用于乙炔氢氯化反应的活性炭负载铋无汞催化剂(英文)

采用浸渍法制备了活性炭负载铋无汞催化剂,并通过X射线衍射、氮气物理吸附、透射电镜、扫描电镜和X射线电子能谱等方法对催化剂进行了表征。对催化剂进行了催化乙炔氢氯化反应性能的研究,结果表明,催化剂对乙炔氢氯化反应具有良好的催化性能,活性组分主要以BiOCl的形式存在于催化剂表面。反应过程中积碳的产生使得催化剂活性有所降低。     

水蒸汽活化活性炭及其负载乙炔氢氯化铋基催化剂（英文）

以水蒸汽活化的两种活性炭为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了一系列Bi/AC催化剂,考察了其对乙炔氢氯化反应的催化性能。分别通过氮气吸附脱附实验(BET)、扫描电镜(SEM)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和热重分析(TGA)对活性炭和催化剂进行表征。结果表明,水蒸汽活化重整了活性炭的孔径和孔道,尤其是介孔材质活性炭,增加了其比表面积,形成了新的微孔结构;积碳是Bi/AC催化剂失活的主要原因,水蒸汽活化抑制了积碳,并增加了BiOCl的结晶度和分散性,提高了对乙炔氢氯化反应的催化性能。     

水蒸汽活化活性炭及其负载乙炔氢氯化铋基催化剂

以水蒸汽活化的两种活性炭为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了一系列Bi/AC催化剂,考察了其乙炔氢氯化反应的催化性能。分别通过氮气吸附脱附实验(BET),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),傅里叶变换红外(FTIR),透射电子显微镜(TEM),X射线粉末衍射(XRD),X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和热重分析(TGA)对活性炭和催化剂进行表征。结果表明：（1）水蒸汽活化重整了活性炭的孔径和孔道,尤其是介孔材质活性炭,增加了其比表面积,形成了新的微孔结构。（2）积碳是Bi/AC催化剂失活的主要原因,水蒸汽活化抑制了积碳,并增加了BiOCl的结晶度和分散性,提高了乙炔氢氯化反应的催化性能。     

CuCl_2/13X催化剂在乙炔氢氯化反应中的应用

将13X分子筛与氯化铜活性组分相结合,制备了稳定性和选择性优异的乙炔氢氯化反应催化剂CuCl_2/13X.系统考察了氯化铜负载量、反应温度、反应气空速、预处理温度对CuCl_2/13X催化剂反应性能的影响.发现经300℃预处理后,在反应温度220℃和乙炔空速30 h~(-1)条件下,氯化铜负载量25%的25CuCl_2/13X催化剂具有最佳的反应性能,乙炔转化率高于78%、氯乙烯选择性超过99%,反应16 h后催化剂的活性和选择性稳定且略有升高.运用低温氮气物理吸附、穿透实验、热重分析以及X射线衍射分析等手段对催化剂及反应过程进行了表征.分析了反应条件对结果产生影响的原因,并发现催化剂对HCl的强吸附性能和13X与氯化铜之间的相互促进作用,是CuCl_2/13X性能优于CuCl_2/AC的原因.     

