纳米铁氧化物合成的实验设计

设计了一个不同纳米铁氧化物（α-FeOOH、γ-FeOOH、α-Fe2O3、Fe3O4）合成的简单方法,该方法可用于中级无机化学实验中,使学生掌握纳米材料常见的合成方法及表征手段,有利于学生实践能力和创新能力的提高。     

葡聚糖分子对氢氧化铁矿化结晶的调制作用

通过对比五种不同葡聚糖浓度的Fe3＋/葡聚糖矿化作用体系中Fe(OH)3凝胶在早期矿化阶段的成核和相变过程来研究葡聚糖对铁矿物的结晶与转化的调控作用. 运用ICP-AES(等离子发射光谱仪)观察各个矿化体系中上清液的[Fe3＋]浓度及相应pH的变化, 矿化产物运用FTIR、XRD进行表征. 结果发现, 上清液中[Fe3＋]经历了两次下降过程, 在陈化的第三天突然回增. 与不含葡聚糖的矿化作用体系很快形成结晶良好的α-FeOOH不同, 在含有葡聚糖的矿化作用体系中最初形成的物相主要为β-FeOOH. 葡聚糖分子通过与Fe3＋配位吸附在铁氧化物颗粒的表面促进了β-FeOOH转化为α-Fe2O3. 相变是经过溶解-再结晶机制进行的. [Fe3＋]第二次下降正是由于β-FeOOH转化为α-Fe2O3引起的. 葡聚糖浓度适当增大, β-FeOOH溶解加快, 有利于相变的进行. 因此葡聚糖的存在能显著影响在氢氧化铁凝胶中形成晶核的结构类型及其相变历程.     

不同晶化度γ-FeOOH的合成及其液相转化研究

进行了空气氧化Fe(OH)2悬浮液, EDTA作用下可见光诱导, 不同温度(14～20 ℃)制备不同晶化度γ-FeOOH的研究, 进行了其沸腾回流液相转化历程的探讨. 结果表明: 随温度的升高, γ-FeOOH的晶化程度变差; 而γ-FeOOH的晶化程度越差, 在液相沸腾回流时就越易转化成α-Fe2O3, 反之则易转化为α-FeOOH. 在pH近中性, 微量Fe(II)存在条件下低晶态的γ-FeOOH可以快速转化为均匀球形的α-Fe2O3.     

K2O-Fe2O3系催化剂的穆斯堡尔谱研究

利用穆斯堡尔谱在K2O-Fe2O3催化剂中检出了α-Fe2O3(大晶粒及微晶)、KFeO2、K1+XFe11O17、α-Fe2O3和γ-FeOOH等物相,它们的相对含量取决于催化剂的含钾量及煅烧温度,相对含量的改变导致样品的穆斯堡尔谱图出现了复杂的变化.与XRD相比,穆斯堡尔谱可对钾与氧化铁的相互作用进行更有效的表征,穆斯堡尔谱和TPR研究都表明钾可延缓催化剂中Fe(III)的被还原.     

Al掺杂α-Fe2O3材料的制备、表征和气敏特性

采用均相沉淀法制备了纯α-Fe2O3(300 ℃煅烧)和Al掺杂α-Fe2O3(300和400 ℃煅烧), 使用SEM, XRD, ICP和红外光谱等手段进行表征, 并利用气敏仪测试无水乙醇和90＃汽油在不同条件下对材料的响应性能. 结果表明, 微量Al掺杂不改变α-Fe2O3材料的物相, 但会阻碍晶粒生长, 使颗粒变小及Fe2O3晶格间隙中的铁原子数目增多, 材料的导电率增大, 从而显著提高材料的气敏性能. Al掺杂α-Fe2O3对乙醇的响应性能优于对汽油的响应性能, 在乙醇气氛中, 材料对湿度仍然不敏感. 经400 ℃煅烧的Al掺杂α-Fe2O3稳定性较好, 可作为检测乙醇气体的半导体气敏材料.     

高温煤气脱硫 Ⅰ.铁基脱硫剂的相态特征和活性

用穆斯堡尔谱考察了氧化铁脱硫剂在高温煤气中还原及硫化时的铁形态变化规律。在反应开始阶段，原脱硫剂中的α-Fe2O3即被迅速还原成Fe3O,Fe3O4可进一步还原转化成α-Fe。反应初期Fe3O4和α-Fe都参与脱硫反应，其中α-Fe具有较高的脱硫活性，对整个脱硫过程而言α-Fe是主要的脱硫活性相。铁化合物与硅铝氧化物载体间存在相互作用，形成磁微 晶颗粒及少量γ-Fe。在高温煤气条件下，FeS是唯一的铁硫化物，θ－Fe3C则是α－Fe转化中的主要产物。适量的θ－F e3C对脱硫有促进作用。     

