气相色谱双塔双柱同时测定蔬菜中多种有机氯及拟除虫菊酯类农药残留量

建立了蔬菜及其制品中16种有机氯农药和8种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留量的气相色谱分析方法. 样品用V(丙酮)∶V(正己烷)＝1∶1提取, 加入20 g/L Na2SO4溶液用正己烷进行液液分配, 提取液用硅镁吸附剂层析柱净化, 采用DB-1701与DB-5毛细管柱分离, 双塔同时进样双GC-uECD同时检测, 双柱定性定量, 在两个水平添加时的回收率(n=6)分别为79.8～118.7%和85.6%～118.8%, 相对标准偏差分别为2.1%～9.2%和1.8%～8.6%, 该方法的检出限为有机氯农药0.001 mg/kg, 联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯和三氟氯氰菊酯为0.002 mg/kg, 其余5种拟除虫菊酯类农药0.005 mg/kg.     

基质固相分散净化-气相色谱法测定竹笋中7种农药多残留

通过基质固相分散净化,气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-μ-ECD)检测,建立了竹笋中7种农药多残留测定方法,实现了对竹笋中六六六、滴滴涕、五氯硝基苯、甲氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯和毒死蜱农药多残留的同时测定。在0.05～0.2 mg/kg添加水平下,7种农药的回收率在82.2%～123.5%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于6.1%。该方法适用于竹笋中农药多残留的检测。     

农药残留限量4项国标发布

国家标准化管理委员会不久前发布关于茶叶、叶菜类蔬菜、苹果、梨的4项标准。这些国标分别是：《茶叶中甲基毒死蜱、毒死蝉、二嗪磷、倍硫磷、乙酰甲胺磷、甲胺磷、伏杀硫磷最大残留限量》、《叶菜类蔬菜中甲基毒死蜱最大残留限量》、《叶菜类蔬菜中氯氰菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯和联苯菊酯最大残留限量》、《苹果、梨中氯氰菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯和联苯菊酯最大残留限量》。     

气相色谱法同时测定浓缩苹果汁中6种拟除虫菊酯类农药的残留量

建立了气相色谱法同时测定浓缩苹果汁中联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯、氯菊酯、氰戊菊酯和溴氰菊酯残留量的分析方法.采用HP-5石英毛细管柱(30 m×0.32 mm,0.25μm)和电子捕获检测器测定,用6种农药的基准物质配成混合标准溶液,制作浓度范围在0.1～0.4 mg/L之间的校正曲线,6条曲线的相关系数分别为0.9996、0.9997、0.9992、0.9997、0.9991和0.9985.样品加标回收率为88.1%～106.7%,相对标准偏差为0.014%～0.04%,检出限分别为0.005、0.001、0.0005、0.01、0.005和0.005 mg/kg.     

微波处理-气相色谱法测定蒜薹中多种有机氯、拟除虫菊酯类农药残留

建立了微波处理-气相色谱法快速测定蒜薹中的8种有机氯类、拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的方法。样品切成2 cm左右的小段,采用家用微波炉处理,再用乙腈提取,提取液采用固相萃取技术分离、净化、浓缩后,进气相色谱分析,外标法定性、定量。该方法适用于三唑酮、联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯等8种农药的残留分析。经过添加回收试验,8种农药的平均回收率在76.4%~105.8%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)≤10%,符合农残分析要求。     

加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱-串联质谱法测定罗非鱼中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留量

提出了气相色谱-串联质谱法测定罗非鱼中7种拟除虫菊酯类农药（联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯、氯菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和溴氰菊酯）残留量的方法。样品以环己烷-乙酸乙酯（1+1）混合液为萃取剂,经加速溶剂萃取仪提取后,经Florisil固相萃取小柱净化后,用丙酮-正己烷（1+9）混合液淋洗,洗脱液于45℃水浴氮吹近干后用正己烷定容至1 mL,通过TR-5MS毛细管色谱柱分离,采用电子轰击离子源选择反应监测模式进行质谱测定。7种拟除虫菊酯类农药的检出限（3S/N）在0.20～2.1μg·kg^-1之间。以空白罗非鱼样品为基体,加入标准溶液进行回收试验,测得回收率在57.9%～107%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差（n=6）均小于12.0%。     

烟草中菊酯类农药残留量及其捕集转移率的测定

建立了一种同时测定烟草中5种拟除虫菊酯农药残留量及其捕集转移率的毛细管气相色谱法 ;样品经丙酮提取 ,石油醚萃取 ,硅酸镁载体净化 ,GC -ECD(63Ni)检测 ,外标法定量 ;实验表明 ,加标0.01×10-6～1.0×10-6 含量水平的功夫菊酯和溴氰菊酯 ,回收率为90%～96 % ,加标0.2×10-6～20×10-6 含量水平的甲氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯 ,回收率为92 %～102 % ;同一样品中10次测定这5种菊酯类农药残留量的相对标准偏差为4.4 %～13%。     

