扫描电化学显微镜在光电化学研究中的应用

深入研究各种光电化学反应过程的机理和反应动力学性质等对提升光电转换效率、发展绿色高效光伏能源器件具有重要意义.扫描电化学显微镜(SECM)是一种具有高时空分辨率的电化学扫描探针显微镜技术,不仅可以研究光电催化反应的机理和动力学性质,还可以通过光电流反馈模式进行组合成像,实现光电催化剂的性能评估和优选,近年来逐渐成为光电化学研究领域微区观测和反应动力学研究的重要技术手段.本综述系统介绍了SECM在光电化学研究中的应用,首先介绍用于光电化学研究的SECM的实验装置、工作原理和工作模式,然后对SECM在光合作用、光诱导电荷转移、电致化学发光、光解水、太阳能电池等光电化学研究领域的应用进行了详细介绍,最后展望了SECM在光电化学研究领域中的应用发展方向.     

光电化学型半导体生物传感器

光电化学型半导体生物传感器是一种利用半导体的光电特性来检测与光生电流或光生电压相关的待测物质浓度及生化过程参数的分析新技术。随着新兴半导体功能材料及相关加工技术的不断涌现,光电化学型半导体生物传感器已在微型化、集成化、多点及多参数测量方面显现出优势、有望在复杂体系中实现在线高灵敏、快速测定,在生物、医药、环境监测、食品等领域显示出广阔的应用前景。本文主要介绍了光电化学型半导体传感器的基本原理、特点及近几年的研究进展,并对其发展前景做了展望。     

激光扫描光电化学显微技术及其应用进展

综述了激光扫描光电化学显微技术及其在研究金属氢化膜、半导体电极表面修饰、光电化学腐蚀和光电活性物质电沉积过程的应用。     

一种新型光电催化反应器的研制及甲酸的光电催化深度氧化

 研制出一种新型的悬浮态光电催化反应器，并以甲酸为研究对象，对该光电反应器进行了光电流增强和COD脱除的表征．研究了光催化、电催化氧化及光电协同催化体系降解甲酸的电压－电流曲线．数据表明，在相同的电压下，光电协同催化体系的电流远高于电化学氧化体系的电流与光催化体系中光电流之和．同时，还研究了一系列物理化学因素如外加电压、光催化剂浓度和空气流量等对光电催化反应的影响．实验结果表明，自行研制的新型悬浮态光电催化反应器具有良好的协同效应，且所需光催化剂的最佳浓度远低于其他同类光电催化反应器的最佳浓度．在该光电催化反应器中，压缩空气可有效地增强传质效应和悬浮态中光激发的TiO2颗粒在电极表面的碰撞几率，从而使得外电场可有效地捕获光生电子．     

NiOOH/ZnO复合光阳极制备与性能研究

以NiOOH为助催化剂对ZnO进行改性,采用电化学沉积方法制备了纳米阵列结构的NiOOH/ZnO复合光电极。运用X射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、傅立叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)和紫外可见光谱(UV-Vis)等测试手段对样品进行表征,并用电化学方法研究电极材料的光电化学性能。结果表明,制备的复合电极中NiOOH在ZnO表面分布均匀,颗粒大小约为50 nm,该复合电极在紫外和可见光区均表现出优良的光学吸收性能;电化学研究表明,该复合电极电阻率小,在模拟太阳光条件下其光电化学响应性能比ZnO明显增强,且对甲醇有良好的光电催化性质。NiOOH/ZnO复合电极展现出的这些优良光电化学性能,预示其在光电化学领域将会有良好地应用前景。     

TiO2薄膜光电极能带结构和催化活性的初探

以阳极氧化法制得的TiO₂薄膜光电极为工作电极,铂环为对电极,饱和甘汞电极为参比电极,组成光电催化降解苯酚体系.运用电化学阻抗图谱(EIS),测得光电催化过程中TiO₂薄膜光电极的空间电荷层电容,计算出半导体能带结构参数——空间电荷层宽度W.结果证明:当空间电荷层宽度W随阳极偏压增加而增大时,TiO₂薄膜电极光催化活性提高;当其等于薄膜厚度时,光催化活性最好,此时出现最佳偏压值;继续增加偏压,活性反而有所下降.     

