微波合成碳负载纳米铂催化剂及其对甲醇氧化的电催化性能

利用微波辐射快速加热含有XC—72碳的H2PtCl6的乙二醇混合液合成了碳负载的纳米铂，铂负载的质量分数在10％～20％，实验结果表明纳米铂粒子具有均匀的尺寸和形状，其平均粒径在3．6nm，并均匀地分散在纳米碳的表面，循环伏安和恒电位极化表明微波合成的Pt/C比以KBH4作为还原剂制备Pt/C和商业得到E-TEK Pt／C催化剂对甲醇的电化学氧化具有更高的催化活性。     

XC-72碳和碳纳米管负载PtRu纳米粒子的微波快速合成及其对甲醇的电化学氧化

利用微波辐射加热技术快速合成了XC-72碳和碳纳米管(CNTs)负载的PtRu合金纳米粒子，合金负载的质量分数为20％，Pt和Ru的原子比接近于1：1．透射电镜观察表明微波合成的PtRu合金纳米粒子具有细小的粒径和狭窄的尺寸分布，所合成的PtRu合金纳米粒子高度分散在XC-72碳和CNTs的表面，其平均粒径分别为3．3am和2．8am．电化学实验表明微波合成的PtRu／XC-72和PtRu／CNTs纳米催化剂比用湿化学方法以KBH4还原制备的催化剂对甲醇的电化学氧化具有更高的催化活性．     

氮掺杂碳纳米管负载的钌催化剂对苯甲醇在常压空气条件下催化氧化性能

以氮掺杂碳纳米管(NCNTs)为载体,采用乙二醇微波还原方法方便制得制备了负载型Ru催化剂,Ru纳米颗粒均匀分散在NCNTs表面,平均粒径为1.6 nm。在温和条件下(常压和空气条件),Ru/NCNTs催化剂表现出良好的苯甲醇催化氧化性能,在90℃下苯甲醇转化率可达93%,苯甲醛选择性大于99%,并且具有良好的可重复使用性能,这些结果显著优于碳纳米管(CNTs)和活性炭(AC)为载体的对比组催化剂。在温和条件下Ru/NCNTs催化剂表现出的优异苯甲醇催化氧化性能可归因于氮掺杂提高了NCNTs的电子密度进而促进了O2分子吸附和反应。     

高利用率多壁碳纳米管负载金铂合金纳米粒子催化剂在碱性溶液中的甲醇电催化氧化性能研究

使用乙二醇还原法合成了一系列高利用率多壁碳纳米管负载的金铂双金属纳米粒子电催化剂,在碱性溶液中由循环伏安和计时电流法测试该AuPI催化剂对于甲醇氧化反应的电催化活性.透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射与X射线能谱观测催化剂形貌,表征催化剂结构.结果表明,金铂双金属纳米粒子均匀分散在碳纳米管上,催化剂具有良好甲醇电氧化性能.实验表明Au/Pt/MWCNTs比为10:8:32(by mass)时,该催化剂具有最高甲醇电氧化峰电流密度与最负起始氧化电位.     

介观结构氮掺杂碳纳米笼负载铂-钌合金催化剂的优异甲醇电氧化性能

利用氮掺杂碳纳米笼(h NCNC)的高比表面积及掺杂氮原子的锚定作用,方便地将约3 nm的Pt-Ru合金纳米粒子均匀地负载在h NCNC表面,制得了Pt和Ru比例可调的Pt-Ru/h NCNC双金属合金催化剂.这些催化剂展现出优异的甲醇催化氧化活性和稳定性,且具有良好的抗CO中毒能力,显著优于Pt/h NCNC和商业Pt Ru/C等对照组催化剂.其优异的电化学性能可归因于以下因素的协同作用:(1)Pt-Ru合金的双功能机制增强了催化剂的CO氧化脱附能力从而使活性位重新暴露,(2)h NCNC的氮掺杂及高比表面积有利于获得粒径小且均匀的合金纳米粒子,(3)h NCNC的多尺度分级孔结构有利于甲醇等参与反应物质的传输.     

