Label-Free Electrochemical Sensor Based on Manganese Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles for Myoglobin Detection: Biomarker for Acute Myocardial Infarction

A label free electrochemical sensor based on pure titanium oxide and manganese (Mn)-doped titanium oxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles are fabricated and characterized for the sensitive detection of myoglobin (Mb) levels to analyze the cardiovascular infarction. Pristine and Mn-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles were synthesized via the sol-gel method and characterized in order to understand their structure, morphologies, composition and optical properties. The structural properties revealed that the pure- and doped-TiO₂ nanoparticles possess different TiO₂ planes. FTIR studies confirm the formation of metal oxide nanoparticles by exhibiting a well-defined peak in the range of 600–650 cm⁻¹. The values of the optical band gap, estimated from UV-Vis spectroscopy, are decreased for the Mn-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles. UV-Vis spectra in the presence of myoglobin (Mb) indicated interaction between the TiO₂ nanoparticles and myoglobin. The SPE electrodes were then fabricated by printing powder film over the working electrode and tested for label-free electrochemical detection of myoglobin (Mb) in the concentration range of 0–15 nM Mb. The fabricated electrochemical sensor exhibited a high sensitivity of 100.40 μA-cm^−2/nM with a lowest detection limit of 0.013 nM (0.22 ng/mL) and a response time of ≤10 ms for sample S3. An interference study with cyt-c and Human Serum Albumin (HSA) of the sensors show the selective response towards Mb in 1:1 mixture.     

A novel electrochemical sensor based on magnetic core@shell molecularly imprinted nanocomposite (Fe3O4@graphene oxide@MIP) for sensitive and selective determination of anticancer drug capecitabine

Capecitabine, known as an anti-cancer drug, despite clinical evidence in the general society of patients, the absence of specific data from the perception of increased toxic effects in older people and randomized trials, can be harmful to the body. So, its measurement is essential. A novel electrochemical sensor was fabricated based on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) decorated by molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-coated magnetic nanocomposite of iron (II, III) oxide @graphene oxide (Fe₃O₄@GO) for the detection of capecitabine. The MIP was deposited on the surface of core@shell nanocomposite by non-covalent imprinting process. Fe₃O₄@GO@MIP composite was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) techniques. The electrochemical performance of proposed sensor was investigated by cyclic and square wave voltammetry techniques. Several parameters such as the electrochemical behavior of the modified electrodes, the type and pH value of supporting electrolyte and scan rates were studied. Under the optimized conditions, the linear range and detection limit were obtained 1.0–100.0 nM and 0.324 nM, respectively. The proposed electrode was successfully applied to the quantification of capecitabine in health human plasma and pharmaceutical samples.     

Integration of a highly ordered gold nanowires array with glucose oxidase for ultra-sensitive glucose detection

A highly sensitive amperometric nanobiosensor has been developed by integration of glucose oxidase (GO_x) with a gold nanowires array (AuNWA) by cross-linking with a mixture of glutaraldehyde (GLA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). An initial investigation of the morphology of the synthesized AuNWA by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and field emission transmission electron microscopy (FETEM) revealed that the nanowires array was highly ordered with rough surface, and the electrochemical features of the AuNWA with/without modification were also investigated. The integrated AuNWA–BSA–GLA–GO_x nanobiosensor with Nafion membrane gave a very high sensitivity of 298.2 μA cm⁻² mM⁻¹ for amperometric detection of glucose, while also achieving a low detection limit of 0.1 μM, and a wide linear range of 5–6000 μM. Furthermore, the nanobiosensor exhibited excellent anti-interference ability towards uric acid (UA) and ascorbic acid (AA) with the aid of Nafion membrane, and the results obtained for the analysis of human blood serum indicated that the device is capable of glucose detection in real samples.     

para-Sulfonatocalix[6]arene-modified silver nanoparticles electrodeposited on glassy carbon electrode: Preparation and electrochemical sensing of methyl parathion

