标准气体的制备方法及配制技术

介绍标准气体的制备及杂质去除方法，包括单一组分纯气体的制备方法和混合气体的配制方法，5种常用气体的配制方法及特殊性质的标准气体的配制方法。     

对科学方法和科学方法教育的再认识——祝贺《化学教育》30周年刊庆

科学方法是科学活动经验升华、程序化、规范化、强化的结果,是科学活动的过程规定性工具。方法的思维是科学方法的精髓。对具体的科学方法进行概括,形成科学方法的适用范围不同的层次。科学方法大体上可以分为经验方法、理性方法和具有补充、完善意义的"第三类方法"以及综合性方法。科学方法有局限性,需要关注方法的改进,注意创新。要搞好科学方法教育,必须以科学方法形成和发展的规律为基础,既要考虑科学方法的特点,也要考虑教育对象的特点。     

大型线性方程组的迭代求解

将求解大型标准特征值问题的Davidson方法推广到求解大型线性方程组. 推广后的方法既可以用于求解对称问题, 又可以用于求解非对称问题. 数值计算结果显示, 该方法对这两类问题的求解分别优于共轭梯度方法和双共轭梯度方法.     

方法检出限三个评估方法标准解读与比较

文献中有多项方法检出限评估标准,如何正确理解和运用这些标准得到可比较的参数对基层实验室具有指导意义。对目前国内外方法检出限评估方法标准进行了系统总结和梳理,介绍了不同方法的特点、适用范围和注意事项。利用实验室实例和文献数据,比较了三种代表性方法计算结果。基于科学性和可操作性的原则,针对不同需求,提出了检出限评估改进建议及实施方案。     

化学教学中的模型方法及其应用

化学模型方法在化学教材和教学中有着广泛应用。本文对化学模型方法的含义、特征、条件及分类做了简要讨论。指出自觉认识和充分掌握这种科学方法的重要性和必要性,并提出运用中应注意的几个问题。     

基于分散固相萃取液相色谱-串联质谱法测定大米中8种真菌毒素

建立了大米中HT-2毒素、T-2毒素、伏马毒素B1、伏马毒素B2、玉米赤霉烯酮、赭曲霉毒素A、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和黄曲霉毒素B1共8种真菌毒素的快速测定方法。比较了3种基于分散固相萃取原理的样品前处理方法(即Qu ECh ERS方法、EMR-lipid方法以及Dis Qu E方法)对8种真菌毒素的回收率;以提取后加标法考察大米基质中各目标物LC-MS/MS分析的基质效应。结果表明,Qu ECh ERS样品前处理方法不适于伏马毒素B1、伏马毒素B2和赭曲霉毒素A分析;而EMR-lipid样品前处理方法无法消除玉米赤霉烯酮和赭曲霉毒素A在大米中的基质效应。据此采用Dis Qu E方法并优化LC-MS/MS分析参数,一次进样监测16对离子对(每个化合物2对离子对)分析大米中的8种真菌毒素残留量。8种真菌毒素在3个添加水平下的回收率为70.0%~124.1%,相对标准偏差为0.9%~16.9%,检出限(S/N≥3)为1.2~60.0μg/kg。该方法准确、灵敏,适用于大米中多种真菌毒素的快速分析。     

化学分析方法验证和确认的应用研究

分析方法的验证/确认是实验室引进新方法时必做的工作,也是实验室技术工作的重点和难点之一。对实验室采用分析方法的验证和确认工作进行归纳总结,详述了分析方法选择性、测量范围、线性范围、检出限和定量限、精密度、准确度的验证/确认方法及结果判定方式。适用于实验室引进的标准方法(包括标准变更)和非标准方法(实验室设计/制定的方法、超出预定范围使用的标准方法、扩充和修改过的标准方法)的验证和确认。     

A new isochroman-4-one derivative from the peel of Musa sapientum L. and its total synthesis

A new isochroman-4-one,7,8-dihydroxy-3-methylisochroman-4-one was isolated from water soluble fraction of Musa sapientum L.Its structure was determined by spectroscopic evidences and its total synthesis has also been reported.The compound showed potent antihypertensive activity.     

《钢铁及合金化学分析方法标准汇编》

本汇编共收集了100项钢铁及合金化学分析相关国家标准,内容包括冶金化学分析方法综合、钢铁及合金化学分析方法等。本汇编新增了7项冶金化学分析方法综合部分标准方法,将原钢铁产品分析方法部分更名为钢铁及合金化学分析方法,并废止3项标准方法,     

Optimization of culture medium and conditions for penicillin acylase production by Streptomyces lavendulae ATCC 13664

The culture medium for Streptomyces lavendulae ATCC 13664 was optimized on a shake-flask scale by using a statistical factorial design for enhanced production of penicillin acylase. This extracellular enzyme recently has been reported to be a penicillin K acylase, presenting also high hydrolytic activity against penicillin V and other natural aliphatic penicillins such as penicillin K, penicillin F, and penicillin dihydroF. The factorial design indicated that the main factors that positively affect penicillin acylase production by S. lavendulae were the concentration of yeast extract and the presence of oligoelements in the fermentation medium, whereas the presence of olive oil in the medium had no effect on enzyme production. An initial concentration of 2.5% (w/v) yeast extract and 3 microg/mL of CuSO4 x 5H2O was found to be best for acylase production. In such optimized culture medium, fermentation of the microorganism yielded 289 IU/L of enzyme in 72 h when employing a volume medium/volume flask ratio of 0.4 and a 300-rpm shaking speed. The presence of copper, alone and in combination with other metals, stimulated biomass as well as penicillin acylase production. The time course of penicillin acylase production was also studied in the optimized medium and conditions. Enzyme production showed catabolite repression by different carbon sources such as glucose, lactose, citrate, glycerol, and glycine.     