“非保护型”金属胶体纳米簇形成机理研究

碱-乙二醇法制备的"非保护型"金属及合金纳米簇由表面吸附的溶剂分子和简单离子实现稳定化,它们被广泛用于制备高性能复相催化剂和研究复相催化剂中的尺寸、组成、载体表面基团以及修饰剂对催化性能的影响。关于此类非保护金属纳米簇的形成过程及机理的认识尚有待进一步深化。本文采用原位快速扫描X射线吸收精细结构谱(QXAFS)、原位紫外-可见(UV-Vis)吸收光谱、透射电子显微镜和动态光散射技术研究了碱-乙二醇法合成中非保护型金属胶体纳米簇的形成过程与机理。结果表明,在碱-乙二醇法合成非保护型Pt金属纳米簇的过程中,室温下即有部分Pt(IV)被还原至Pt(II)。随着反应温度的升高,OH-逐渐取代与Pt离子配位的Cl-,在Pt―Pt键形成之前,反应体系的UV-Vis吸收光谱中可观察到明显的纳米粒子的散射信号,原位QXAFS分析表明Pt纳米簇是由Pt氧化物纳米粒子还原所形成的;在Ru金属纳米簇的形成过程中,OH-首先取代了Ru Cl_3中的Cl~-,形成羟基配合物Ru(OH) _6~(3-),后者进一步缩合形成氧化钌纳米粒子,最终Ru金属纳米簇由乙二醇还原氧化钌纳米粒子形成。由于先形成了氧化物纳米粒子,后续的还原反应被限制在氧化物纳米粒子内,使最终得到的非保护型金属纳米簇具有尺寸小、分布窄的特点。本工作所获得的知识对发展高性能能源转化催化剂、精细化学合成催化剂、传感器等功能体系具有重要意义。     

Pt负载复合氧化物催化剂的CO催化发光性能

采用非晶态络合物法制备了La0.9Cu0.1MnO3和LaCoO3钙钛矿催化剂, 并利用固定化溶胶工艺合成了Pt纳米粒子负载的Pt/La0.9Cu0.1MnO3和Pt/LaCoO3复合催化剂. 通过透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对催化剂的微观结构、形貌及Pt的价态进行了研究; 考察了催化剂的CO催化氧化发光性能. 结果表明, 若La0.9Cu0.1MnO3催化剂表面上负载的Pt纳米颗粒形成团聚, 则在其CO催化氧化发光谱中出现发光峰分裂的现象, 而在Pt纳米颗粒分散较好的Pt/LaCoO3体系中却没有出现这一情况. 因此可以利用CO催化发光谱来初步判断贵金属纳米颗粒在载体表面的分散状态.     

棒状CeO_2负载Pt催化剂的合成及其电化学性能研究

通过水热法合成棒状纳米Ce O2(Ce O2-R),并将Pt纳米颗粒负载于Ce O2表面,制得甲醇燃料电池的阳极催化剂Pt/Ce O2-R.通过结构与形貌表征,结果表明,Pt/Ce O2-R中Ce O2的暴露晶面为(111)和(002)晶面,改变了Pt周围的电子结构,进而降低了Pt-COads的键能,释放出更多的活性位.另外,Pt纳米颗粒在Ce O2-R表面分散更均匀.利用电化学工作站测试阳极催化剂Pt/Ce O2-R在酸性溶液中的电化学性能,证明Pt/Ce O2-R催化剂的甲醇电氧化性能与抗CO毒害能力较颗粒状Ce O2负载Pt催化剂(Pt/Ce O2-P)都有很大的提高,证明Ce O2-R作为Pt纳米颗粒的载体用于直接甲醇燃料电池的阳极反应具有发展潜力.     

负载型Pt模型催化剂中Pt纳米粒子的形貌对CO氧化活性的影响

采用简单的化学还原法制备了具有不同形貌特征的Pt纳米粒子,并利用浸渍法将其负载到SiO2上,得到了粒子分散均一的负载型Pt催化剂,考察了其催化CO氧化反应性能.X射线荧光分析、X射线光电子能谱、红外光谱和透射电镜结果表明,Pt/SiO2模型催化剂上CO氧化活性的不同来源于Pt纳米粒子不同晶面的贡献,即Pt纳米粒子的晶型...     

多壁碳纳米管负载高分散Pt-PrxCe1-xO2-δ复合催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化作用研究

通过反向化学共沉淀法制备PrxCe1-xO2-δ稀土纳米复合氧化物作为助催化掺杂剂,将其包覆在多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)的表面作为催化剂复合载体,然后使用了柠檬酸盐-KBH4液相还原法制备了粒径分布均匀、性质稳定的Pt纳米溶胶,并沉积在上述载体中得到负载型Pt-PrxCe1-xO2-δ/CNT复合电催化剂,制备的催化剂中Pt载量为20%(质量分数).使用XRD,SEM等手段对催化剂样品进行了物相形貌表征.使用循环伏安法对催化剂的电化学性能进行了测试.结果表明,经Pr,Ce纳米复合氧化物掺杂的催化剂比传统Pt/CNT催化荆具有更低的甲醇氧化电位和更好的耐中间产物毒化能力.     