In this paper, a new electrochemical sensor, based on modified silver nanoparticles, was fabricated using one-step electrodeposition approach. The para-sulfonatocalix[6]arene-modified silver nanoparticles coated on glassy carbon electrode (pSC₆-Ag NPs/GCE) was characterized by attenuated total reflection IR spectroscopy (ATR-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), etc. The pSC₆ as the host are highly efficient to capture organophosphates (OPs), which dramatically facilitates the enrichment of nitroaromatic OPs onto the electrochemical sensor surface. The combination of the host-guest supramolecular structure and the excellent electrochemical catalytic activities of the pSC₆-Ag NPs/GCE provides a fast, simple, and sensitive electrochemical method for detecting nitroaromatic OPs. In this work, methyl parathion (MP) was used as a nitroaromatic OP model for testing the proposed sensor. In comparison with Ag NPs-modified electrode, the cathodic peak current of MP was amplified significantly. Differential pulse voltammetry was used for the simultaneous determination of MP. Under optimum conditions, the current increased linearly with the increasing concentration of MP in the range of 0.01-80 μM, with a detection limit of 4.0 nM (S/N = 3). The fabrication reproducibility and stability of the sensor is better than that of enzyme-based electrodes. The possible underlying mechanism is discussed.     

ZrO2-Graphene-Chitosan nanocomposite modified carbon paste sensor for sensitive and selective determination of dopamine

A sensitive and stable electrochemical sensor was developed by modification of carbon paste electrode with ZrO₂/graphene/chitosan nanocomposite. The modified sensor served as a potential electrocatalytic platform for dopamine. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies indicated reduction of charge transfer resistance at the modified electrode surface thereby facilitating the electron transfer process which resulted in higher current response to dopamine. The electrochemical behavior of dopamine at the modified electrode was studied using cyclic and square wave voltammetry. The maximum current response for the electro-oxidation of dopamine was observed at pH 7.4 and the process was realized to be diffusion controlled. The modified sensor demonstrated linearity in the range 1000–5000 nM, with high sensitivity (22 nA/nM), detection limit of 11.3 nM and selectivity for dopamine in the presence of ascorbic and uric acid which are found to co-exist with dopamine in physiological media. The method was employed for quantification of dopamine in a pharmaceutical formulation.     

Copper nanoparticles entrapped in SWCNT-PPy nanocomposite on Pt electrode as NOx electrochemical sensor

A highly sensitive NO_x sensor was designed and developed by electrochemical incorporation of copper nanoparticles (CuNP) on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT)-polypyrrole (PPy) nanocomposite modified Pt electrode. The modified electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Further, the electrochemical behavior of the CuNP-SWCNT-PPy-Pt electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. It exhibited the characteristic CuNP reversible redox peaks at −0.15 V and −0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl respectively. The electrocatalytic activity of the CuNP-SWCNT-PPy-Pt electrode towards NO_x is four-fold than the CuNP-PPy-Pt electrode. These results clearly revealed that the SWCNT-PPy nanocomposite facilitated the electron transfer from CuNP to Pt electrode and provided an electrochemical approach for the determination of NO_x. A linear dependence (r² = 0.9946) on the NO_x concentrations ranging from 0.7 to 2000 μM, with a sensitivity of 0.22 ± 0.002 μA μM⁻¹ cm⁻² and detection limit of 0.7 μM was observed for the CuNP-SWCNT-PPy-Pt electrode. In addition, the sensor exhibited good reproducibility and retained stability over a period of one month.     

Nonenzymatic sensor for glucose based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles grown on a film of molybdenum sulfide

A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with nickel(II) hydroxide nanoparticles and a film of molybdenum sulfide. The nanocomposite was prepared by two-step electrodeposition. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that the nanoparticles are uniformly deposited on the film. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry indicate that this modified GCE displays a remarkable electrocatalytic activity towards nonenzymatic oxidation of glucose. Response is linear in the 10–1,300 μM concentration range (R ² ?=?0.9987), the detection limit is very low (5.8 μM), response is rapid (< 2 s), and selectivity over ascorbic acid, dopamine, uric acid, fructose and galactose is very good.