一种高效稳定的低负载量的氯化-2-羟乙基三甲胺改性钌基催化剂用于乙炔氢氯化反应（英文）

来自煤化工的乙炔氢氯化生产氯乙烯的工艺由于其经济优势成为我国生产PVC的主要路线.为了降低该工艺中汞触媒催化剂对环境的毒害,开发高效环保的乙炔氢氯化无汞催化剂刻不容缓.但已有研究表明,稳定性差和价格高昂成为制约乙炔氢氯化非汞催化剂工业化的瓶颈.由此,我们选用价格低廉、催化活性良好的RuCl_3作为催化剂的前驱体,采用浸渍法制备了低负载量的氯化-2-羟乙基三甲胺改性RuCl_3的催化剂,其中活性组分在ESI-MS中观测到是一种离子型配合物,其阴阳离子分别为RuCl_4~–和C_5H_(14)NO~+.该催化剂在乙炔氢氯化反应中的测试结果表明,氯化-2-羟乙基三甲胺的加入可以显著提高催化活性和稳定性.通过透射电镜(TEM)和扫描-透射电镜(STEM)表征表明,该催化体系的活性组分具有良好的分散性,季铵盐[Me_3NCH_2CH_2OH]Cl不仅与RuCl_3形成配合物为活性组分,其过量时也提供了一个溶剂环境,能够稳定活性组分不团聚.透射电镜和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)结果共同表明,相比于单一负载的RuCl_3催化剂,该催化体系中Ru物种基本保持在+3氧化态,不易在制备过程中被氧化或在反应过程中被还原性气体乙炔还原为金属颗粒,表现出了良好的稳定性.程序升温脱附(TPD)结果表明,氯化-2-羟乙基三甲胺这一季铵盐的加入能够大幅度提升体系对氯化氢的吸附,降低体系对乙炔和产物氯乙烯的吸附,从而促进乙炔氢氯化反应的进行,减少体系吸附乙炔或氯乙烯过强导致的积炭现象.另一方面,本工作中采用密度泛函理论方法研究了乙炔氢氯化非汞催化剂的性质、催化剂与反应物的吸附和相互作用模式.其中吸附能的计算结果表明,活性组分和季铵盐都能够提升对氯化氢的吸附,季铵盐还能够抑制体系对乙炔的吸附,计算结果与TPD的结果基本一致.对反应物和催化剂之间的相互作用进行了考察,发现该体系对氯化氢存在一个协同活化的作用,能够促进H–Cl共价键的异裂,有利于跨越传统催化剂对氯化氢吸附和活化的障碍.此外,该催化体系对乙炔氢氯化过程也展现了一个协同催化的模式,为乙炔氢氯化无汞非均相催化剂的设计提供了参考     

Cu/HY催化剂在乙炔氢氯化反应中的性能及其失活原因

采用等体积浸渍法制备了以分子筛为载体的铜基无汞催化剂(Cu/HY),在固定床反应器中,考察了Cu/HY催化剂用于乙炔氢氯化反应制取氯乙烯的催化性能,并采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量散射光谱(EDS)、电感耦合等离子光谱(ICP-AES)、氮气吸脱附(BET)、热重分析(TG)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征手段对反应前后的催化剂进行了表征和分析。 结果表明,反应温度为160 ℃,常压,空速为120 h^-1,V(HCl)/V(C₂H₂)=1.25,Cu的负载质量分数为15%时,Cu/HY催化剂的乙炔氢氯化性能最佳,乙炔转化率可达84%,氯乙烯选择性始终大于95%,且具有较好的稳定性;通过表征分析,认为催化剂表面形成积碳,铜活性物种的还原、团聚和流失是导致Cu/HY催化剂活性下降的主要原因。     

掺氮石墨烯-铜基催化剂的制备及催化性能

采用水热法合成掺氮石墨烯(N/GN),通过超声辅助等体积浸渍法制备掺氮石墨烯-铜基催化剂(Cu-N/GN)。通过XRD、SEM、TEM、N2吸附脱附、XPS和XAES对催化剂的微观结构、形貌及元素组成进行表征,并考察Cu-N/GN对乙炔氢氯化反应的催化性能。结果表明:在催化剂中铜颗粒尺寸较小、均匀分布于N/GN片层上,且铜含量较低(3.6%);Cu-N/GN对乙炔氢氯化反应的催化效果良好,乙炔转化率为68%,氯乙烯选择性为99%。     