Electrocatalytic oxidation of ethylene glycol on Pt and Pt-Ru nanoparticles modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes

The synthesis and characterization of catalysts based on nanomaterials, supported on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) for ethylene glycol (EG) oxidation is investigated. Platinum (Pt) and platinum-ruthenium (Pt-Ru) nanoparticles are deposited on surface-oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes [Pt/CNT; Pt-Ru/CNT] by the aqueous solution reduction of the corresponding metal salts with glycerol. The electrocatalytic properties of the modified electrodes for oxidation of ethylene glycol in acidic solution have been studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), and excellent activity is observed. This may be attributed to the small particle size of the metal nanoparticles, the efficacy of carbon nanotubes acting as good catalyst support and uniform dispersion of nanoparticles on CNT surfaces. The nature of the resulting nanoparticles decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis. The cyclic voltammetry response indicates that Pt-Ru/CNT catalyst displays a higher performance than Pt/CNT, which may be due to the efficiency of the nature of Ru species in Pt-Ru systems. The fabricated Pt and Pt-Ru nanoparticles decorated CNT electrodes shows better catalytic performance towards ethylene glycol oxidation than the corresponding nanoparticles decorated carbon electrodes, demonstrating that it is more promising for use in fuel cells.     

一步法制备还原态氧化石墨烯载铂纳米粒子及其对甲醇氧化的电催化性能

In this study, graphite oxide was prepared from natural graphite powder using a modified Hummers method. Well-dispersed Pt nanoparticles were synthesized on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) via a simple one-step chemical reduction method in ethylene glycol (EG) by simultaneous reduction of graphene oxide (GO) and chloroplatinic acid. The microstructure, composition, and morphology of the synthesized materials were characterized with Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is shown that the GO was reduced to RGO, and the Pt nanoparticles with an average particle size of 2.3 nm were well dispersed on the surface of RGO. The catalytic performance of the catalysts for methanol oxidation was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and amperometric method, which indicated that Pt/RGO catalyst had higher electrocatalytic activity and stability for the oxidation of methanol than the Pt/C and Pt/CNT catalysts. The I_f/I_b of Pt/RGO reached 1.3, which was 2.2 and 1.9 times as high as those of Pt/C and Pt/CNT catalysts, respectively, revealing that Pt/RGO had high poisoning tolerance to the CO_ad intermediate species produced in the methanol oxidation reaction.     

脉冲微波辅助化学还原合成Pt/C 催化剂及其电催化氧还原性能

采用脉冲微波辅助化学还原法制备了质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)用Pt/C 催化剂. 通过透射电镜(TEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)等分析技术对催化剂的微观结构和形貌进行了表征, 并利用循环伏安(CV)、线性扫描(LSV)和恒电位测量等方法评价了催化剂催化氧还原性能. 在此基础上制备了膜电极(MEA)并组装成单电池, 考察了制备的Pt/C 催化剂作为阴极催化剂材料的电催化性能. 结果表明, 脉冲微波辅助化学还原法是一种制备PEMFC催化剂的有效方法, 溶液pH值和微波功率对Pt 颗粒直径和分散有重要影响. TEM和XRD结果显示, 当溶液pH值为10 且微波功率为2 kW时, Pt 纳米粒子较均匀地分散在碳载体上, 粒径分布在1.3-2.4 nm之间, 平均粒径为1.8 nm. CV、LSV和恒电位测试结果表明, 该催化剂电化学比表面积(ESA)为55.6 m²·g^-1, 具有良好的催化氧还原反应活性和稳定性. 单电池测试结果表明, 在溶液pH值为10条件下, 微波功率为2 kW时制备的催化剂作阴极催化剂时, 单电池最高功率密度为2.26 W·cm^-2·mg^-1, 高于微波功率为1 kW时的最高功率密度(2.15 W·cm^-2·mg^-1)和Johnson Matthey催化剂的最高功率密度(1.89 W·cm^-2·mg^-1).     