磷酸处理-气相色谱法测定含硫蔬菜中的多种有机氯及拟除虫菊酯类农药残留

建立了含硫蔬菜(青葱、洋葱、大蒜、蒜苔、韭菜等)中多种有机氯和拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的测定方法。采用10%磷酸处理含硫蔬菜,去除含硫化合物的干扰,再用1∶1的丙酮-正己烷提取,加入2%的硫酸钠溶液用正己烷进行液液分配,提取液用硅镁吸附剂层析柱净化,用气相色谱-电子俘获检测器检测。样品加标回收率在78.0%~97.8%之间,相对标准偏差在3.0%~9.6%之间。该方法的检出限为有机氯农药0.001 mg/kg,联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯和三氟氯氰菊酯为0.002 mg/kg,其余五种拟除虫菊酯类农药0.005 mg/kg。     

拟除虫菊酯类农药多残留直接竞争ELISA 建立及初步应用

以辣根过氧化物酶对兔抗拟除虫菊酯类农药抗体进行标记,通过优化分析条件和样品前处理方法,建立了可同时检测蔬菜中多种拟除虫菊酯类农药的直接竞争抑制ELISA方法(DC-ELISA),并在实际检测中进行了初步应用.该方法可用于同时检测蔬菜中甲氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯4种农药的残留,检出限(I10)分别为0.25、0.30、0.43、0.81 mg·L-1,青菜样品添加含量为0.5～5.0 mg·kg-1,回收率分别为93%～114%,97%～110%,89%～126%,93%～113%.采用该方法对南京市场抽取的107个样品进行检测,并与气相色谱法进行比较,直接竞争ELISA阳性检出率为8.46%,气相色谱法阳性检出率为3.74%.     

茶叶中除虫菊酯农药残留快速测定法

采用丙酮浸泡、超声提取茶叶中的除虫菊酯，经石墨碳固相小柱净化萃取后，用气相色谱-电子捕获检测法直接测定茶叶中的除虫菊酯的含量。甲氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和溴氰菊酯的回收率为90．4％～110％，测定结果的RSD为3．4％～8．7％（n=5），检出限为0．001～0．006mg／kg。     

Identification and quantitation of pyrethroid pesticide residues in vegetables by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry

A quantitative method consisting of solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-ITMS) analysis was developed for the identification and quantitation of ten pyrethroid pesticides commonly used in vegetables. The best HPLC separation was achieved using a gradient program of methanol/water mixture. For the vegetable samples, an SPE procedure to clean up the matrices was carried out prior to LC/MS analysis. Under the optimum conditions, the limits of quantification of the pyrethroid pesticides (tetramethrin, allethrin, fenpropathrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, bioresmethrin, permethrin and bifenthrin) ranged from 0.03 to 0.1 mg kg-1 with relative standard deviations<20%, and the mean recoveries ranged from 69.5 to 102.5%. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of pyrethroids in six vegetables with satisfactory results.     

Monitoring the Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Pyrethroid Pesticides using Capillary Electrochromatography

Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) is reported for monitoring the extraction of the pyrethroid pesticides fenpropathrin, fenvalerate and fluvalinate by SFE using supercritical CO₂. The optimum SFE conditions obtained for the pyrethroid pesticides from spiked cellulose matrix, were for fenpropathrin 300 atm and 70°C, fenvalerate 300 atm and 60°C and for fluvalinate 200 atm and 75°C. Extracts collected in methanol were subjected to analysis by CEC on a 30 cm × 75 μm i.d. fused silica capillary packed with 5 μm Hypersil ODS (21 cm packed length). Electrochromatograms of the three pyrethroid pesticides were obtained in order of elution thiourea (as the EOF marker), fenpropathrin, fenvalerate and fluvalinate, with mobile phase ACN-25 mM NaH₂PO₄ pH 8.3 (85 : 15), voltage 25 kV, electrokinetic injection 5 kV, 3 sec and detection at 200 nm. The SFE recoveries were > 80% for all three solutes. In addition, enantioseparation of the pyrethroid pesticides was investigated using Me-β-CD and HP-β-CD as chiral additives. The enantioseparation of fenpropathrin was optimised to a methanol-25 mM Tris pH 8.3 mobile phase (75 : 25) containing 70 mM Me-β-CD.     