An amperometric biosensor based on acetylcholinesterase immobilized onto iron oxide nanoparticles/multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified gold electrode for measurement of organophosphorus insecticides

An acetylcholinesterase (AChE) purified from maize seedlings was immobilized covalently onto iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄NP) and carboxylated multi walled carbon nanotubes (c-MWCNT) modified Au electrode. An organophosphorus (OP) biosensor was fabricated using this AChE/Fe₃O₄/c-MWCNT/Au electrode as a working electrode, Ag/AgCl as standard and Pt wire as an auxiliary electrode connected through a potentiostat. The biosensor was based on inhibition of AChE by OP compounds/insecticides. The properties of nanoparticles modified electrodes were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), cyclic voltammograms (CVs) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The synergistic action of Fe₃O₄NP and c-MWCNT showed excellent electrocatalytic activity at low potential (+0.4 V). The optimum working conditions for the sensor were pH 7.5, 35 °C, 600 μM substrate concentration and 10 min for inhibition by pesticide. Under optimum conditions, the inhibition rates of OP pesticides were proportional to their concentrations in the range of 0.1–40 nM, 0.1–50 nM, 1–50 nM and 10–100 nM for malathion, chlorpyrifos, monocrotophos and endosulfan respectively. The detection limits were 0.1 nM for malathion and chlorpyrifos, 1 nM for monocrotophos and 10 nM for endosulfan. The biosensor exhibited good sensitivity (0.475 mA μM⁻¹), reusability (more than 50 times) and stability (2 months). The sensor was suitable for trace detection of OP pesticide residues in milk and water.     

Coupled electrochemical-chemical procedure used in construction of molecularly imprinted polymer-based electrode: a highly sensitive impedimetric melamine sensor

A novel molecularly imprinted sensor was fabricated and used for the impedimetric detection of melamine. Considering the identity of polymeric film and the pK _a of a melamine template, an effective procedure was established to construct the MIP-based melamine sensor. The proposed method is based on the electropolymerization of pyrrole (Py) in the presence of melamine on the electrochemically reduced graphene oxide modified glassy carbon electrode (ERGO/GCE), followed by treatment with the solution of 1% H₂O₂ in alkaline water/CH₃CN-mixed solvents. The surface morphology and the electrical feature of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The EIS was also utilized to transduce the change of charge transfer resistance (R _ct) at the interface of polymer film-electrolyte, after subsequent incubation of electrode in the solution containing different concentrations of analyte, and consequently, a linear response was obtained over the range of 4.0 to 240 nM with a detection limit of 0.83 nM (S/N = 3). The effect of possible interferences on the response of sensor was studied, and the results confirmed the good selectivity of the proposed device for melamine assay. The MIP sensor was successfully applied to determine melamine in a multiple concentration-spiked milk sample.     

Glyphosate and glufosinate detection at electrogenerated NiAl-LDH thin films

An amperometric sensor based on Ni_1−xAl_x(OH)₂NO_3x·nH₂O layered double hydroxide (LDH) has been developed for the electrochemical analysis in one step of two herbicides: glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine, Glyp) and glufosinate ((DL-homoalanine-4-yl)-methylphosphinic acid, Gluf). NiAl-LDH was prepared by coprecipitation or by electrodeposition at the Pt electrode surface. Inorganic films were fully characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Adsorption isotherms of Glyp onto this inorganic lamellar material have been established. Electrocatalytic oxidation of Glyp and Gluf is possible at the Ni³⁺ centres of the structure. The electrochemical responses of the NiAl-LDH modified electrode were obtained by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry at 0.49 V/SCE as a function of herbicide concentration in 0.1 M NaOH solution. The electrocatalytic response showed a linear dependence on the Glyp concentration ranging between 0.01 and 0.9 mM with a detection limit of 1 μM and sensitivity 287 mA/M cm². The sensitivity found for Gluf was lower (178 mA/M cm²).     