Bi@H_2O_2预处理活性炭催化剂及其对乙炔氢氯化催化活性

用过氧化氢对椰壳活性炭载体进行预处理,以氯化铋溶液为前驱体,等体积浸渍法制备了Bi@H_2O_2预处理活性炭催化剂,将其用于乙炔氢氯化反应,考察其催化活性。考察了不同浓度过氧化氢对催化剂乙炔氢氯化反应活性的影响。结果表明,与未处理的催化剂相比,处理后催化剂活性有所提高。浓度为15%过氧化氢预处理后催化剂活性提高了37%左右,效果较佳。傅里叶-红外(FT-IR)、元素分析(EDS)、氮气物理吸附脱附(BET)、X射线衍射(XRD)和程序升温还原(TPR)、热重(TG)等表征说明:过氧化氢预处理增加了活性炭载体表面的含氧基团,改变了活性炭载体的孔结构,适当的过氧化氢浓度预处理增大了载体比表面积和孔容,因此促进了活性组分吸附,改善了活性组分与载体间的相互作用,促进了活性组分在载体表面的分散与结晶,提高催化活性。     

小麦粉衍生中孔氮掺杂颗粒炭负载金催化剂用于乙炔氢氯化反应（英文）

聚氯乙烯是五大工程塑料之一,在国民经济中占有重要的地位.基于中国富煤少油缺气的能源格局,我国主要采用基于煤化工的电石法氯乙烯生产工艺,但该工艺必须采用氯化汞催化剂,受到国际限汞公约的影响,无汞催化剂的开发迫在眉睫.其中炭负载金催化剂在该反应中活性最高,近几年来取得了较大进展,有望实现产业化.氮掺杂的炭材料在诸多反应中展现了较好的性能,其负载金属催化剂可以有效提高金属的分散度及稳定性,成为近几年多相催化领域的一个研究热点.最近我们课题组报道了一种氮掺杂中孔成型的制备方法:以小麦粉为原料,通过直接炭化法制备了氮掺杂中孔成型炭,这种氮掺杂中孔成型炭作为无汞催化剂在乙炔氢氯化反应中显示出了优异的催化性能.小麦粉衍生的氮掺杂中孔成型炭具有成型容易.原料价廉易得、易于放大生产等优点,是优选的工业化催化剂的载体.本文以这种氮掺杂的成型炭为载体制备了负载型金催化剂,研究其催化乙炔氢氯化性能.结果表明,氮的掺杂使得中孔炭负载金(Au/N-MC)催化剂上乙炔氢氯化活性明显提高.在氯化氢/乙炔比例1.1、反应温度180℃、乙炔空速600 h~(-1)的条件下,Au/N-MC上的乙炔转化率为50%,是Au/MC催化剂活性的2倍.通过对催化剂的表征发现,氮的掺杂能有效地锚定Au/N-MC催化剂中活性组分Au~(3+),抑制催化剂制备过程中Au~(3+)还原为Au~0,从而提高催化剂活性和稳定性.小麦粉衍生的氮掺杂中孔炭的原料廉价易得,生产工艺简单,易成型,也容易实现工业化生产,是负载型金属催化剂的优良载体,其负载的无汞催化剂性能优越,有望取代电石法氯乙烯产业的汞催化剂,成为新一代无汞催化剂.     

