芝麻秸秆粉填充不饱和聚酯树脂复合材料的研究

以芝麻秸秆粉为增强材料、不饱和聚酯树脂(UPR)为基体制作秸秆粉/UPR复合材料。探究了秸秆粉用量、粒径对复合材料的密度、拉伸强度、弯曲强度及吸水率的影响。结果表明,粒径为100目、用量为10%的芝麻秸杆粉/UPR复合材料的综合力学性能最好,拉伸强度和弯曲强度分别达到41.32 MPa和67.47 MPa,吸水率最低,仅为0.77%。     

碳酸钙/芝麻秸秆/不饱和树脂三元复合材料的力学性能和热稳定性

采用浇注成型工艺制备碳酸钙/芝麻秸秆/不饱和树脂三元复合材料,研究了碳酸钙粉、芝麻秸秆粉相对含量对复合材料力学性能及热稳定性的影响。结果表明,所有复合材料的拉伸强度和弯曲强度均低于不饱和聚酯树脂浇注体。随着碳酸钙粉用量的增多,复合材料的拉伸强度逐渐升高,而弯曲强度先下降后逐渐增大,含10%碳酸钙粉和5%芝麻秸秆粉的复合材料具有最大弯曲模量2 672.11 MPa。复合材料的热稳定性随着碳酸钙粉用量的增加而逐渐上升。复合材料的吸水率高于纯树脂浇注体,在相同的浸泡周期中,秸秆粉含量越高,复合材料的吸水率越高。     

几种不同生物质复合材料的力学性能研究

以聚乳酸(PLA)为基体,以菠萝叶粉(PALF)、玉米秸秆芯粉(CF)、芝麻秸秆粉(SF)及甘蔗渣纤维粉(BF)作增强体,通过挤出加注塑工艺,制备可降解生物质复合材料(BBC),考察了秸秆粉用量对BBC力学性能的影响。并以PALF/PLA复合材料为例,研究了材料的断裂特性。结果表明,随着纤维粉用量的增加,所有BBC的拉伸强度均逐渐降低,当纤维粉添加量相同时,PALF/PLA的拉伸强度始终最低;CF/PLA、SF/PLA复合材料的弯曲模量随着秸秆粉用量的增加逐渐增大,当秸秆粉用量为40%时,弯曲模量分别比纯PLA增加74.15%和71.84%,BF/PLA复合材料的弯曲模量先增加后减小,但始终低于CF/PLA和SF/PLA,PALF/PLA的变化趋势较为复杂,呈现先增后减再增加的趋势;随着纤维粉含量的增加,PALF/PLA复合材料的冲击强度逐渐增加,其它三种均呈现先增加后减小趋势。PALF/PLA复合材料的断裂面无纤维拔出,应力-应变曲线无屈服点,断裂伸长率仅4.80%,属于典型的脆性断裂。     

不同生物质复合材料3D打印成型及其性能对比

利用3D打印工艺制备芝麻秸秆粉(SSP)/聚乳酸(PLA)、水稻秸秆粉(RSP)/聚乳酸两种复合材料,对比研究了两种材料的密度、力学性能及耐水热老化性能。结果表明,复合材料的密度、拉伸强度和弯曲强度均低于纯PLA,但RSP/PLA复合材料的拉伸强度和弯曲强度均高于SSP/PLA复合材料。水热老化实验表明,3D打印成型的两种复合材料在吸水初期均快速吸水,且吸水率高,4h后基本达到吸水平衡;SSP/PLA的吸水率整体明显高于RSP/PLA的吸水率,对于SSP/PLA来说,9%比例的材料吸水率最大,最高可达36.3%左右。水热老化后,样条表面出现凹陷,颜色变白。     