光电催化分解水Ⅲ-Ⅴ族半导体光电极薄膜保护策略

Ⅲ-Ⅴ族半导体材料(如GaAs、InP、GaP等)具有抗辐射性能高、温度特性好、耐高温等特点。相比于其他材料构建的光电催化体系,由这类半导体构成的光电极具有更高的太阳能吸收效率和光电转换效率。然而,大多数Ⅲ-Ⅴ族半导体在水溶液电解质中的物理化学性质很不稳定,导致太阳能驱动分解水性能衰减较快。基于此,本文综述了薄膜保护层在改善Ⅲ-Ⅴ族半导体光电极电化学稳定性方面的主要成就和研究现状,分析总结了获得稳定高效的光电反应界面和分解水效率的策略,探讨了导致材料衰减的原因和相应改善措施,最后展望了薄膜保护策略的未来发展前景。     

单手性半导体碳纳米管在生物成像中的研究进展

半导体碳纳米管在生物成像、光热疗法和运载药物等生物医学应用中都展现出明显的优势。特别是生物成像,半导体碳纳米管在近红外生物窗口(0.7～1.4μm)中显示出固有的荧光和强大的光学吸收。半导体碳纳米管不仅可以在体内深层成像中对细胞进行荧光标记,还可以追踪和治疗肿瘤细胞。半导体碳纳米管的电子能带结构和光、电性能均取决于它们的手性,应用于生物医学时,只有采用单手性半导体碳纳米管才能最大限度展现出碳纳米管本身的优势。单手性半导体碳纳米管的分离及其在新型光电子器件和生物荧光成像等相关应用一直是当今科技前沿中的研究热点。本论文将介绍半导体碳纳米管的分离技术和单手性碳纳米管在生物成像领域的研究进展。     

半导体复合纳米粒子的制备,性质及在光电转换方面的应用

介绍了半导体复合纳米粒子的制备方法,光谱性质、光电催化特性和光电化学性质以及在光电太阳能转换方面的应用。     

金属-有机框架材料在光电催化水分解领域的研究进展

光催化分解水是将太阳能转化为化学能的有效手段之一. 相比于粉末光催化, 采用H型电解池的光 电催化方法具有材料选择范围大、 载流子迁移和分离效率高、 电极易于回收等优点. 近年来, 金属有机框架 材料(MOFs)在光电催化水分解领域得到越来越多的应用. 相比于传统无机催化剂, MOFs光电极具有比表面积大、 结构易于调控等独特优势. 本文按照MOFs的应用形式分为纯MOFs、 MOFs与其它催化剂的复合结构和MOFs衍生物3类, 总结了近年来MOFs在光电催化水分解领域的研究现状和进展, 介绍了光催化/电催化领域的部分典型研究成果, 最后讨论了MOFs在光电催化水分解领域研究的重点和热点, 并对其未来发展做出了展望.     

Parametric Study of a Pressure Swing Adsorption Process

The performance of a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) process for production of high purity hydrogen from a binary methane-hydrogen mixture is simulated using a detailed, adiabatic PSA model. An activated carbon is used for selective adsorption of methane over hydrogen. The effects of various independent process variables (feed gas pressure and composition, purge gas pressure and quantity, configuration of process steps) on the key dependent process variables (hydrogen recovery at high purity, hydrogen production capacity) are evaluated. It is demonstrated that many different combinations of PSA process steps, their operating conditions, and the feed gas conditions can be chosen to produce an identical product gas with different hydrogen recovery and productivity.     