Protection of aspergillus niger cellulases by urea during growth on glucose or glycerol supplemented media

The cellulase enzymes ofAspergillus niger were found to undergo catabolite repression in the presence of glucose and glycerol accompanied by sudden drop in pH of the fermentation medium below 2.0. This sudden drop in pH caused inactivation of cellulolytic enzymes produced byAspergillus niger. The supplementation of nitrogen sources, especially urea, protectsA. niger cellulases from inactivation caused by a sudden drop in pH, since urea helped to maintain the pH of the fermentation medium between 3.5 and 4.5. The role of urea in the protection of cellulase was more prominent when it was used in combination with glycerol (5%).     

Optimization of culture medium and conditions for penicillin acylase production by streptomyces lavendulae ATCC 13664

The culture medium for Streptomyces lavendulae ATCC 13664 was optimized on a shake-flask scale by using a statistical factorial design for enhanced production of penicillin acylalse. This extracellularenzyme recently has been reported to bea penicillin Kacylase, presenting also high hydrolytic activity against penicillin V and other natural aliphatic penicillins such as penicillin K, penicillin F, and penicillin dihydroF,. The factorial design indicated that the main factors that positively affect penicillin acylase production by S. lavendulae were the concentration of yeast extract and the presence of oligoelements in the fermentation medium, whereas the presence of olive oil in the medium had no effect on enzyme production. An initial concentration of 2.5% (w/v) yeast extract and 3 μg/mL of CuSO₄·5H₂O was found to be best for acylase production. In such optimized culture medium, fermentation, of the microorganism yielded 289 IU/L of enzyme in 72 h when employing a volume medium/volume flask ratio of 0.4 and a 300-rpm shaking speed. The presence of copper, alone and in combination with other metals, stimulated biomass as well as penicillin acylase production. The time course of penicillin acylase production was also studied in the optimized medium and conditions. Enzyme production showed catabolite repression by different carbon sources such as glucose, lactose, citrate, glycerol, and glycine.     

Effects of pH of fermentation medium on biosynthesis of poly[(3-hydroxybutyrate)-co-(3-mercaptopropionate)] by Wautersia eutropha

A series of P(3HB-co-3MP)s with different 3MP unit content was biosynthesized by the fermentation of W. eutropha in a medium containing sodium gluconate and DTDP as carbon sources at different pH conditions ranging from pH 6.0 to 8.0. The P(3HB-co-3MP) samples were fractioned using the solvent/nonsolvent mixed solvent chloroform/heptane and the comonomer unit composition was investigated. It was found that W. eutropha produces P(3HB-co-3MP)s with extremely different 3MP unit content ranging from 3.6 to 70.0 mol-%, depending on the pH value of the fermentation medium. The copolyester samples produced in mild basic medium have a considerably narrower compositional distribution than the samples from acidic medium. The highest polymer yield was obtained at pH 8.0.DSC diagram for P(3HB-co-3MP)s biosynthesized in different pH medium. [graph: see text] DSC diagram for P(3HB-co-3MP)s biosynthesized in different pH medium.     

Effect of pretreatment on simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of hardwood into Acetone/Butanol

Aspergillus niger NCIM 1207 produces high levels of extracellular beta-glucosidase and xylanase activities in submerged fermentation. Among the nitrogen sources, ammonium sulfate, ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate, and corn-steep liquor were the best for the production of cellulolytic enzymes by A. niger. The optimum pH and temperature for cellulase production were 3.0-5.5 and 28 degrees C, respectively. The cellulase complex of this strain was found to undergo catabolite repression in the presence of high concentrations of glucose. Glycerol at all concentrations caused catabolite repression of cellulase production. The addition of glucose (up to 1% concentration) enhanced the production of cellulolytic enzymes, but a higher concentration of glucose effected the pronounced repression of enzymes. Generally the growth on glucose- or glycerol-containing medium was accompanied by a sudden drop in the pH of the fermentation medium to 2.0.     

