可恢复到新鲜催化剂的水平。     

苯与丙烯烷基化失活沸石催化剂氢再生机理

对工业中试用于苯与丙烯烷基化失活β－沸石改性催化剂进行了H2再生研究。通过对失活、新鲜和再生后催化剂的TPO、TPD、孔结构测定和活性评价以及失活和再生催化剂样品上炭组成的GC－MS分析，讨论了H2再生后催化剂催化性能的恢复状况。解释了虽然仍有部分炭未被除去，但酸性和活性恢复良好的原因。提出了本文体系失活催化剂H2再生过程的作用机理。     

分子筛催化剂表征的研究

本文采用原子吸收光谱、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、元素分析等方法分别对分子筛催化剂在催化裂化反应前后进行了表征。探讨了催化剂失活的原因，以及活化后与新鲜、失活催化剂的差别。     

NH3选择性催化还原NOx的铜基小孔分子筛耐硫性能及再生研究

铜基小孔分子筛催化剂因其具有优异的氨气选择性催化还原氮氧化物(NH₃-SCR)活性、水热稳定性、氮气选择性和较宽的温度窗口等特点，成为当前国六标准柴油车的首选催化剂。但是，柴油车尾气中的硫氧化物对铜基小孔分子筛催化剂的催化活性影响很大，甚至导致催化剂发生不可逆失活。本文以铜基小孔分子筛催化剂的硫中毒机理为主线，简要介绍了铜基小孔分子筛催化剂的结构及活性位点研究现状，进一步对催化剂耐硫性能的改进及硫中毒催化剂再生机理的研究进展进行综述。基于铜基小孔分子筛催化剂硫中毒机理研究开展耐硫性能改进及再生工艺研究，以及多种中毒因子的协同影响及失活机制研究是未来铜基小孔分子筛实际应用于柴油车尾气氮氧化物超低排放的重要研究方向。     

改性HZSM-5分子筛上噻吩烷基化反应和失活再生性能的研究

采用不同碱单独处理和两种碱不同方式联合处理HZSM-5分子筛,制备微孔-介孔多级孔HZSM-5分子筛催化剂并应用于噻吩烷基化反应中。结果表明,不同碱单独处理和两种碱不同方式联合处理HZSM-5分子筛后,均能够在分子筛上造出介孔孔道且能够调变分子筛的酸性,其中,采用Na₂CO₃溶液和TPAOH溶液分开处理得到的分子筛催化剂织结构最适合噻吩烷基化反应;其次考察具有最佳织结构分子筛催化剂的噻吩烷基化反应稳定性,并分析催化剂失活的原因和再生条件。结果表明,当噻吩烷基化反应进行到1050 h后,催化剂已基本失活,催化剂失活的主要原因是,在反应过程中原料中反应组分间发生烯烃齐聚、环化、脱氢和芳烃烷基化等副反应生成的大分子化合物沉积在催化剂上,堵塞催化剂的孔道和遮盖催化剂的活性中心所致;对失活催化剂进行高温再生,从高温再生的能耗较大以及多次高温再生对催化剂酸性和骨架结构不利的角度考虑,选定催化剂的再生温度为550 ℃。     

超临界流体状态下的异构烷烃与烯烃烷基化反应

成功地应用固体酸催化剂在超临界反应条件下进行了异构烷烃与丁烯的烷基化反应。在超临界反应条件下,固体酸催化剂在１４００ｈ的反应以后,仍保持１００％的烯烃转化率。探索出一个解决固体酸催化剂在烷基化反应中极易失活的有效方法。探讨了超临界流体抑制固体酸催化剂结炭失活的机制和烷基化反应中选择超临界反应条件的规律。     

催化裂化待生剂上有机吸附物种的鉴别分析

为了鉴别分析催化裂化待生剂上分子筛孔道内、外的有机吸附物种，提出了超声萃取提取待生剂上外表面的有机吸附物种方法，优化了萃取条件；对分子筛孔道内的有机吸附物种。采用HF处理待生剂，溶解催化剂分子筛骨架以释放孔内积炭，并用二氯甲烷作溶剂萃取。采用GC-MS分离并鉴别分子筛孔道内、外的有机吸附物种，实验结果显示：在催化剂外表面主要是二环和三环芳烃，而在分子筛孔道内解吸的则是从双环到七元环的多环芳烃。这些结果对研究催化裂化催化剂的性能和结炭的机理提供了重要信息。     

用于乙烯芳构化反应的Zn/HZSM-5催化剂失活机制研究

采用浸渍法制备了Zn负载量（质量分数）分别为1%、2%、3%的Zn/HZSM-5分子筛催化剂,通过XRD、N₂吸附-脱附、NH₃-TPD、Py-FTIR、XPS、TG-DTA等技术,系统考察Zn/HZSM-5分子筛在乙烯芳构化反应的失活机制。结果表明,积炭是催化剂失活的主要原因,HZSM-5中Zn的添加在较大程度上抑制了催化剂的积炭行为;低Zn含量时催化剂失活缓慢,但Zn含量较高时,由于催化剂比表面积和孔体积极剧下降,催化剂失活加剧。反应过程中,分子筛上Zn物种存在迁移和流失行为,迁移行为体现为催化剂表面Zn的富集和相对比例的变化;Zn流失速率在不同反应阶段保持恒定,但受到Zn含量的影响,Zn含量越高、流失速率越大。外表面ZnO是分子筛催化剂Zn流失的主要物种,且随Zn负载量升高变化趋势愈加明显,其含量与积炭速率存在一定关联。     