基于浓硼扩散层的硅纳米线谐振子制备

纳机电系统(NMES)由于具有体积小、智能化、可靠性高等优点而被广泛研究。其中纳米线谐振子的本征频率能够达到MHz甚至GHz,可应用于各种高性能的质量传感器、谐振器、滤波器等。但是,要制备形貌规则可控的纳米线谐振子,对加工技术要求很高。目前急需一种工艺简单、重复性好、三维尺度可控的硅纳米线制备方法。本文重点研究了基于浓硼扩散层的可集成硅纳米线谐振子的制备方法。该方法采用电子束光刻定义可控尺度硅纳米线,并利用TMAH腐蚀自停止效应实现谐振子的释放。文中还采用SEM对所制备的纳米线谐振子进行了表征。实验结果表明,基于浓硼扩散层制备的硅纳米线谐振子形貌规则,结构可控可调。该方法能够实现可控制的大面积、高产率、低成本、可集成的硅纳米线谐振子制备。     

Pd(II)-Mediated C−H Activation for Cysteine Bioconjugation

Selective bioconjugation remains a significant challenge for the synthetic chemist due to the stringent reaction conditions required by biomolecules coupled with their high degree of functionality. The current trailblazer of transition-metal mediated bioconjugation chemistry involves the use of Pd(II) complexes prepared via an oxidative addition process. Herein, the preparation of Pd(II) complexes for cysteine bioconjugation via a facile C−H activation process is reported. These complexes show bioconjugation efficiency competitive with what is seen in the current literature, with a user-friendly synthesis, common Pd(II) sources, and a more cost-effective ligand. Furthermore, these complexes need not be isolated, and still achieve high conversion efficiency and selectivity of a model peptide. These complexes also demonstrate the ability to selectively arylate a single surface cysteine residue on a model protein substrate, further demonstrating their utility.     

Green synthesis of polyimides and their CNT based nanohybrid shish-kebabs through reaction-induced crystallization of nylon-salt-type monomers in glycerol

A green approach to the synthesis and morphological control of high performance polyimides and their nanohybrid shish-kebabs in glycerol through reaction-induced crystallization of nylon-salt-type monomers was reported. Crystalline polyimide nanoplates can be observed by direct polycondensation of pyromellitic acid with various kinds of aliphatic or aromatic diamines. With the existence of carbon nanotuhes, the polyimides can be successfully decorated on the surface of CNTs through a reaction-induced hetero-epitaxial crystallization process, and resulted in novel polyimide/CNT nanohybrid shish-kebabs （NHSKs） structures. The morphologies of the NHSKs can be fine-tuned through changing the concentration of monomers or the reaction temperature, especially through the introduction of dynamic imine chemistry, the formation process of NHSKs can be attributed to a soft epitaxy mechanism. Thus a green approach for the synthesis of high performance polyimides and their CNT based nanohybrid structures was explored, which should be of great value for their applications in high performance reinforced nanocomposites.     

Spontaneous ionization of N-alkylphenothiazine molecules adsorbed in channel-type zeolites: effects of alkyl chain length and confinement on electron transfer

The mere mixing of N-alkylphenothiazines with three channel-type acid zeolites with various structures (ferrierite, H-MFI, and mordenite) induces the spontaneous ionization of the heterocyclic molecule in high yield upon adsorption. The diffuse reflectance UV-visible absorption and Raman scattering spectra show that the accessibility of the highly polarizing acid sites is not indispensable to induce the spontaneous ionization process. Due to their particularly low ionization potential values (6.7 eV), the adsorption of the molecules on the external surface or in the inner volume is the key parameter to generate the radical cation. However, the ionization yield and charge stabilization are intimately correlated to the possibility of the zeolites accommodating molecules inside their channels. Moreover, the higher electrostatic field gradient induced by high confinement is required to favor the second ionization and dication formation. The alkyl chain length plays a decisive role by either slowing down the diffusion process or blocking the molecule at the pore entry. Therefore, the efficiency of the ionization process that depends on the number of adsorbed molecules decreases significantly from phenothiazine to the N-alkylphenothiazines. The spectral data demonstrate that deformation of the alkyl group is necessary to allow the diffusion of the molecules into the channels.     