Determination of Pyrethroid Insecticides in Vegetables with Liquid Chromatography Using Detection by Electrospray Mass Spectrometry

Liquid chromatography with electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-ES-MS) instrumentation equipped with a single quadrupole mass filter has been used to determine several pyrethroid insecticides (fenpropathrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, permethrin, tau-fluvalinate and bifenthrin). The applicability of the method to the determination of insecticides in spiked cucumber, green bean, tomato and aubergine was evaluated. Samples were extracted into dichloromethane without a clean-up step. Interferences due to the matrix effect were overcome using matrix matched standards. The limits of detection ranged from 4–8 ng mL^?1 (3 and 6 ng g^?1 in the vegetable samples), with relative standard deviations < 6.8%, using blank vegetable extract. Mean recoveries ranged from 80.1–109.8%.     

基于多壁碳纳米管改进QuEChERS法结合气相色谱-串联质谱检测茶叶中10种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留

利用多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)QuEChERS法提取茶叶中拟除虫菊酯类残留农药,采用气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)分析测定,建立了一种灵敏度高、可靠性强的茶叶中农药残留检测方法。比较了单壁碳纳米管(SWCNTs)、MWCNTS、氨基化多壁碳纳米管和石墨烯4种碳纳米材料和其不同用量下的净化效果;采用正交试验设计对前处理最佳实验条件进行筛选,并对实验影响因素进行方差分析。结果表明:提取溶剂、碳纳米材料种类对10种拟除虫菊酯类农药回收率的影响具有极显著统计学差异(p<0.001),提取时间对回收率的影响有统计学差异(p<0.05),碳纳米材料用量对回收率影响不显著(p>0.05);最佳样品前处理条件为以乙腈为提取溶剂,超声提取35 min,净化剂为60 mg MWCNTs、200 mg PSA和200 mg C18。方法学考察表明,10种拟除虫菊酯类农药在0.01~2 mg/L范围内线性良好;检出限(LOD)为0.001~0.01 mg/kg,定量限(LOQ)为0.005~0.04 mg/kg;绿茶样品空白基质加标试验中,10种农药的回收率为91.4%~109.7%,相对标准偏差为0.12%~9.80%(n=6)。对花茶、绿茶、红茶3种茶叶基质进行基质效应(ME)评价,结果发现净化剂中加入MWCNTs在绿茶和红茶基质中能有效降低ME。利用该方法检测了市售120份茶叶中拟除虫菊酯类农药的残留,多个样品中检出目标物,但均未超标。该方法检测灵敏度高,可靠性好,具有良好的回收率和稳定性,能满足茶叶中农药残留快速定量分析的要求。     

浊点萃取-异辛烷反萃取-气相色谱测定茶叶中拟除虫菊酯农药残留

建立了浊点萃取-异辛烷反萃取-气相色谱(ECD)检测茶叶中联苯菊酯(Bifenthrin)、甲氰菊酯(Fenpropathrin)、功夫菊酯(Cyhalothrin)、氯菊酯(Permethrin)、氰戊菊酯(Fenvalerate)、溴氰菊酯(Deltamethrin)6种拟除虫菊酯农药残留的方法.对含1.2%(m/V)聚乙二醇6000(PEG6000)表面活性剂和40%(m/V)(NH4)2SO4的6种拟除虫菊酯溶液进行加热萃取,所获得的富集相用异辛烷超声反萃取,并经离心对上层异辛烷溶液进行进一步净化处理,即可获得富集倍数达75倍的6种农药.本方法的检出限(LOD)为:联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯和功夫菊酯0.4 μg/kg;氰戊菊酯2.1 μg/kg;氯菊酯和溴氰菊酯3.0 μg/kg;用本方法测定了新鲜茶叶中6种拟除虫菊酯农药,含量分别为4.17, 4.15, 4.09, 4.01, 3.93和3.51 μg/kg.在上述茶叶样品中添加20 μg/kg 的6种农药后测定,添加回收率为72.3%～85.6%; 相对标准偏差为2.2%～5.6%.     

Analysis of eight pyrethroids in water samples by liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet combined with gas chromatography

A novel method was developed for the determination of eight pyrethroids in water samples by liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplets followed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The type and volume of the extraction solvents, extraction time, sample solution temperature, stirring rate and ionic strength were studied and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, enrichment factors ranged from 824 to 1,432, and the limit of detection range from 2.0 to 50 ng?L^?1. The calibration graph is linear from 0.15 to 80 μg?L^?1 for cyfluthrin, fenvalerate, fluvalinate and deltamethrin, 0.09 to 80 μg?L^?1 for fenpropathrin, 0.006 to 80 μg?L^?1 for lambda-cyhalothrin, 0.026 to 80 μg?L^?1 for permethrin, 0.01 to 80 μg?L^?1 for cypermethrin. The correlation coefficients (r) varied from 0.9961 to 0.9988. The method was successfully applied to the determination of pyrethroid pesticide residues in tap water, well water, reservoir water, and river water. Recoveries ranged from 79.0% to 113.6%, and relative standard deviations are between 4.1% and 8.7%.     

