氧化铝负载氮化钼的表面性质与加氢脱氢性能

 研究了氧化铝负载氮化钼的表面性质及加氢脱氢性能．结果表明：负载型氮化钼处于高度分散状态,钝化态氮化钼表面为氮氧化钼或氧修饰的氮化钼,与真正的氮化钼有很大的区别;在苯、环己烯和环己烷的转化反应中,氮化钼对苯无加氢活性,但对环己烯和环己烷具有很高的脱氢活性和一定的裂化活性;钝化态氮化钼具有一定的苯加氢活性和环己烷裂化活性．实验结果表明,氮化钼的加氢／脱氢活性中心为钼,裂化活性中心与氮原子有关．同时,还考察了Ni（Co）Mo氮化物对苯和环己烷的催化裂化性能．     

整体蜂窝催化剂Ru/Al2O3/Cordierite上循环式苯选择加氢制环己烯

苯选择加氢制环己烯,因工艺相对简单、副产物少、资源利用率高等优点而备受关注[1～3].当前以日本Asahi公司的苯选择加氢制环己烯专利技术最为成熟,并已于1989年实现了产业化生产,也是迄今为止,唯一实现产业化的苯选择加氢制环己烯工艺[4].     

四氢萘在Mo-Ni/USY双功能催化剂上加氢裂化反应动力学的研究

在活性趋于稳定的Mo-Ni／USY双功能催化剂上，利用连续流动微反－色谱装置，进行了四氢萘加氢裂化反应动力学的研究，在320－400℃、4．5－8．5MPa反应条件下，考察其反应产物分布，建立了四氢萘加氢裂化反应动力模型，计算了反应网络中各步的反应速率常数和活化能，并讨论了反应网络的主线和反应条件对主线的影响。结果表明，Mo-Ni／USY双功能催化剂具有较高的裂化和异构化活性，低温、高压有利于加氢、高温、低压有利于裂化和异构。     

蜂窝陶瓷整体反应器内苯选择加氢制环己烯

 研究了Ru/ZrO2蜂窝陶瓷整体催化剂对苯液相选择加氢制环己烯反应的催化性能,考察了催化剂载体、活性组分含量、预处理条件、反应温度、反应压力、水和硫酸锌水溶液等对该反应的影响. 结果表明,整体催化剂不经预还原就可以直接进行苯液相加氢反应; 反应物中不加水或其它无机添加剂时环己烯的选择性为0,水或硫酸锌水溶液的加入大大降低了反应活性,但环己烯的选择性显著提高,约达到20%; 反应物中水和苯有最优配比,以保证最佳的环己烯选择性和收率; 反应温度在413～443 K,反应压力为3～4 MPa,硫酸锌浓度为0.1 mol/L时,反应结果较好.     

液相法Ru-M-B/ZrO2催化苯选择加氢制环己烯反应条件的研究

 在与进口催化剂完全相同的条件下评价了用化学还原法制备的Ru－M－B／ZrO2（M＝Zn，Fe）催化剂的催化性能．结果表明，Ru－M－B／ZrO2的活性指数为343．9，苯转化率为40％时环己烯选择性为85．3％，均超过已工业化及文献报道的催化剂的最高水平．活性组分Ru的晶粒度约为5nm，与进口催化剂接近．确定了Ru－M－B／ZrO2催化剂上苯选择加氢反应适宜的温度为140℃左右，合适的氢压为4～5MPa，并从热力学和动力学的角度进行了分析．预处理可使Ru－M－B／ZrO2催化剂的活性降低，但使其选择性升高，并从反应机理的角度进行了讨论．     

由苯制备环己醇新途径

将可溶性Ru纳米粒子用于催化苯选择性加氢制备环己烯反应,考察了还原方法对Ru纳米粒子催化活性的影响;并以醇水还原法制备的Ru纳米粒子为催化剂,考察了温度和压力对反应性能的影响.当使用脱硫的苯作为原料时,苯转化率可达30.2%,环己烯选择性达到46.9%.以无水兰尼镍作催化剂,100oC时,环氧环己烷加氢转化率为100%,环己醇选择性为93.2%.从原料苯出发制得环己醇的单程收率可达14%,由此找到一条制备环己醇的新途径.     