双氧水的异相催化分解

设计了一个简单易行的综合化学实验,该实验以水合氧化铁催化分解H2O2反应构建研究系统,通过测定不同温度下反应的速率常数获得反应的活化能、活化焓和活化熵数据,使学生初步了解异相催化的基本知识。实验者可以自主改变环境因素进行实验,也可选用α-Fe2O3、α-FeOOH或γ-FeOOH等铁氧化物开展研究,并比较铁氧化物的晶体结构和晶化状态对催化分解H2O2反应的影响,具有探究性的实验内容设置有利于培养学生的创新能力、综合实验能力和科研能力。     

络合剂作用下光催化氧化纳米铁氧化物的生成及机理

进行了空气氧化Fe(OH)2悬浮液,络合剂(乙二胺、草酸、柠檬酸)作用下光催化氧化制备FeOOH的研究.结果表明:在室光下,一定量乙二胺、草酸、柠檬酸的加入有利于纯γ-FeOOH的生成;且随光强的增强,γ-FeOOH的晶化性降低.机理分析表明:可见光存在下,络合剂的加入,不仅使中间物绿锈GR(Ⅱ)结晶度变差,溶解加快;而且络合剂与Fe2+形成的配合物可吸收部分可见光,生成强氧化型的自由基,使反应初期Fe2+快速氧化为Fe3+,快的氧化速度利于生成低晶化度的γ-FeOOH。     

TiO2/SiO2/γ-Fe2O3-SiO2磁性光催化剂的制备与表征

 A γ-Fe2O3-SiO2 composite was prepared by sol-gel method followed by calcination at 700 ℃ for 30 min starting from tetraethoxysilane and iron nitrate. Upon further coating with SiO2 and TiO2, a TiO2/SiO2/γ-Fe2O3-SiO2 magnetic photocatalyst was obtained. XRD results show that Fe in the composite converts to the γ-Fe2O3 phase up to a processing temperature of 700 ℃, and further increase in temperature results in the formation of the α-Fe2O3 phase. The TiO2/SiO2/γ-Fe2O3-SiO2 samples obtained are monodisperse spherical particles with 200～250 nm diameter, well coated firstly by an amorphous SiO2 layer and then by an anatase TiO2 layer. The TiO2/SiO2/γ-Fe2O3-SiO2 particles retain their magnetic property well and show high activity for the photocatalytic degradation of salicylhydroxamic acid.     

低温下Fe(II)对Ferrihydrite相转化的催化作用研究

研究了在低温、近中性条件下,在微量Fe(II)离子存在下Ferrihydrite(又称为水合氧化铁hydrousironoxide)的相转化过程.结果表明,微量Fe(II)离子的存在不仅可以加速Ferrihydrite的相转化过程,而且其相转化产物的组成也与没有Fe(II)离子存在时产物的组成有所不同,即除了α-FeOOH和α-Fe2O3外,还形成了γ-FeOOH;相转化过程既与阴离子的种类、反应温度、反应时间等因素有关,也与Fe(II)离子存在状态有关;Fe(II)离子通过催化Ferrihydrite的溶解过程,从而加速整个相转化过程.对该过程的深入研究将对认识和了解自然条件下铁氧化物的形成与相互转化具有重要意义.     

Solvent extraction separation of In/III/-Tl/III/ and Hg/II/-Cd/II/-Co/II/ with sulphoxides

Solvent extraction studies have been made on some metals: In/III/-Tl/III/ and Hg/II/-Cd/II/-Co/II/, from ammonium thiocyanate solutions by dialkyl sulphoxides. Separation of these metals from one another can be achieved by suitable choice of the extracted conditions. The nature of the extractable metal species has been elucidated.     

Simultaneous propane dehydrogenation andco2hydrogenation overCrOx/SiO2catalyst

Summary Single reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) and dehydrogenation of propane with CO₂(DH-CO₂) reactions in the presence and absence of the CrO_x/SiO₂ catalyst have been studied between 673 and 873 K. It was found that the CrO_x/SiO₂ catalyst is active both in the dehydrogenation of propane and in the RWGS reactions. The obtained results suggest that the dehydrogenation of propane to propene in the presence of CO₂on CrO_x/SiO₂can be facilitated by the RWGS reaction.</o:p>     

An investigation of the promotional effect of propylene or propane traces on the activity of sulfatedPt/g-Al2O3andPt-Sn/g-Al2O3inCH4combustion

Summary A strong promoting effect of the presence of C₃H₈or C₃H₆was determined for the combustion of CH₄in excess oxygen, over pre-sulfated 1%Pt/g-Al₂O₃and pre-sulfated 1%Pt-2%Sn/g-Al₂O₃catalysts.</o:p>     

Synthesis of chlorobis/β-diketonato/oxotechnetium/V/ and tris/β-diketonato/technetium/III/ complexes

Chlorobis/-diketonato/ oxotechnetium/V/ complexes [TcOCl/-dik/₂, -diketone=acetylacetone, benzoylacetone and dibenzoylmethane] were newly synthesized using macroamount of⁹⁹Tc. These complexes were further separated into geometrical isomers. Furthermore, an improvement of the yields for the syntheses of tris/-dike-tonato/technetium/III/ complexes [Tc/-dik/₃, -diketone=acetylacetone, benzoylacetone and 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone] was examined using Tc/III/-thiourea complexes as a starting material.     