原位掺杂法制备氮掺杂中孔炭及乙炔氢氯化反应性能

聚氯乙烯(PVC)是世界五大工程塑料之一,在工业、农业、建筑、电力及通信等领域有着非常广泛的应用.氯乙烯(VCM)作为合成 PVC的单体,其生产工艺以源于煤化工路线的乙炔氢氯化法工艺为主,但是该工艺目前采用的是氯化汞催化剂,存在较为严重的环境污染问题.开发新型无汞催化剂成为电石法生产 VCM亟待解决的问题.氮掺杂炭基非金属催化剂成本低廉,制备简单,在诸多反应中展现了较好的性能,成为近几年多相催化领域的一个研究热点,在乙炔氢氯化反应中也具有较好的活性,但是对活性中心的鉴别及制备方法的研究还有待深入.本文报道了一种一步原位尿素掺杂氮的中孔炭的制备方法,采用氮气吸附-脱附、高分辨透射电子显微镜、元素分析和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征手段研究了氮掺杂中孔炭的结构、氮含量及存在形式,并与两步尿素改性方法做了对比,探究了氮掺杂形式与中孔炭乙炔氢氯化反应性能之间的关系,同时考察了尿素用量对氮掺杂中孔炭的氮含量和存在形式的影响.元素分析结果表明,原位合成法能有效地将氮掺杂进骨架中,随着制备过程中尿素用量增加,得到的氮掺杂中孔炭中的氮含量增加,可达3.6 wt%.后处理法的掺氮效果较差,材料氮含量仅为0.2 wt%. XPS测试进一步表明,一步法原位法可以得到石墨型氮占据主导地位的氮掺杂中孔炭,石墨型氮约占70%左右,后处理制备的氮掺杂中孔炭中石墨氮、吡啶氮和吡咯氮三种形式含量相差不大.对不同方法合成的氮掺杂介孔炭的乙炔氢氯化反应催化性能进行了评价,结果显示,无论是原位合成还是后处理制备的氮掺杂中孔炭,其活性均比中孔炭得到一定提升.氮的引入能有效提高材料的乙炔氢氯化反应性能.原位合成法制备的氮掺杂中孔炭在乙炔氢氯化反应中的催化性能远高于后处理法.对于原位合成的氮掺杂中孔炭,在一定范围内,随着氮含量的增加,催化活性提高,但当尿素用量过高时,虽然氮含量增加,催化活性却有所下降,这归因于孔结构坍塌和比表面积下降.     

One-pot synthesis of nitrogen and sulfur co-doped activated carbon supported AuCl3 as efficient catalysts for acetylene hydrochlorination

Commercialization of acetylene hydrochlorination using AuCl₃ catalysts has been impeded by its poor stability. We have been studying that nitrogen-modified Au/NAC catalyst delivered a stable performance which can improve acetylene hydrochlorination activity and has resistance to catalytic deactivation. Here we show that nitrogen and sulfur co-doped activated carbon supported AuCl₃ catalyst worked as efficient catalysts for the hydrochlorination of acetylene to vinyl chloride. Au/NSAC catalyst demonstrated high activity comparative to Au/AC catalyst. Furthermore, it also delivered stable performance within the selectivity of acetylene, reaching more than 99.5%, and there was only a 3.3% C₂H₂ conversion loss after running for 12 h under the reaction conditions of a temperature of 180℃ and a C₂H₂ hourly space velocity of 1480 h 1. The presence of the sulfur atoms may serve to immobilize/anchor the Au and also help prevent reduction and sintering of the Au and hence improve the catalytic activity and stability. The excellent catalytic performance of the Au/NSAC catalyst demonstrated its potential as an alternative to mercury chloride catalysts for acetylene hydrochlorination.     

The catalytic performance of metal-free defected carbon catalyst towards acetylene hydrochlorination revealed from first-principles calculation

Defected carbon materials as a metal-free catalyst have shown superior stability and catalytic performance in the acetylene hydrochlorination reaction. Through density functional theory (DFT) calculations, for the first time, several different defected configurations comprising mono and divacancies and Stone Wales defect on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been used as a direct catalyst for acetylene hydrochlorination reaction. These defective sites on SWCNTs are the most active site for acetylene hydrochlorination reaction compare to pristine SWCNT. The different configurations of defects have different electronic structures, which specify that monovacancy defects have more states adjacent to the Fermi level. The reactant acetylene (C₂H₂) adsorbed strongly compared to hydrogen chloride (HCl) and expected to be the initial step of the reaction. Acetylene adsorbed strongly at monovacancy defected SWCNT compared to other investigated defects. Reaction pathway analysis revealed that mono- and divacancy defected SWCNTs have minimum energy barriers and show extraordinary performance toward acetylene hydrochlorination. This work suggests the potential of metal-free defected carbon in catalyzing acetylene hydrochlorination and provides a solid base for future developments in acetylene hydrochlorination.     