PtRu/carbon nanotube nanocomposite synthesized in supercritical fluid: a novel electrocatalyst for direct methanol fuel cells

Platinum/ruthenium nanoparticles were decorated on carbon nanotubes (CNT) in supercritical carbon dioxide, and the nanocomposites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). TEM images show that the particles size is in the range of 5-10 nm, and XRD patterns show a face-centered cubic crystal structure. Methanol electrooxidation in 1 M sulfuric acid electrolyte containing 2 M methanol were studied onPtRu/CNT (Pt, 4.1 wt%; Ru, 2.3 wt%; molar ratio approximately Pt/Ru = 45:55) catalysts using cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. All the electrochemical results show that PtRu/CNT catalysts exhibit high activity for methanol oxidation which resulted from the high surface area of carbon nanotubes and the nanostructure of platinum/ruthenium particles. Compared with Pt/CNT, the onset potential is much lower and the ratio of forward anodic peak current to reverse anodic peak current is much higher for methanol oxidation, which indicates the higher catalytic activity of PtRu/CNT. The presence of Ru with Pt accelerates the rate of methanol oxidation. The results demonstrated the feasibility of processing bimetallic catalysts in supercritical carbon dioxide for fuel cell applications.     

纳米三氧化钨修饰碳纳米管载铂催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化性能

采用表面修饰技术将碳纳米管(CNT)表面羧基化, 通过羧基将钨离子基团修饰到碳纳米管的外表面, 再通过高温焙烧处理将钨离子基团氧化成WO₃, 成功合成了纳米WO₃/CNT复合物, 进一步还原Pt 的前驱体而得到Pt-WO₃/CNT复合催化剂. 采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和透射电镜(TEM)对样品的形貌和晶型结构进行了表征, 结果表明, Pt纳米粒子为面心立方晶体结构, 均匀地分布在WO₃修饰的碳纳米管表面. 采用循环伏安(CV)和计时电流法研究了在酸性溶液中Pt-WO₃/CNT催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化活性, 结果表明WO₃修饰的碳纳米管载铂催化剂比用混酸处理的碳纳米管载铂催化剂对甲醇呈现出更高的电催化氧化活性和更好的稳定性.     

SYNTHESIS OF POLYMER-STABILIZED PLATINUM/RUTHENIUM BIMETALLIC COLLOIDS AND THEIR CATALYTIC PROPERTIES FOR SELECTIVE HYDROGENATION OF CROTONALDEHYDE

Polymer-stabilized platinum/ruthenium bimetallic colloids （Pt/Ru） were synthesized by polyol reduction with microwave irradiation and characterized by TEM and XPS. The colloidal nanoparticles have small and narrow size distributions. Catalytic performance of the Pt/Ru colloidal catalysts was investigated on the selective hydrogenation of crontonaldehyde （CRAL）. A suitable amount of the added metal ions and base can improve the selectivity of CRAL to crotylalcohol （CROL） remarkably. The catalytic activity and the selectivity are dependent on the compositions of bimetallic colloids. Thereinto, PVP-stabilized 9Pt/1Ru colloid with a molar ratio of metals Pt：Ru = 9：1 shows the highest catalytic selectivity 77.3% to CROL at 333 K under 4.0 MPa of hydrogen.     

Synthesis and characterization of platinum catalysts on multiwalled carbon nanotubes by intermittent microwave irradiation for fuel cell applications

Pt electrocatalysts supported on multiwalled carbon nanotube (Pt/MWCNT) nanocomposites have been synthesized by a rapid intermittent microwave irradiation (IMI) technique for polymer electrolyte and direct methanol fuel cells (PEFCs and DMFCs), using H(2)PtCl(6) as Pt precursor. The Pt/MWCNT nanocomposites are characterized by XRD, XPS, and TEM. The results indicate that Pt particle size and distribution on the MWCNT support are affected significantly by the oxidation treatment of MWCNTs, the IMI procedure, and the MWCNT tube diameter or surface area. The PtO(x) (x = 1, 2) species was first deposited on the surface of MWCNTs by the IMI and subsequently reduced to Pt(0) with refluxing in the presence of HCOOH. Pt/MWCNT nanocomposites synthesized by this IMI method have achieved extremely uniform dispersed Pt nanoparticles with a particle size of approximately 3 nm. Electrochemical measurement indicates that Pt/MWCNT nanocomposites synthesized by the IMI method display a significantly higher electrochemically active area and higher catalytic activity for the methanol oxidation reaction in comparison to a commercial Pt/C catalyst.     

