烯烃氢甲酰化反应的原位红外光谱表征

将原位红外光谱表征方法用于探测Rh-PBu3-EtOH体系中的庚烯氢甲酰化制辛醇的反应历程及活性物种的形成过程和以Al₂O₃为载体的Rh-PPh3催化剂活性物种的活化及氧化失活过程的研究.     

钴催化α-己烯氢甲酰化反应区域选择性研究

采用密度泛函理论方法,研究了膦配体(L)配位催化活性中间体HCo(CO)2L的电子效应和位阻效应,对α-己烯氢甲酰化反应区域选择的影响.膦配体具有强吸电子能力,可提高HCo(CO)2L的稳定性;同时PPh3配体具有大的空间位阻,抑制了α-己烯吸附配位至HCo(CO)2L、以及C=C双键与C o–H键以支链反应路径加成....     

高活性离子液体-铑膦络合物体系催化1-己烯氢甲酰化反应

 The hydroformylation of 1-hexene catalyzed by rhodium-TPPTS complexes in the ionic liquid [bmim]BF4 was studied. The activity and selectivity of the rhodium-TPPTS complexes in [bmim]BF4 were much higher than those reported in other ionic liquids. The TOF of 1-hexene and selectivity for aldehyde were 1508 h-1 and 92%, respectively, under the optimum conditions. The high activity of the catalyst is ascribed to the absence of halide ions as well as the much higher solubility of hydrogen and rhodium-TPPTS complexes in [bmim]BF4 than in [bmim]PF6.     

室温离子液体中水溶性铑膦配合物催化1-己烯氢甲酰化反应的研究

研究了水溶性膦配体铑配合物在若干离子液体中的1-己烯氢甲酰化反应性能．通过改变离子液体的阴阳离子结构,可使水溶性TPPTS-铑配合物在离子液体中表现出较高的卜己烯氢甲酰化反应活性和选择性;在[BMI]BF4离子液体中加入适量的水,可提高TPPTS-铑配合物的催化活性;在[BMI]BF4离子液体中,水／有机两亲性膦配体与铑形成的配合物,反应后催化剂与产物自动分层,实现催化剂的循环使用．本文结果表明,水溶性膦配体铑配合物的催化活性与其在离子液体中的溶解度密切相关．     

钴基催化剂催化环己烯氢甲酰化研究

以氯化钴和锰铁合金粉为钴基催化体系的前驱体,研究了该催化剂体系对环己烯氢甲酰化反应制备环己烷基甲醛的催化性能;并考察了溶剂、温度、压力等反应条件的影响.实验结果表明,选用四氢呋喃作为溶剂,反应的活性较高,选择性较好.在反应温度为145℃,合成气压力为8.0MPa,钴与烯烃的物质的量的比为0.01,反应时间为0.5h条件下,能得到环己烯的转化率为89%,环己烷基甲醛的选择性达到96%的结果.     

钴纳米粒子催化水相费托合成

水相费托合成可以在远低于传统温度下实现,其低温高效的特点使其具有重要的应用潜力. 本文制备了水相稳定且可循环利用的Co纳米粒子并应用于水相费托反应,150℃下活性为7.4×10^-7mol_CO g_Co^-1 s^-1,C₅₊选择性接近40%,是目前纯钴水相费托合成的最好结果,而其它方法合成的催化剂在150℃时活性低下. 对催化剂进行了粒径、结构、成分测定和原位红外光谱检测,研究了催化剂在反应中的重构过程和B掺杂效应.     

羟基钴催化氢甲酰化反应的理论研究

采用有效核势能近似(ECP)从头算方法,在HF/LANL2DZ水平下研究了羰基钴催化的氢甲酰化反应循环中的羰基插入、H2 氧化加成和脱氢还原系列基元反应步骤的反应机理.优化得到了反应基态势能面的中间体、过渡态和产物的几何构型.计算了反应活化位垒,并对各过渡态进行了振动分析以确认.理论计算结果表明,羰基插入、H2 氧化加成、脱氢还原的基元反应步骤的活化位垒分别为67.79、139.11和44.78kJ·mol-1.     