In situ synthesis of ceria nanoparticles in the ordered mesoporous carbon as a novel electrochemical sensor for the determination of hydrazine

A novel ceria (CeO₂)–ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) modified electrode for the sensitive amperometric determination of hydrazine was reported. CeO₂–OMC composites were synthesized via a hydrothermal method at a relatively low temperature (180 °C) and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microcopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The CeO₂–OMC modified glassy carbon electrode was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) and indicated good electrocatalytic effect to the oxidation of hydrazine. Under the optimized conditions, the present sensor could be used to measure hydrazine in wide linear range from 40 nM to 192 μM (R² = 0.999) with a low detection limit of 12 nM (S/N = 3). Additionally, the sensor has been successfully applied to detect hydrazine in real water samples and the recoveries were between 98.2% and 105.6%. Eventually, the sensor exhibited an excellent stability and reproducibility as a promising method for determination of hydrazine.     

Investigation of plasma-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube film and its application of DNA sensor for Legionella pneumophila detection

A novel multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) electrode functionalized with oxygen plasma treatment was prepared and characterized, and its DNA sensing ability for Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila) detection was examined using electrochemical measurement. A well-patterned MWCNT working electrode (WE) on a Pt track was fabricated using photolithography, transfer methods and an etching technique. The MWCNT WE was functionalized by oxygen plasma treatment prior to applying for DNA sensor. The surface morphology of the plasma-functionalized MWCNT (pf-MWCNT) WEs were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the change of chemical composition was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electrochemical measurements were performed using CV with ferricyanide/ferrocyanide redox couple. Effective areas of working electrodes were calculated to be 0.00453 cm² for pristine MWCNT electrode and 0.00747-0.00874 cm² for pf-MWCNT electrodes with different plasma treatment times. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was carried out in methylene blue solution for DNA sensing. The pf-MWCNT based DNA sensor was successfully operated in a target concentration range of 10 pM to 100 nM and had a lower detection limit than a pristine MWCNT based DNA sensor.     

A novel nonenzymatic sensor based on LaNi0.6Co0.4O3 modified electrode for hydrogen peroxide and glucose

In this paper, LaNi_0.6Co_0.4O₃ (LNC) nanoparticles were synthesized by the sol–gel method, and the structure and morphology of LNC nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction spectrum, scanning electron microscopy and transmitting electron microscopy. And then, LNC was used to modify carbon paste electrode (CPE) without any adhesive to fabricate hydrogen peroxide and glucose sensor, and the results demonstrated that LNC exhibited strong electrocatalytical activity by cyclic voltammetry and amperometry. In H₂O₂ determination, linear response was obtained in the concentration range of 10 nM–100 μM with a detection limit of 1.0 nM. In glucose determination, there was the linear region of 0.05–200 μM with a detection limit of 8.0 nM. Compared with other reports, the proposed sensor also displayed high sensitivity toward H₂O₂ (1812.84 μA mM⁻¹ cm⁻²) and glucose (643.0 μA mM⁻¹ cm⁻²). Moreover, this prepared sensor was applied to detect glucose in blood serum and hydrogen peroxide in toothpaste samples with satisfied results, indicating its possibility in practical application.     