Electrocatalytical Application of Platinum Nanoparticles Supported on Reduced Graphene Oxide in PEM Fuel Cell: Effect of Reducing Agents of Dimethlyformamide or Hydrazine Hydrate on the Properties

Two kinds of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were synthesized with the reducing agents of either dimethylformamide (DMF) or hydrazine hydrate (HYD). The decoration of platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) over these materials was provided by microwave irradiation (MWI) method. Detailed physical and electrochemical measurements were carried out. Based on the electrochemical results of both catalysts, it is not surprising the achievement of higher electrochemical active surface area (ECSA), higher oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity, higher electron transfer number, lower charge transfer resistance and higher fuel cell performance with the Pt/rGO (DMF) catalyst which surpasses Pt/rGO (HYD) in many ways.     

导电共聚物衍化新策略制备硫、氮共掺杂碳纳米管及其对改善PtCu纳米晶分散性与甲醇电催化氧化的促进作用

有效调控碳纳米材料的几何和电子结构的协同效应和缺陷是获得优良电化学性能的关键.然而,如何设计一种具有优势结构的杂化材料及对其电催化机理的认识尚不清楚.本文提出了一种聚(3,4-乙撑二氧噻吩)/聚苯胺导电共聚物热解策略来制备S和N共掺杂多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs),发现改变前驱体溶液中两种单体的比例可以调控掺杂MWCNTs中S和N原子的含量与表面活性位结构.S和N的共掺杂明显增大了碳纳米管表面的缺陷程度并暴露出更丰富的活性位点,从而有利于超细Pt和PtCu纳米颗粒的均匀分布和沉积.透射电镜和扫描透射电镜结果表明,所制备S和N共掺杂MWCNTs(SN-MWCNTs)负载的催化剂中Pt和PtCu纳米颗粒以及掺杂的S和N原子都均匀地分布在MWCNTs上,且沉积的Pt和PtCu纳米颗粒的平均尺寸仅分别为2.30和2.87 nm.X射线光电子能谱结果表明,S和N共掺杂MWCNTs与负载的Pt基纳米颗粒之间存在强烈的电荷转移相互作用,明显改变了贵金属Pt的表面电子结构.电化学测试结果表明,与Pt/SN-MWCNTs,Pt/N-MWCNTs,Pt/S-MWCNTs和商业Pt/C催化剂相比,Pt₁Cu₂/SN-MWCNTs表现出更大的电化学活性表面积(148.85 m² g^?1),更高的甲醇氧化质量活性(1589.9 mA mg_Pt^?1)、电化学稳定性和抗CO毒化能力.密度泛函理论研究表明,S和N共掺杂导致碳纳米管极大地变形,同时极化和激活了相邻的C原子.因此,增强了Pt₁Cu₂纳米颗粒在SN-MWCNTs上的吸附以及随后甲醇分子的吸附.此外,Pt₁Cu₂/SN-MWCNTs对甲醇氧化的电催化活性均在热力学和动力学上优于相应的CNTs和N-CNTs基材料.本文提供了一种新颖的在碳基材料上构建高度分散且稳定的Pt基纳米颗粒高性能燃料电池电催化剂的方法.     

Pt and Pt–Ru nanoparticles decorated polypyrrole/multiwalled carbon nanotubes and their catalytic activity towards methanol oxidation

Conducting polymer composite films comprised of polypyrrole (PPy) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) [PPy–CNT] were synthesized by in situ polymerization of pyrrole on carbon nanotubes in 0.1 M HCl containing (NH₄)S₂O₈ as oxidizing agent over a temperature range of 0–5 °C. Pt nanoparticles are deposited on PPy–CNT composite films by chemical reduction of H₂PtCl₆ using HCHO as reducing agent at pH = 11 [Pt/PPy–CNT]. The presence of MWCNTs leads to higher activity, which might be due to the increase of electrochemically accessible surface areas, electronic conductivity and easier charge-transfer at polymer/electrolyte interfaces allowing higher dispersion and utilization of the deposited Pt nanoparticles. A comparative investigation was carried out using Pt–Ru nanoparticles decorated PPy–CNT composites. Cyclic voltammetry demonstrated that the synthesized Pt–Ru/PPy–CNT catalysts exhibited higher catalytic activity for methanol oxidation than Pt/PPy–CNT catalyst. Such kinds of Pt and Pt–Ru particles deposited on PPy–CNT composite polymer films exhibit excellent catalytic activity and stability towards methanol oxidation, which indicates that the composite films is more promising support material for fuel cell applications.