负载水溶性铑－膦配合物催化1－己烯氢甲酰化反应的研究

将水溶性铑－膦配合物Ｒｈｃｉ（ＣＯ）（ＴＰＰＴＳ）＿２（ＴＰＰＴＳ：Ｐ－（ｍ－Ｃ＿６Ｈ＿４ＳＯ＿３Ｎａ）＿３）负载于扩孔硅胶上,制成负载水相催化剂（ＳＡＰＣ）,在高压反应釜中研究其催化１－己烯氢甲酰化的性能。结果表明,催化剂的水含量对其活性影响很大,在一较窄的水含量范围内（２５—３５ｗｔ％）,催化剂活性急剧增大,且存在一极大值,表现出水膜催化剂的特性。反应温度、总压和ＣＯ／Ｈ＿２分压、Ｒｈ／Ｐ比的影响,与使用烃溶性能。三苯膦络合催化剂时有类似规律,溶剂的影响不明显,实验证明,ＳＡＰＣ具有良好催化活性,ＳｉＯ＿２上负载的铑配合物不会被原料和产物洗提而造成流失,有利于催化剂的稳定和重复使用。     

铱基催化1-已烯氢甲酰化反应的研究

自1938年Otto Roelen从事Fisher-Ttopsch发现氢甲酰化反应以来,这类反应一直是有机合成和金属催化领域热点之一。目前合成醛及其衍生物的氢甲酰化反应已成为金属均相催化体系中使用可溶性催化剂最大的工业应用范例。而自20世纪90年代出现的Cativa(铱基催化剂),因具有原料价格低,稳定性好,易溶解,     

Kinetics and mechanisms of homogeneous catalytic reactions: Part 6. Hydroformylation of 1-hexene by use of Rh(acac)(CO)2/dppe [dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane] as the precatalyst

A kinetic study of the homogeneous hydroformylation of 1-hexene to the corresponding aldehydes (heptanal and 2-methyl-hexanal) was carried out using a rhodium catalyst formed by addition of 1 equiv. of 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe) to Rh(acac)(CO)₂ under mild reaction conditions (80 °C, 1–7 atm H₂ and 1–7 atm CO) in toluene; in all cases linear to branched ratios were close to 2. The reaction rate is first-order in dissolved hydrogen concentration at pressures below 3 atm, but independent of this parameter at higher pressures. In both regimes (low and high H₂ pressure), the initial rate was first-order with respect to the concentration of Rh and fractional order with respect to 1-hexene concentration. Increasing CO pressure had a positive effect on the rate up to a threshold value above which inhibition of the reaction was observed; the range of positive order on CO concentration is smaller when the total pressure is increased. The kinetic data and related coordination chemistry are consistent with a mechanism involving RhH(CO)(dppe) as the active species initiating the cycle, hydrogenolysis of the acyl intermediate as the rate-determining step of the catalytic cycle at low hydrogen pressure, and migratory insertion of the olefin into the metal-hydride bond as rate limiting at high hydrogen pressure. This catalytic cycle is similar to the one commonly accepted for RhH(CO)(PPh₃)₃ but different from previous proposals for Rh-diphosphine catalysts.     

Kinetics and mechanisms of homogeneous catalytic reactions: Part 7. Hydroformylation of 1-hexene catalyzed by cationic complexes of rhodium and iridium containing PPh3

Cationic rhodium and iridium complexes of the type [M(COD)(PPh₃)₂]PF₆ (M = Rh, 1a; Ir, 1b) are efficient precatalysts for the hydroformylation of 1-hexene to its corresponding aldehydes (heptanal and 2-methylhexanal), under mild pressures (2–5 bar) and temperatures (60 °C for Rh and 100 °C for Ir) in toluene solution; the linear to branched ratio (l/b) of the aldehydes in the hydroformylation reaction varies slightly (between 3.0 and 3.7 for Rh and close to 2 for Ir). Kinetic and mechanistic studies have been carried out using these cationic complexes as catalyst precursors. For both complexes, the reaction proceeds according to the rate law r_i = K₁K₂K₃k₄[M][olef][H₂][CO]/([CO]² + K₁[H₂][CO] + K₁K₂K₃[olef][H₂]). Both complexes react rapidly with CO to produce the corresponding tricarbonyl species [M(CO)₃(PPh₃)₂]PF₆, M = Rh, 2a; Ir, 2b, and with syn-gas to yield [MH₂(CO)₂(PPh₃)₂]PF₆, M = Rh, 3a; Ir, 3b, which originate by CO dissociation the species [MH₂(CO)(PPh₃)₂]PF₆ entering the corresponding catalytic cycle. All the experimental data are consistent with a general mechanism in which the transfer of the hydride to a coordinated olefin promoted by an entering CO molecule is the rate-determining step of the catalytic cycle.     