1—酰基—4—氯环己烷与取代芳烃的区域与立体选择性反应

从环己烯合成了１－酰基－４－氯环己烷，发现在其在ＡｌＣｌ３催化与苯，氯苯，溴苯等优先生成反式１－芳基－４－酰基环己烷，与联苯反应时选择性较差。     

新型苯选择加氢制环己烯非晶态催化剂Ru-Fe-B/ZrO2的制备及其可调变性

采用化学还原法制备了一种新型高活性和高选择性苯选择加氢制环己烯的Ru-Fe-B/ZrO2纳米非晶态合金催化剂,并利用透射电镜、选区电子衍射、X射线衍射和N2物理吸附仪等手段对催化剂进行了表征.重点研究了Ru-Fe-B/ZrO2催化剂活性和选择性的可调变性,及还原剂NaBH4浓度和洗涤后滤液的pH值对其催化性能的影响.结果表明,在新型Ru-Fe-B/ZrO2催化剂上,当苯转化54%时,环己烯选择性高达80%,同时环己烯选择性随苯转化率升高而缓慢下降.向反应浆液中添加酸性或碱性物质可以调变催化剂的活性和选择性,同时催化剂制备工艺和性能具有很好的可重复性.Ru-Fe-B/ZrO2催化剂融合了纳米和非晶材料的特性,这是其对苯选择加氢制环己烯表现出高活性和高选择性的主要原因.     

负载型非晶态催化剂Ru-B/TiO2的制备及应用

本工作用浸渍法和沉淀法制得了两种负载型非晶态催化剂Ｒｕ－Ｂ／ＴｉＯ２「ｗ（Ｒｕ）＝５％」。Ｘ射线衍射和差动热分析实验结果证实了Ｒｕ以非晶态形式存在,这两种非晶态催化剂在温和条件下对苯和环己烯均具有很高的催化加氢活性并对ＣＳ２也有良好的抗毒性能,在９０℃,０．２２ＭＰａ条件下,苯在这两种非晶态催化剂上加氢生成环己烷的转化率分别为９９．４％和９１．０％;当环己烯中ＣＳ２的含量为２．５％时环己烯在这两种催化剂上的加氢转化率分别为１００％和３１．３％。     

二乙醇胺作添加剂Ru-Zn催化剂上苯选择加氢制环己烯

采用共沉淀法制备了Ru-Zn催化剂,考察了二乙醇胺的添加对Ru-Zn催化剂上苯选择加氢制环己烯性能的影响,并采用N2物理吸附、透射电镜、X射线衍射、X射线荧光、傅里叶变换红外和程序升温还原等手段对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,二乙醇胺可以与浆液中ZnSO4反应生成(Zn(OH)2)3(ZnSO4)(H2O)3和硫酸二乙醇胺盐.随着二乙醇胺用量的增加,化学吸附在催化剂表面的(Zn(OH)2)3(ZnSO4)(H2O)3增多,它与硫酸二乙醇胺盐的协同作用提高了Ru-Zn(4.9%)催化剂上苯选择加氢生成环己烯的选择性.当二乙醇胺用量为0.3g时,(Zn(OH)2)3(ZnSO4)(H2O)3在Ru-Zn(4.9%)催化剂加氢后样品的表面高度分散,反应性能最佳,循环使用第3次时苯转化率为84.3%,环己烯选择性和收率分别达75.5%和63.6%;使用至第4次时,反应25min时苯转化率和环己烯选择性仍可达75%以上,环己烯收率为58%以上.     

Structure effects of benzene hydrogenation studied with sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy and kinetics on Pt(111) and Pt(100) single-crystal surfaces

Sum frequency generation (SFG) surface vibrational spectroscopy and kinetic measurements using gas chromatography have identified at least two reaction pathways for benzene hydrogenation on the Pt(100) and Pt(111) single-crystal surfaces at Torr pressures. Kinetic studies at low temperatures (310-370 K) show that benzene hydrogenation does not proceed through cyclohexene. A Langmuir-Hinshelwood-type rate law for the low-temperature reaction pathway is identified. The rate-determining step for this pathway is the addition of the first hydrogen atom to adsorbed benzene for both single-crystal surfaces, which is verified by the spectroscopic observation of adsorbed benzene at low temperatures on both the Pt(100) and Pt(111) crystal faces. Low-temperature SFG studies reveal chemisorbed and physisorbed benzene on both surfaces. At higher temperatures (370-440 K), hydrogenation of benzene to pi-allyl c-C(6)H(9) is observed only on the Pt(100) surface. Previous single-crystal studies have identified pi-allyl c-C(6)H(9) as the rate-determining step for cyclohexene hydrogenation to cyclohexane.     