Pyrrolidone ligand improved Cu‐based catalysts with high performance for acetylene hydrochlorination

A series of Cu‐pyrrolidone/spherical activated carbon (SAC) catalysts were prepared via a simple incipient wetness impregnation method and then assessed in acetylene hydrochlorination, and the catalytic evaluation result indicated that the 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone (NMP) ligand was found to be the most effective one to significantly improve the activity and stability of Cu catalyst. The catalyst with the optimal molar ratio of NMP/Cu = 0.25 showed 94.2% acetylene conversion at 180°C and an acetylene gas hourly space velocity of 180 h^?1. Moreover, the acetylene conversion of Cu‐0.25NMP/SAC remained stable over 99.1% for about 220 h under the industrial condition. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses proved that NMP ligand improved the dispersion of Cu species. In addition, hydrogen temperature‐programmed reduction (H₂‐TPR), X‐ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Brunner–Emmet–Teller (BET) indicated that the additive of NMP was preferential to stabilize the catalytic active Cu⁺ and Cu²⁺ species and inhibit the reduction of Cu^α+ to Cu⁰ during the preparation process and reaction, hence restraining the coke deposition. Furthermore, the steady coordination structure between Cu and NMP was confirmed by Fourier‐transform infrared spectra (FT‐IR) and Raman combining with density functional theory (DFT) calculation, which could effectively lower the adsorption energy of catalyst for C₂H₂ and inhibit the serious carbon deposition caused by excessive acetylene self‐accumulation. Our findings suggest that the efficient, well‐stabilized cost‐effective, and environmentally friendly Cu catalyst has great potential in acetylene hydrochlorination.     

Efficient and stable Ru(III)-choline chloride catalyst system with low Ru content for non-mercury acetylene hydrochlorination

Herein, we report an excellent, supported Ru(III)-ChCl/AC catalyst with lower Ru content, where the ionic complex ChRuCl₄ serves as the active component for acetylene hydrochlorination. The prepared heterogeneous Ru-10%ChCl/AC catalyst shows excellent activity and long-term stability. In this system, ChCl provides an environment for the ChRuCl₄ to be stabilized as Ru(III), thus suppressing the reduction of the active species and the aggregation of ruthenium species during the reaction. The interaction between reactants and catalyst species was investigated by catalyst characterizations in combination with DFT calculations to disclose the effect of the ChRuCl₄ complex and ChCl on the catalytic performance. This inexpensive, efficient, and long-term catalyst is a competitive candidate for application in the hydrochlorination industry.     

Kinetics of the catalytic hydrochlorination of acetylene on the surface of mechanically preactivated K2PtCl4

The hydrochlorination of acetylene by gaseous HCl is catalyzed at room temperature on the surface of dry K₂PtCl₄ subjected to mechanical preactivation in an acetylene atmosphere. The acetylene hydrochlorination product is formed by trans addition. The kinetic isotope effect (KIE) upon replacing HCl by DCl is 5 ± 1, which is much greater than the KIE found in the catalytic hydrochlorination of acetylene on the surface of mechanically preactivated K₂PtCl₆ (1.9). This discrepancy suggests different reaction mechanisms in these two systems. __________ Translated from Teoreticheskaya i éksperimental’naya Khimiya, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 173–177, May–June, 2006.     

Effect of mechanicochemical treatment on the activity of K<Subscript>2</Subscript>PdCl<Subscript>4</Subscript> in the heterogeneous catalytic hydrochlorination of acetylene

A heterogeneous catalyst for the hydrochlorination of acetylene using gaseous HCl was obtained by prior mechanical activation of K₂PdCl₄ powder in an atmosphere of acetylene or propylene. Active sites are formed during the mechanical treatment in the surface layers of the catalyst, which are Pd(II) complexes with a coordination vacancy.     

Active carbon supported S-promoted Bi catalysts for acetylene hydrochlorination reaction

We synthesized a S doped Bi/AC catalyst for acetylene hydrochlorination. The addition of H₂SO₄ changes the structure of the Bi atoms in the catalyst, resulting in the improvement of the specific surface areas and catalytic efficiency of the Bi-based catalyst under reaction conditions.