氯化聚丙撑碳酸酯增容聚丙撑碳酸酯/秸秆粉复合材料的制备及性能

聚丙撑碳酸酯(PPC)是一种新型热塑性生物降解材料,但其热性能及力学性能较差,应用受到限制。以秸秆粉这种农作物副产品作为增强体改性PPC,既可以提高PPC的力学性能同时又可开发利用秸秆资源。氯化聚丙撑碳酸酯(CPPC)是聚丙撑碳酸酯(PPC)经过氯化得到的,对天然纤维表面具有良好的浸润性和粘结性。本文以CPPC为增容剂,通过熔融共混法制备了PPC/秸秆粉复合材料。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、拉伸实验、动态力学性能测试(DMA)及转矩流变仪对复合材料的结构及性能进行了表征,重点考察了CPPC的添加量对复合材料力学和流变性能的影响。结果表明,当CPPC质量分数为1.8%时,可使添加质量分数为30%秸秆粉的PPC复合材料拉伸强度提高38%,模量提高30%。同时,CPPC的引入使复合材料的粘度下降,改善了PPC/秸秆粉复合材料的加工性能。因此,作为增容剂的CPPC为制备高性能PPC/天然纤维复合材料提供了新的解决办法。     

偶联剂在改善天然植物纤维/塑料界面相容性的应用

天然植物纤维界面特性十分复杂,其表面表现出很强的化学极性,导致天然植物纤维与塑料基材界面间相容性差,粘结力小,从而影响了植物纤维/塑料复合材料的冲击强度、拉伸强度等物理力学性能。因此,天然植物纤维/塑料界面相容性是决定复合材料性能的关键问题。本文概述了改善天然植物纤维/塑料界面相容性的常用偶联剂的特点和应用,偶联机理以及研究、应用现状,展望了应用于天然植物纤维增强塑料复合材料的偶联剂未来的研究方向。     

PP-g-(MAH/St)和PP-g-MAH对聚丙烯/木粉复合材料性能的影响

在转矩流变仪中用熔融接枝法制备马来酸酐(MAH)和苯乙烯(St)接枝聚丙烯（PP）-PP-g-(MAH/St)和PP-g-MAH,将其作为聚丙烯/木粉复合材料的相容剂。 FTIR证实MAH和St单体与PP发生接枝反应。 用SEM和DSC等手段考察两种相容剂对PP/木粉复合材料微观形貌和结晶性能的影响,探索了各种PP/木粉复合材料加工和力学性能不同的内在原因。 SEM显示,PP-g-(MAH/St)改性木粉比PP-g-MAH改性木粉在PP基体中分散性更佳,木粉与PP的界面更加模糊,相容性进一步改善。 DSC结果表明,PP-g-(MAH/St)改性体系可增强木粉对PP的异相成核作用,提高结晶温度和结晶度。 复合材料的加工和力学性能测试结果表明,PP-g-(MAH/St)改性效果明显优于PP-g-MAH。 复合材料的熔体质量流动速率随相容剂用量的增加而逐步下降,PP-g-(MAH/St)改性体系拉伸强度和弯曲强度却逐步上升,并在相容剂用量为4.8 g/100 g PP时达到极值。 此时其拉伸强度达40.62 MPa,分别是未改性体系和PP-g-MAH改性体系的1.29和1.17倍;其弯曲强度达45.72 MPa,分别是未改性体系和PP-g-MAH改性体系的1.23和1.59倍;而无缺口冲击强度却在相容剂用量为3.6 g/100 g PP时达到极值13.35 kJ/m2,分别是未改性体系和PP-g-MAH改性体系的1.62倍和1.42倍。     

狼尾草特性及狼尾草/PP复合材料性能研究

对狼尾草茎秆进行拉伸性能测试和长径比测量、并进行X射线衍射图谱、红外光谱和热重分析,分别以三种粒径(40目、60目、80目)狼尾草茎秆纤维为填充材料,以聚丙烯(PP)为基体材料,使用模压成型工艺制备三种不同粒径的狼尾草/PP复合材料。对制备的复合材料进行了接触角测量、吸水性能和力学性能测试,并用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了复合材料拉伸断面微观结构。结果表明:狼尾草茎秆纤维素类型为I型,相对结晶度为44%;40目、60目和80目三种目数狼尾草/PP复合材料24h吸水厚度膨胀率分别为7.7%、4.2%和4.4%;其中40目狼尾草/PP复合材料有较好的结合界面和较好的力学性能,其拉伸强度、弯曲强度、弯曲模量和冲击强度分别为10.47MPa、15.98MPa、1.9GPa和3.7kJ/m~2。由此得知,40目狼尾草/PP复合材料力学性能最好,但吸水性较强;60目狼尾草/PP复合材料具有较好的力学性能和一定的抗吸水性,综合性能最佳。     