Copper‐based Metal‐organic Framework for Non‐enzymatic Electrochemical Detection of Glucose

A non‐enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor based on a Cu‐based metal‐organic framework (Cu‐MOF) modified electrode was developed. The Cu‐MOF was prepared by a simple ionothermal synthesis, and the characterizations of the Cu‐MOF were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), single‐crystal X‐ray powder diffraction (SCXRD), and X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD). Electrochemical behaviors of the Cu‐MOF modified electrode to glucose were measured by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The electrochemical results showed that the Cu‐MOF modified electrode exhibited an excellent electro‐catalytic oxidation towards glucose in the range of 0.06 μM to 5 mM with a sensitivity of 89 μA/mM cm² and a detection limit of 10.5 nM. Moreover, the fabricated sensor showed a high selectivity to the oxidation of glucose in coexistence with other interferences. The sensor was satisfactorily applied to the determination of glucose in urine samples. With the significant electrochemical performances, MOFs may provide a suitable platform in the construction of kinds of electrochemical sensors and/or biosensors and hold a great promise for sensing applications.     

Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine at Fe3O4/SPEEK Modified Electrode

Reported here is the design of an electrochemical sensor for dopamine (DA) based on a screen print carbon electrode modified with a sulphonated polyether ether ketone-iron (III) oxide composite (SPCE-Fe₃O₄/SPEEK). L. serica leaf extract was used in the synthesis of iron (III) oxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄NPs). Successful synthesis of Fe₃O₄NP was confirmed through characterization using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible light (UV–VIS), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to investigate the electrochemical behaviour of Fe₃O₄/SPEEK in 0.1 M of phosphate buffer solution (PBS) containing 5 mM of potassium ferricyanide (III) solution (K₃[Fe(CN)₆]). An increase in peak current was observed at the nanocomposite modified electrode SPCE-Fe₃O₄/SPEEK) but not SPCE and SPCE-Fe₃O₄, which could be ascribed to the presence of SPEEK. CV and square wave voltammetry (SWV) were employed in the electroxidation of dopamine (0.1 mM DA). The detection limit (LoD) of 7.1 μM and 0.005 μA/μM sensitivity was obtained for DA at the SPCE-Fe₃O₄/SPEEK electrode with concentrations ranging from 5–50 μM. LOD competes well with other electrodes reported in the literature. The developed sensor demonstrated good practical applicability for DA in a DA injection with good resultant recovery percentages and RSDs values.     

Ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor for p-nitrophenyl organophosphates based on ordered mesoporous carbons at low potential without deoxygenization

p-Nitrophenyl organophosphates (OPs) including paraoxon, parathion and methyl parathion, etc, are highly poisonous OPs, for which sensitive and rapid detection method is most needed. In this work, an ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor for the determination of p-nitrophenyl OPs was developed based on ordered mesoporous carbons (OMCs) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) (OMCs/GCE). The electrochemical behavior and reaction mechanism of p-nitrophenyl OPs at OMCs/GCE was elaborated by taking paraoxon as an example. Experimental conditions such as buffer pH, preconcentration potential and time were optimized. By using differential pulse voltammetry, the current response of the sensor at −0.085 V was linear with concentration within 0.01–1.00 μM and 1.00–20 μM paraoxon. Similar linear ranges of 0.015–0.5 μM and 0.5–10 μM were found for parathion, and 0.01–0.5 μM and 0.5–10 μM for methyl parathion. The low limits of detection were evaluated to be 1.9 nM for paraoxon, 3.4 nM for parathion and 2.1 nM for methyl parathion (S/N = 3). Common interfering species had no interference to the detection of p-nitrophenyl OPs. The sensor can be applicable to real samples measurement. Therefore, a simple, sensitive, reproducible and cost-effective electrochemical sensor was proposed for the fast direct determination of trace p-nitrophenyl OPs at low potential without deoxygenization.     