甲醇制烯烃催化剂失活模型

在固定床反应器中,研究了甲醇制烯烃反应中当SAPO-34分子筛处于失活期时催化剂活性的变化情况,主要考察催化剂活性随反应温度、空速和运行时间的变化,通过对实验数据的分析拟合,得到了催化剂活性与失活时间、反应温度、空速的经验关联式(失活模型),对失活模型的检验表明,该模型与实验数据较为吻合,表明了该式的准确性。通过对失活模型的分析,获得了当失活速率达到最大时的失活时间与反应时间、空速的关联式,失活过程应服从不均匀表面失活机理,并且当催化剂处于失活区时,失活时间对活性的影响要大于空速和温度。     

Catalytic cracking of polyethylene over nanocrystalline HZSM-5: Catalyst deactivation and regeneration study

In this work, catalytic cracking of low density polyethylene (LDPE) over nanocrystalline HZSM-5 zeolite in a batch reactor at 340 °C was carried out with the aim of study both the catalyst resistance to deactivation and the catalyst regeneration process. For looking into the catalyst deactivation, consecutive polyethylene cracking experiments were carried out. Subsequently, the same reactions has been also performed but by regenerating the zeolite after each experiment by promoting coke combustion at 550 °C under air flow. Zeolites used were two samples of nanocrystalline HZSM-5 with very different textural properties (sample A, with most of its surface corresponding to zeolitic micropores and sample B with a considerable amount of external surface, mesopores and super-micropores) in order to study the effect of their textural properties in the deactivation and regeneration experiments. Although conversion and activity values reached over both samples are quite high taking into account the mild conditions used, sample B shows a very much higher initial activity than A due to its improved textural properties. In both samples two different deactivation mechanisms occur: a reversible deactivation by coke deposition removable by the regeneration procedure, and an irreversible or permanent deactivation by other factors. Deactivation of sample B occurs faster due to the higher amount of coke deposited on this material. However, the improved textural properties of this catalyst supposes an advantage for the regeneration process, since coke deposited either on the external surface or on the super-micropores and mesopores, makes easier the regeneration procedure.     

Deactivation of Molybdenum-Containing Zeolites in the Course of Nonoxidative Methane Conversion

It was found that the nonoxidative dehydroaromatization of methane occurs over Mo-containing pentasil-type zeolites with various framework compositions at 750°C. This reaction is accompanied by catalyst deactivation because of coke formation. The effects of the space velocity of methane and the composition of the zeolite matrix on the amount and properties of the resulting condensation products were studied. It was found that the lowest amount of coke with a relatively low degree of polycondensation was formed on zeolite with SiO₂/Al₂O₃ = 40 containing Mo nanoparticles.     

甲烷在Mo/HZSM-5催化剂上的脱氢聚合反应

对不同Mo含量的Mo／HZSM－5催化剂的结构进行了表征，并对这些催化剂的甲烷非氧气氛下的转化反应进行了考察．催化剂的BET比表面积及酸性随Mo含量的增加而降低，当Mo含量大于5％时，Mo对ZSM－5分子筛的晶型有影响，并出现MoO3物相．甲烷在700℃时可高选择性地生成苯和乙烯，最佳Mo含量大约为2％．纯的MoO3或HZSM－5上该反应几乎不进行，因此，可能是分散的钼氧离子和分子筛的酸中心是甲烷转化的活性中心，只有二者的协同作用才能促进甲烷的转化．反应后催化剂中的钼物种被还原了．催化剂上的积炭可能是催化剂失活的主要原因之一，烧炭后催化剂活性基本恢复．     

甲烷在Mo/HZSM-5催化剂上的脱氢聚合反应

对不同Mo含量的Mo／HZSM－5催化剂的结构进行了表征，并对这些催化剂的甲烷非氧气氛下的转化反应进行了考察．催化剂的BET比表面积及酸性随Mo含量的增加而降低，当Mo含量大于5％时，Mo对ZSM－5分子筛的晶型有影响，并出现MoO3物相．甲烷在700℃时可高选择性地生成苯和乙烯，最佳Mo含量大约为2％．纯的MoO3或HZSM－5上该反应几乎不进行，因此，可能是分散的钼氧离子和分子筛的酸中心是甲烷转化的活性中心，只有二者的协同作用才能促进甲烷的转化．反应后催化剂中的钼物种被还原了．催化剂上的积炭可能是催化剂失活的主要原因之一，烧炭后催化剂活性基本恢复．     