Garcina cambogia leaf and seawater for tannase production by marine Aspergillus awamori BTMFW032 under slurry state fermentation

Garcinia gummi-gutta (syn. G. cambogia, G. quaesita), known to have medicinal properties, was evaluated as a substrate and inducer for tannase production by a marine Aspergillus awamori BTMFW032, under slurry state fermentation using Czapekdox-minimal medium and sea water as the cultivation medium. Among the various natural tannin substrates evaluated, Garcinia leaf supported maximal tannase production. The cultivation conditions and components of the cultivation medium were optimized employing response surface methodology. The experimental results were fitted to a second-order polynomial model at a 92.2% level of significance (p < 0.0001). The maximal tannase activity was obtained in a slurry state medium containing 26.6%, w/v, Garcinia leaf, supplemented with 0.1% tannic acid as inducer. The optimum values of pH, temperature and inoculum concentration obtained were 5.0, 40 degrees C and 3%, respectively. A Box-Behnken model study of the fermentation conditions was carried out, and the best production of tannase was registered at 40 degrees C without agitation. Optimization strategy employing response surface methodology led to nearly 3-fold increase in the enzyme production from 26.2 U/mL obtained in unoptimized medium to 75.2 Units/mL in Box Behnken design, within 18 h of fermentation. It was observed that sea water could support maximal tannase production by A. awamori compared with other media suggesting that the sea water salts could have played an inducer role in expression of tannase encoding genes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on production of tannase, an industrially important enzyme, utilizing Garcinia leaf as substrate under slurry state fermentation by marine A. awamori and sea water as the cultivation medium.     

Inulinase synthesis from a mesophilic culture in submerged cultivation

A newly isolated mesophilic bacterial strain from dahlia rhizosphere, identified as Staphylococcus sp. and designated as RRL-M-5, was evaluated for inulinase synthesis in submerged cultivation using different carbon sources individually or in combination with inulin as substrate. Inulin appeared as the most favorable substrate at a 0.5–1.0% concentration. Media pH influenced the enzyme synthesis by the bacterial strain, which showed an optimum pH at 7.0–7.5. Supplementation of fermentation medium with external nitrogen (organic and inorganic) showed a mixed impact on bacterial activity of enzyme synthesis. The addition of soybean meal and corn steep solid resulted in about an 11% increase in enzyme titers. Among inorganic nitrogen sources, ammonium sulfate was found to be the most suitable. Maximum enzyme activities (446 U/L) were obtained when fermentation was carried out at 30°C for 24 h with a medium containing 0.5% inulin as a sole carbon source and 0.5% soybean meal as the nitrogen source. Bacterial inulinase could be a good source for the hydrolysis of inulin for the production of d-fructose.     

Production of α-amylase with Aspergillus oryzae on spent brewing grain by solid substrate fermentation

Ten Aspergillus oryzae strains were screened in solid substrate fermentation for α-amylase production on spent brewing grain (SBG) and on corn fiber. SBG proved to be a better substrate for enzyme production than corn fiber. A Plackett-Burman experimental design was used to optimize the medium composition for the best strain. Solid substrate fermentation on optimized medium with A. oryzae NRRL 1808 (=ATCC 12892) strain in stationary 500-mL Erlenmeyer flask culture yielded 4519 U of α-amylase/g of dry matter substrate in 3 d. The whole solid substrate fermentation material (crude enzyme, in situ enzyme) may be considered a cheap biocatalytic material for animal feed rations and for bioalcohol production from starchy materials.     

Fermentation Characteristics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mortierella alpina</Emphasis> in Response to Different Nitrogen Sources

The fermentation characteristics of Mortierella alpina were investigated in response to various nitrogen sources. Influences on nitrogen source and glucose uptake rate, mycelial morphology of M. alpina, and pH of medium in relation to different nitrogen sources were discussed. Effects of different nitrogen sources on cell growth, fatty acid composition, arachidonic acid (ARA), and total lipid concentration were also evaluated. It revealed that the maximum nitrogen source uptake ratio was obtained when corn steep liquor was used as nitrogen source. When yeast extract was used as the sole nitrogen source, glucose was completely exhausted at the end of fermentation. The maximum dry cell weight obtained from medium with yeast extract as nitrogen source had the highest total lipid concentration. Sodium nitrate was the favorable nitrogen source for ARA accumulation, and the highest ARA percentage in total fatty acids was obtained, 35.9%. Urea was identified as the favorable nitrogen source for ARA production, the highest ARA concentration obtained from urea was 5.8 g/l. Compared with inorganic nitrogen sources, organic nitrogen compounds are favorable for both cell growth and total lipids accumulation.     

Modeling and optimization of biopolymer (Polyhydroxyalkanoates) production from ice cream residue by novel statistical experimental design

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are thermoplastic polyesters synthesized by Ralstonia eutropha and other bacteria as a form of intracellular carbon and energy storage and are accumulated as lipid inclusions in the cytoplasm of these bacteria. The modeling and optimization of PHA production by fermentation from industrial waste (ice cream residue) was studied by employing statistical experimental design methods. A series of iterative experimental designs was used to find optimal factor conditions (medium components and fermentation process time) in the order of fractional factorial design, path of steepest ascent, and full factorial augmented with axial design (rotational central composite design). An optimal range characterized by lipid (15 mg/mL) and % lipid (88%) values was found and further investigated to verify the optimal conditions for PHA production from ice cream (56.68 mL of ice cream or 56.68% ice cream in water [v/v], 5.03 mL of buffer, 1 mL of mineral salts solution, 100 muL of trace element solution, 100 mL of seed culture, and 213.76 h of fermentation time).