Crystal structure of Na3PO4 · 12H2O

The crystal structure of trisodium monophosphate hemihydrate was determined. The space group is $\text{C2}\text{c}$ and a unit cell contains eight formula units. The unit cell dimensions of $\text{Na}{}_3\text{PO}{}_4\text{·}\text{1}\text{2}\text{H}{}_2\text{O}$ are a = 9.631(3), b = 5.416(2), c = 16.938(8) Å, β = 102.60(5)°. The final R value is 0.027 for a set of 1430 independent reflections. This atomic arrangement is mainly a three-dimensional network of distorted NaO₆ octahedra. The hydrogen bonding scheme is given.     

Direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate ?from CH3OH AND CO2 by H3PW12O40/CexTi1-xO2 catalyst

Summary Ce_xTi_1-xO₂ and H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_xTi_1-xO₂ catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method, and applied to the direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from methanol and carbon dioxide. H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_xTi_1-xO₂ showed a better catalytic performance than the corresponding Ce_xTi_1-xO₂, due to the bifunctional catalysis of Br?nsted acid sites (provided by H₃PW₁₂O₄₀) and base sites (provided by Ce_xTi_1-xO₂). H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_0.1Ti_0.9O₂ showed the highest catalytic performance among the H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_xTi_1-xO₂ catalysts.     

Carbon black and propylene oxidation over Ru/CoxMgyAl2Oz catalysts

The effects of Co_xMg_yAl₂O_z mixed oxides composition and ruthenium addition on the oxidation of propylene and carbon black (CB) were investigated. Different reactive cobalt and ruthenium oxide species were formed following calcination at 600 °C. The addition of ruthenium was beneficial for the CB oxidation under “loose contact” conditions and for propylene oxidation when the cobalt content was intermediate to low. The calculated activation energy for CB oxidation was decreased from 151 kJ mol⁻¹ for the uncatalyzed reaction to 111 kJ mol⁻¹ over the best catalyst.     

Synthesis and characterization of Ti1−2xNbxNixO2−x/2 solid solutions

Doped-rutile has been traditionally used in ceramic pigments for its intense optical properties. In this paper, we compare the classical ceramic synthesis of Ti_1−2xNb_xNi_xO_2−x/2 system with the sol-gel methodology, which allows a reduction of the anatase-rutile transformation temperature. The composition was optimised in order to obtain a unique rutile phase with the minimum amount of pollutant Ni(II) and enhanced chromatic coordinates. Incorporation of the doping ions in the rutile structure was corroborated by XRD and Rietveld refinements. The species responsible for the colour mechanism were studied by different techniques. UV-VIS spectroscopy showed the characteristic features of Ni²⁺ ions, whose existence was corroborated by EPR and magnetic measurements. From these results, (Ni,Nb)doped-TiO₂ powder samples can be now shaped as thin films, monoliths, etc. by using sol-gel methodology without modifying their properties. This study introduces new possibilities of coloured TiO₂-based solid solutions in new combined advanced applications (colouring agent and photocatalyst, etc.).     

Structure refinement, dielectric, pyroelectric and Raman characterizations of Ba1−xLax(1−y)/2Euxy/2Nax/2TiO3 solid solution

The perovskite-type oxides Ba_1−xLa_x(1−y)/2Eu_xy/2Na_x/2TiO₃ (0?x?0.5 and xy=0.04) were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction as well as dielectric measurements and Raman spectroscopy. The crystal structure of these ceramics has been determined by the Rietveld refinement powder X-ray diffraction data at room temperature. These compounds crystallize at room temperature in tetragonal space group P4mm for 0?x?0.1 and in the cubic group for 0.2?x?0.5. The phase transition temperature T_C (or T_m) decreases as x content increases. The degree of diffuseness of the phase transition is more pronounced for higher x content, implying the existence of a composition-induced diffuse phase transition of the ceramics with x?0.1. The evolution of the Raman spectra was studied as a function of various compositions at room temperature. The polarization state was checked by pyroelectric measurements.     

LixZryOz三元化合物的制备及表征

采用高温固相法制备了4种高纯度晶相组成的LixZryOz三元化合物,研究了焙烧温度、时间、反应物的种类和初始反应物物质的量比对产物组成的影响,进一步用XRD、SEM及BET分析方法对产物的晶相结构、表面形貌及比表面积进行了表征.实验结果表明,Li2CO3与ZrO2在适当条件下可以合成得到单斜相Li3ZrO3;以LiOH替代Li2CO3,在适当条件下可以分别合成得到四方相Li2ZrO3和三斜/单斜相Li6Zr2O7;进一步以Zr(NO3)4·5H2O代替Zr02,可将单斜相Li6Zr2O7的制备时间由96 h缩短至24 h.SEM照片显示产物硬团聚明显,粒径分布在1～10μm间,BET分析表明样品比表面积处于1.0～9.0 m2·g-1间分布,反应过程中锂的过量以及长时间高温焙烧是引起产物粒径长大和产生硬团聚的主要原因.