流动注射-毛细管电泳联用及应用进展

流动注射是一种高效进样及在线溶液处理手段。毛细管电泳是一种高分离效率、高选择性的分析技术，但传统的毛细管电泳间歇式进样方式效率低且难用于过程分析，将流动注射进样技术与毛细管电泳结合，既弥补了毛细管电泳的进样缺陷，又可兼具两者的优点。有关两种技术的联用一直都在探索之中。文中对近年流动注射一毛细管电泳联用及应用研究进行了综述。     

Industrial analysis possibilities using long-life sealed-tube neutron generators

Long-life sealed tube neutron generators appear very attractive for use in industrial systems, because of their modulation and their high neutron output capabilities. SODERN is now able to put on the market different types of transportable neutron generators, designed for intensive use, called GENIE. The main potential applications are: high sensitivity measurement of transuranic elements in nuclear waste drums, in situ measurements for oil and mineral logging, process control for bulk material or in metallurgy, hidden explosives detection, neutron radiography, etc. ... The present paper shows some examples of how to use such generators most effectively.     

Electrodeposition,properties, and composition of rhenium–nickel alloys

The process of deposition of the Re–Ni alloy, its current efficiency, and the alloy composition are studied as a function of the current density and the solution temperature. The hydrogen content in the deposits, their surface morphology, internal structure, and properties as the cathodic material for HER are examined. It is assumed that besides the high rhenium content, the high catalytic activity of nickel–rhenium alloys is associated with the high degree of their structural disordering.     

Isothiourea‐Catalyzed Atropselective Acylation of Biaryl Phenols via Sequential Desymmetrization/Kinetic Resolution

Axially chiral phenols are attractive targets in organic synthesis. This motif is central to many natural products and widely used as precursors to, or directly, as chiral ligands and catalysts. Despite their utility few simple catalytic methods are available for their synthesis in high enantiopurity. Herein the atropselective acylation of a range of symmetric biaryl diols is investigated using isothiourea catalysis. Studies on a model biaryl diol substrate shows that the high product er observed in the process is a result of two successive enantioselective reactions consisting of an initial enantioselective desymmetrization coupled with a second chiroablative kinetic resolution. Extension of this process to a range of substrates, including a challenging tetraorthosubstituted biaryl diol, led to highly enantioenriched products (14 examples, up to 98:2 er), with either HyperBTM or BTM identified as the optimal catalyst depending upon the substitution pattern within the substrate. Computation has been used to understand the factors that lead to high enantiocontrol in this process, with maintenance of planarity to maximize a 1,5‐S???O interaction within the key acyl ammonium intermediate identified as the major feature that determines atropselective acylation and thus product enantioselectivity.     

Isothiourea-Catalyzed Atropselective Acylation of Biaryl Phenols via Sequential Desymmetrization/Kinetic Resolution

Axially chiral phenols are attractive targets in organic synthesis. This motif is central to many natural products and widely used as precursors to, or directly, as chiral ligands and catalysts. Despite their utility few simple catalytic methods are available for their synthesis in high enantiopurity. Herein the atropselective acylation of a range of symmetric biaryl diols is investigated using isothiourea catalysis. Studies on a model biaryl diol substrate shows that the high product er observed in the process is a result of two successive enantioselective reactions consisting of an initial enantioselective desymmetrization coupled with a second chiroablative kinetic resolution. Extension of this process to a range of substrates, including a challenging tetraorthosubstituted biaryl diol, led to highly enantioenriched products (14 examples, up to 98:2 er), with either HyperBTM or BTM identified as the optimal catalyst depending upon the substitution pattern within the substrate. Computation has been used to understand the factors that lead to high enantiocontrol in this process, with maintenance of planarity to maximize a 1,5-S⋅⋅⋅O interaction within the key acyl ammonium intermediate identified as the major feature that determines atropselective acylation and thus product enantioselectivity.