A Non‐Enzymatic Glucose Sensor Based on Ni/MnO2 Nanocomposite Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

A novel flower like 3D nickel/manganese dioxide (Ni/MnO₂) nanocomposite was synthesized by a kind of simple electrochemical method and the formation mechanism of flower like structure was also researched. In addition, morphology and composition of the nanocomposite were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Then the Ni/MnO₂ nanocomposites were applied to fabricate electrochemical non‐enzymatic glucose sensor. The electrochemical investigation for the sensor indicated that it possessed an excellent electrocatalytic property for glucose, and could applied to the quantification of glucose with a linear range from 2.5×10^?7 to 3.5×10^?3 M, a sensitivity of 1.04 mA mM^?1 cm^?2, and a detection limit of 1×10^?7 M (S/N=3). The proposed sensor also presented attractive features such as interference‐free, and long‐term stability. The present study provided a general platform for the one‐step synthesis of nanomaterials with novel structure and can be extended to other optical, electronic and magnetic nanocompounds.     

Copper Nanoflowers on Carbon Cloth as a Flexible Electrode Toward Both Enzymeless Electrocatalytic Glucose and H2O2

Herein, a novel electrochemical sensor for glucose and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) detection was successfully developed through the use of Cu nanoflowers (CuNFs) combined with flexible carbon cloth (CC) substrate. The 3D flower-like CuNFs in size uniformly and firmly grow on CC substrate by a facile, scalable, one-step hydrothermal strategy. Morphology, size and surface property of the prepared CuNFs/CC were examined by SEM, EDS and TEM, respectively. The electrochemical mechanism of CuNFs/CC for glucose and H₂O₂ detection was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. High electrochemical performances were displayed with amperometric i-t curves including a wide linear range from 1.0 nM to 6.0 mM for glucose and from 1.0 μM to 36.66 mM for H₂O₂, respectively. Good sensitivity, repeatability, and stability, as well as anti-interference ability, the carbon cloth-supported CuNFs will be the promising materials for fabricating practical non-enzymatic glucose and H₂O₂ sensors.     

Electrochemical sensor using graphene/Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> nanosheets functionalized with garlic extract for the detection of lead ion

Based on the modulated electronic properties of Fe₃O₄-graphene (Fe₃O₄/GN composite) as well as the outstanding complexation between Pb²⁺ and natural substances garlic extract (GE), a novel electrochemical sensor for the determination of Pb²⁺ in wastewater was prepared by immobilization of Fe₃O₄/GN composite integrated with GE onto the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Fe₃O₄/GN composite was employed as an electrochemical active probe for enhancing electrical response by facilitating charge transfer while GE was used to improve the selectivity and sensitivity of the proposed sensor to Pb²⁺ assay. The electrochemical sensing performance toward Pb²⁺ was appraised by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and square wave voltammetry (SWV). Under the optimized condition, the sensor exhibited two dynamic linear ranges (LDR) including 0.001 to 0.5 nM and 0.5 to 1000 nM with excellent low detection limit (LOD) of 0.0123 pM (S/N =?3) and quantification limit (LOQ) of 0.41 pM (S/N =?10). Meanwhile, it displayed remarkable stability, reproducibility (RSD of 3.61%, n =?3), and selectivity toward the assay for the 100-fold higher concentration of other heavy metal ions. Furthermore, the novel sensor has been successfully employed to detect Pb²⁺ from real water samples with satisfactory results.     

Novel Sn Doped Co3O4 Thin Film for Nonenzymatic Glucose Bio‐Sensor and Fuel Cell

A facile chemical solution deposition via two‐step spin coating technique was used to fabricate nano‐particulate novel Sn doped Co₃O₄ thin film for glucose sensor and fuel cell applications. Substitution of Sn into Co₃O₄ host lattice lead to a remarkable increase in the electrocatalytic activity of the Co₃O₄ electrode material. Film thickness played a significant role in enhancing the charge transferability of the electrode as was observed from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The best sensor exhibited two wide linear response ranges (2 μM up to ∼0.5 mM and 0.6 mM up to ∼5.5 mM respectively) with sensitivities of 921 and 265 μA cm⁻² mM⁻¹ respectively and low limit of detection of 100 nM (S/N=3). The sensor was very selective towards glucose in the presence of various interference and showed long term stability. Moreover, the developed thin film modified electrode could generate one electron current in nonenzymatic fuel cell setup at room temperature.