Establishment of trace determination method of pyrethroid pesticides with TiO2 nanotube array micro-solid phase equilibrium extraction combined with GC-ECD

This paper described a new method for the enrichment and determination of pyrethroid pesticides from environmental water samples with ordered TiO(2) nanotube array micro-solid phase equilibrium extraction (μ-SPEE) prior to gas chromatography (GC) with electron capture detection (ECD). Several factors such as the anodization voltage, the kind of organic solvents, sample pH, equilibrium extraction time, desorption time and salting-out effect were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, ordered TiO(2) nanotube arrays demonstrated excellent merits on the preconcentration of pyrethroid pesticides and good detection limits were achieved as 0.018, 0.020, 0.031, 0.041, and 0.070 μg L(-1) for bifenthrin, fenpropathrin, cyhalothrin, fenvalerate, and deltamethrin, respectively. Four real water samples were used to validate the proposed method and the spiked recoveries were over the range of 81.9-110.6%. Compared to conventional solid phase extraction (SPE), the present method showed better recoveries and good reproducibility. These results showed that this μ-SPEE technique could be an important alternative to multistep SPE for the extraction and determination of such analytes in complex samples and become a useful tool in monitoring such analytes in the environment.     

Preparation of a new chiral stationary phase for HPLC based on the (R)- 1-phenyl-2-(4-methylphenyl)ethylamine amide derivative of (S)-valine and 2-chloro-3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid: enantioseparation of amino acid derivatives and pyrethroid insecticides

A novel chiral stationary phase (CSP) for HPLC was prepared by bonding (R)-1-phenyl-2-(4-methylphenyl)ethylamine amide derivative of (S)-valine to aminopropyl silica gel through a 2-amino-3,5-dinitro-1-carboxamido-benzene unit. The CSP was used for the separation of some amino acid derivatives and pyrethroid insecticides by chiral HPLC. Satisfactory baseline separation required optimization of the variables of mobile phase composition. Use of dichloromethane as modifier in the mobile phase gave baseline separations of amino acid derivatives. The two enantiomers of fenpropathrin and four stereoisomers of fenvalerate were baseline separated using hexane-dichloromethane-ethanol as mobile phase. The results show that the enantioselectivity of the new CSP is better than Pirkle type 1-A column for these compounds. Only partial separations were observed for the stereoisomers of cypermethrin and cyfluthrin, which gave even and eight peaks, respectively.     

Variations of antioxidant characteristics and mineral contents in pulp and peel of different apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars from Pakistan

Variations of phenolics, antioxidant activity, and mineral contents in peel and pulp of five apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars from Pakistan, namely Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, Kashmiri Amri, Kala Kulu and Sky Spur were appraised. The mean extract yield of antioxidant components obtained with 80:20 methanol-water (v/v), was found to be 22.1 g/100 g for peel and 14.2 g/100 g for pulp on a dry weight basis. The amounts of total phenolics and total flavonoids in peel and pulp of different cultivars of apple ranged from 1,907.5-2,587.9 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g DW and 1,214.3-1,816.4 mg catechin equivalent/100 g DW and 1,185.2-1,475.5 mg GAE/100 g DW and 711.8-999.3 mg CE/100 g DW, respectively. The inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation and DPPH scavenging activity of the extracts varied from 71.7-84.9 and 66.6-80.8% in peel, and 43.9-52.8 and 42.9-51.1% in pulp, respectively. Reducing power of the tested fruit part extracts at concentration 12.5 mg/mL ranged from 2.54-2.89 and 1.37-1.73, respectively. With regard to minerals analysis, both fruit parts showed the amount of K to be the highest, followed by Mg, Ca, Fe, Na and Zn. The results revealed that peel of the tested apple cultivars in this study had superior antioxidant capacity and mineral concentration than the pulp, indicating significant variations between the parts tested. Thus, consumption of apple fruits along with peel might be recommended to gaining better nutritive benefits.     

纳米纤维在分析菊酯类农药残留中的应用

以电纺聚苯乙烯纳米纤维作固相萃取材料,对茶叶样品中的拟除虫菊酯农药进行分离富集,用气相色谱-电子捕获器进行检测,并对影响纤维萃取效率的因素进行优化,联苯菊酯、氯菊酯、氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯和甲氰菊酯在纳米纤维柱上的最大吸附量分别为7.8、7.5、7.2、6.6、7.0μg/mg,5种农药的3种标准混合液通过纳米纤维小柱后回收率为65.5%～89.0%,RSD为1.2%～3.0%。测定喷洒5种农药后的茶叶样品添加回收率为61.3%～87.1%,RSD为0.9%～2.8%,方法的测定下限为1.0×10-4～1.0×10-2mg/kg。该方法可以满足茶叶中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留检测的要求。