Effect of external surface of HZSM-5 zeolite on product distribution in the conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons

The external surface of HZSM-5 zeolite was passivated by liquid siliceous deposition and by acidic sites poisoning with lepidine, respectively. Then methanol-to-hydrocarbons （MTH） reaction was investigated over the above as-prepared catalysts and the dissoluble coke on these used catalysts was analyzed by GC-MS, to study the role of the external surface of HZSM-5 in the catalytic reaction. Comparison with the experi- mental results based on parent ZSM-5 showed that the product distribution of MTH reaction was obviously influenced by the external surface. Evidences were listed as follows： （1） the final product on parent HZSM-5 showed higher aromatic selectivity, lower olefin selectivity, lower ra- tio of C2/C3＋ aliphatics and higher ratio of C3/C4＋ aliphatics than the reaction mixture produced by the sole catalysis of acidic sites in HZSM-5 channel; （2） a little of pentamethylbenzene and hexamethylbenzene in the product on parent HZSM-5, was produced via multi-methylation of methylbenzene on the external surface. The above conclusion may also be suitable for MTH reaction over other zeolites with 10-ring channel.     

Catalytic performance of imidazole modified HZSM-5 for methanol to aromatics reaction

A facile approach was developed for the preparation of nano-sized HZSM-5 with a hierarchical mesoporous structure by adding imidazole into conventional zeolite synthesis precursor solution. The physicochemical properties of modified HZSM-5 were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), N_2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, scanning electron microscopy(SEM), NH_3-temperature-programmed desorption(NH_3-TPD) and pyridine adsorption infrared spectroscopy(Py-IR). The coke in spent catalysts was characterized by thermogravimetry(TG). The results showed that hierarchical HZSM-5 zeolites with excellent textural properties, such as abundant porous structure, uniform particle size and suitable acidity, could be synthesized by the recipe of one-pot synthesis routes. Moreover, the obtained HZSM-5 exhibited higher selectivity of total aromatics as well as longer lifetime in the catalytic conversion of methanol to aromatics, comparing with conventional HZSM-5. It is expected that the synthesis approach demonstrated here will be applicable to other zeolites with particular textural properties and controllable particle sizes, facilitating the emergence of new-type porous materials and their related applications in catalysis and separation.     

乙烯在ZSM-5催化剂上低聚反应规律的研究

在固定床微反装置上,采用ZSM-5分子筛催化剂,考察了不同条件下乙烯的低聚反应。结果表明,适宜的条件可以抑制副反应,提高产物中丙烯与丁烯的选择性。随反应时间的延长,催化剂因积炭而失活,乙烯转化率由初始的96.2%降至6h后的41.1%,丙烯和丁烯选择性增加。提高乙烯空速可有效抑制氢转移反应从而提高烯烃选择性,根据不同转化率对应的产物分布,得到了ZSM 5催化剂上乙烯低聚的反应路径。乙烯转化率随反应温度的升高先增加后降低,500℃时达到最大值为88.0%,主要产物LPG组分中烷烃居多。提高反应压力有利于低聚反应进行,可以显著提高乙烯转化率,但不利于生成丙烯和丁烯。     

Experimental study on coking, deactivation, and regeneration of binderless 5A zeolite during 1-hexene adsorption

Coking, deactivation, and regeneration of 5A zeolite during 1-hexene adsorption were studied on a fixed-bed adsorber and a themogravimetric analyzer. Adsorption activity measurement, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, FT-IR analysis, ¹H NMR analysis, and porosity measurement were used to reveal the mechanism of coking and deactivation of 5A zeolite, and evaluate the influences of binder on them. There are distinct increases in both coke content and deactivation degree with increasing the adsorption temperature. Deactivation degrees of zeolite increase as coke contents rise, however, they display smaller increasing rate at higher coke content. The rates of coke formation and deactivation of 5A zeolite are significantly enhanced by the binder mainly due to the fact that the activity sites offered by the amorphous compounds contained in the binder catalyze the formation of coke precursors. As compared to the coke formed in zeolite with binder, the coke in binderless zeolite is more aromatic. The coke which consists of inflammable part and nonflammable part can be oxidatively removed completely while the temperature approaches 787 K. No destruction in 5A zeolite crystal structure was observed in the regenerated binderless sample. The formation of coke during 1-hexene adsorption on zeolite can be explained using the carbonization-cyclization reaction mechanism. Furthermore, the kinetics models for formation and removal of coke were developed.     

Fe-Zn-Zr/分子筛复合催化剂上CO2加氢合成异构烷烃Ⅰ.不同分子筛对催化剂性能的影响

 在Fe-Zn-Zr/分子筛复合催化剂上考察了不同类型的分子筛对CO2加氢反应性能的影响. 结果表明,不同分子筛对复合催化剂性能的影响不同,Fe-Zn-Zr/HY是合成异构烷烃有效的复合催化剂. 分子筛的酸性及酸强度对复合催化剂性能有较大的影响,中等强度和较高强度的酸性位有利于异构烃的生成.