锚链固定的多相化铑膦配合物氢甲酰化反应催化剂的制备及其催化性能

以溶胶-凝胶与锚链固定相结合的方法制备了新型多相化羰基铑膦配合物催化剂.利用FT-IR,XPS和ICP对催化剂进行了表征.考察了该催化剂对1-己烯氢甲酰化反应的催化性能,得到较佳的反应条件,即反应温度100℃、反应时间12h、催化剂用量为0.3382g(相当于金属铑含量为4.4×10-5mol)、反应压力5.0MPa.此时1-己烯的转化率为98.5%、醛的选择性92.4%、n/i比1.43.该催化剂循环使用7次仍具有较高的催化活性和选择性,表明该催化剂具有好的循环使用性能.XPS、ICP分析证明铑的部分流失主要是由于氢甲酰化反条件下CO取代膦配体所致.     

A general route for the synthesis of hydrido-carboxylate complexes of the type MH(CO)(κ-OCOR)(PPh3)2 [M = Ru,Os; R = CH3, CH2Cl,C6H5, CH(CH3)2] and their use as precatalysts for hydrogenation and hydroformylation reactions

The synthesis and solid-state IR, ¹H and ³¹P{¹H} NMR spectroscopic characterization of complexes of the type MH(CO)(κ³-OCOR)(PPh₃)₂ [M = Ru, Os; R = CH₃, CH₂Cl, C₆H₅ and CH(CH₃)₂] are reported in this paper. These compounds were obtained by reaction of the respective cationic complex [MH(CO)(NCMe)₂(PPh₃)₂]BF₄ with the sodium salt of the corresponding carboxylic acid in a 1:1 v/v dichloromethane/methanol solution at room temperature. The spectroscopic data of these complexes and some DFT calculations reveal an octahedral geometry with a bidentated carboxylate, two equivalent triphenylphosphines in a mutually trans positions, a linear hydride and a linear carbonyl both in the cis-positions of the coordination sphere. The catalytic results indicate that these complexes are efficient and regioselective precatalysts for the quinoline hydrogenation and for the hydroformylation of 1-hexene, under mild reaction conditions (130 °C and 4 atm H₂ and 120 °C and 15 atm H₂/CO, respectively). For benzothiophene hydrogenation, the osmium complexes showed low activities whereas the analogous ruthenium complexes were catalytically inactive under somewhat more drastic reaction conditions to those of the quinoline hydrogenation (140 °C and 10 atm H₂).     

Protic metal-containing ionic liquids as catalysts: Cooperative effects between anion and cation

HCo(CO)₄ is known to be the active species in the cobalt-catalyzed hydroformylation reaction. Although it is known that the anion [Co(CO)₄]⁻ is catalytically inactive, some cobalt carbonyl-containing ionic liquids are surprisingly able to catalyze hydroformylation reactions. However, only ionic liquids with protic cations demonstrate activity, whilst aprotic cations such as BMIM⁺ result in a completely inactive compound. The four applied cobalt-containing ionic liquids differ only by the cation component. Their different performance in catalytic activity allows the presumption of cooperative effects between the cation and the anion. These fundamental influences of the cation on the hydroformylation kinetics give hints for the reaction mechanism of biphasic hydroformylation reactions as well as on the reaction pathways of the conventional hydroformylation reaction under different reaction conditions.     

Kinetics of 1-hexene dimerization catalyzed by a liquid-phase nickel complex

Reaction rates and activation energies for the oligomerization of 1-hexene catalyzed by a nickel complex of the formula Ni(F₃COO)(C₇H₁₅COO) have been measured at temperatures varying between 0 and 20°C. Diethyl aluminium chloride was used as cocatalyst.     

PETPP／Rh配合物催化剂的原位红光外光谱研究

利用原位红外光谱,考察了PETPP/Rh催化剂在CO/H2气氛下的活化情况,并监测1-十二碳烯氢甲酰化的反应过程。实验结果表明,在PETPP/Rh配合物催化剂中,膦配体主要以配位数少的形式存在,因而氢甲酰化反应产物醛的正/异比较低。     

纳米金汞核-壳粒子的电化学制备及其光谱性质

在聚乙烯吡啶修饰导电玻璃电极表面进行了金纳米粒子的二维单层结构组装,通过电沉积方法在金粒子表面制备了纳米汞壳层.研究结果表明,汞壳层的形成导致了内部金粒子表面等离子体共振的谱峰红移和强度衰减.吸附于汞壳表面的结晶紫分子因可承受被金核增强的电磁场,而使其拉曼散射得到极大的增强.