红外光谱法考察苯加氢过程中的氢溢流效应

以点状Pt/η-Al_2O_3催化剂作为产生溢流氢的“源”, 用原位红外光谱观察η-Al_2O_3上苯的加氢过程, 发现溢流氢在η-Al_2O_3表面上可以迁移相当长的距离, 它的迁移速度是苯加氢反应的控制步骤。结合TPSR-MS数据, 认为苯的加氢是分步进行的, 它先被加氢成环已二烯, 再转化成环已烯, 最终形成环已烷脱附。这些反应都是快速反应。     

Ab initio reaction path analysis of benzene hydrogenation to cyclohexane on Pt(111)

First-principles density functional theory calculations were performed to obtain detailed insight into the mechanism of benzene hydrogenation over Pt(111). The results indicate that benzene hydrogenation follows a Horiuti-Polanyi scheme which involves the consecutive addition of hydrogen adatoms. A first-principles-based reaction path analysis indicates the presence of a dominant reaction path. Hydrogenation occurs preferentially in the meta position of a methylene group. Cyclohexadiene and cyclohexene are expected to be at best minor products, since they are not formed along the dominant reaction path. The only product that can desorb is cyclohexane. Along the dominant reaction path, two categories of activation energies are found: lower barriers at approximately 75 kJ/mol for the first three hydrogenation steps, and higher barriers of approximately 88 kJ/mol for steps four and six, where hydrogen can only add in the ortho position of two methylene groups. The highest barrier at 104 kJ/mol is calculated for the fifth hydrogenation step, which may potentially be the rate-determining step. The high barrier for this step is likely the result of a rather strong C-H...Pt interaction in the adsorbed reactant state (1,2,3,5-tetrahydrobenzene) which increases the barrier by approximately 15 kJ/mol. Benzene and hydrogen are thought to be the most-abundant reaction intermediates.     

Hydrogenation of benzene in the presence of ruthenium on a modified montmorillonite support

Liquid-state hydrogenation of benzene on a supported ruthenium catalyst is studied. The degree of utilization of the inner surface of the porous system is determined. In the presence of water, hydrogenation occurs with the formation of cyclohexene along with cyclohexane.     

用于苯选择加氢制环己烯的非晶态合金Ru-La-B/ZrO2催化剂的失活与再生

 研究了在中试装置上经长期运转后的非晶态合金Ru-La-B/ZrO2催化剂的失活原因与再生方法. 结果表明: 催化剂失活不是由微孔堵塞、比表面积减小、晶粒长大或催化剂中毒而引起的,而是由于在长期运转过程中催化剂吸附了反应浆液中的Zn2+ 和反应器壁引入的Fe2+ , 通过酸洗的方法可以使催化剂的活性和选择性基本恢复.     

In situ sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy observation of a reactive surface intermediate during high-pressure benzene hydrogenation

Sum frequency generation surface vibrational spectroscopy and kinetic measurements using gas chromatography have been used to identify a reactive surface intermediate in situ during hydrogenation of benzene on a Pt(111) single crystal surface at Torr pressures. Upon adsorption at 310 K, both chemisorbed and physisorbed benzene coexist on the surface, a result which has not previously been observed. Kinetic measurements show a linear compensation effect for the production of both cyclohexane and cyclohexene. From these data the isokinetic temperature was identified and correlated to the chemisorbed benzene species, which were probed by means of vibrational spectroscopy. Additionally, chemisorbed benzene was determined to be a reactive intermediate, which is critical for hydrogenation.     

Performance of a zeolite-containing catalyst and catalysts based on noble metals in intermolecular hydrogen transfer between С<Subscript>6</Subscript> hydrocarbons

The activities of a zeolite-containing catalyst and catalysts containing a noble metal in intermolecular hydrogen transfer between С₆ hydrocarbons are compared. The zeolite-containing catalyst is ineffective in hydrogen transfer from cyclohexane to 1-hexene and in cyclohexene conversion at <400°С. Cyclohexene disproportionation at Т < 200°С takes place only over catalysts containing a noble metal. The cyclohexene conversion selectivity depends strongly on the support type. Using deuterated compounds, it has been demonstrated that intermolecular hydrogen transfer via the dehydrogenation–hydrogenation mechanism involves only the initial cyclohexene.     

二甲基二硫醚对Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂加氢性能的影响

考察了二甲基二硫醚(CH3SSCH3)对Ni/Al2O3催化剂上苯、环己烯和苯乙烯加氢活性的影响,并采用BET、XRD、H2-TPR、XPS、SEM和EA等手段对催化剂进行表征。实验结果表明,在CH3SSCH3存在下,Ni/Al2O3催化剂对苯和环己烯加氢迅速失活,且环己烯加氢对CH3SSCH3的耐硫性要略强于苯加氢,而苯乙烯中共轭烯烃的加氢转化率则维持100%长时间不变。CH3SSCH3的影响顺序为芳环单烯烃共轭烯烃。此外,通过设计实验研究了CH3SSCH3对催化剂的毒化机理,发现CH3SSCH3分子首先吸附在催化剂的表面,并发生氢解生成甲烷随尾气逸出,故CH3SSCH3分子中碳对催化剂的失活影响较小,而留下的硫原子则与镍活性组分发生相互作用,毒化催化剂。