膨胀蛭石填充聚甲醛复合材料的制备与性能

采用经硅烷偶联剂和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵有机插层处理的膨胀蛭石微粉(EV)填充改性聚甲醛(POM),通过熔融共混制备POM/EV复合材料,并讨论了EV含量对复合材料的力学性能及热稳定性的影响.研究结果表明:当EV添加量为2%(w)时,复合材料的断裂伸长率为66.2%,较纯POM提高44.5%;弯曲强度和缺口冲击强度分别为77.7 MPa和6.15 kJ/m~2,分别较纯POM降低了7.9%和2.4%.此外,当EV的添加量为5%(w)时,复合材料的结晶点较纯POM提高了1.4℃;且随着EV添加量的增加,复合材料的热稳定性越好.     

原位合成纳米SiO2增强阴离子聚酯型上浆剂及其对碳纤维复合材料层间剪切强度的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法, 在侧链带有羧基的线性不饱和聚酯中加入正硅酸乙酯(TEOS), 使TEOS在酸性条件下发生水解反应, 原位合成纳米SiO₂增强阴离子型聚酯乳液(SEAPE). 利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)仪、 激光粒度分析仪和冷冻扫描电子显微镜(Cryo-SEM)对SEAPE进行分析与表征. 将SEAPE与聚乙二醇单油酸酯润滑剂、 非离子型表面活性剂FC-4430及抗氧剂1010进行复配, 原位制备纳米SiO₂增强阴离子型聚酯乳液上浆剂(SEAPEs), 用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 视频动态接触角测量仪、 X射线能谱(EDS)仪和纤维强力仪对SEAPEs上浆后碳纤维的表面形貌、 表面能、 碳纤维(CF)表面元素及碳纤维增强不饱和聚酯(UPR)复合材料(CF/UPR)的层间剪切强度(ILSS)进行测试与表征. 结果表明, 当TEOS添加质量分数为5%时, SEAPEs上浆后的碳纤维有效增强了其与UPR的结合强度, CF/UPR复合材料的ILSS达到40.03 MPa, 与市售环氧树脂型上浆剂上浆后碳纤维增强UPR复合材料相比, ILSS提高90.1%. SEAPEs中原位生成的纳米SiO₂分散均匀, 乳液储存稳定, 上浆后SiO₂均匀吸附在碳纤维表面, 增加碳纤维表面能, 改善碳纤维与树脂间的浸润性, 可有效提高碳纤维增强不饱和聚酯树脂复合材料的ILSS.     

Interacting blends of Styrenated unsaturated poly (ester–amide)s with commercial unsaturated polyester resin (o-phthalic anhydride based)

Unsaturated poly (ester–amide)s resins (UPEAs) were prepared by the reaction between an epoxy resin, namely diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) and unsaturated aliphatic bisamic acids (B_1–4) using a base catalyst. These UPEAs were then diluted by styrene and blended with commercial unsaturated polyester resin (o-phthalic anhydride based) to produce a homogeneous resin. The curing of these Styrenated UPEAs–UPR blends was carried out using Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as a catalyst and N,N′-Dimethyl aniline (DMA) as a promoter. The glass fiber reinforced composites (i.e. laminates) of these Styrenated UPEAs–UPR (o-phthalic anhydride based) blends were fabricated. The mechanical and chemical resistance properties of the glass fiber composites have also been evaluated. The unreinforced cured samples of the Styrenated UPEAs–UPR (o-phthalic anhydride based) blends were also analyzed by thermogravimetry (TGA).     

Improvement in mechanical and structural integrity of natural stone by applying unsaturated polyester resin-nanosilica hybrid thin coating

In this study, an unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) thin coating containing styrene monomer has been used to consolidate Marrón emperador marble pieces. Different amounts (0.5-3 wt.%) of nanosilica was added to improve several properties, particularly the mechanical properties. The uncured UPR-nanosilica hybrids were characterized by rotational rheology, the gelation was monitored by means of a texture analyser and the viscoelastic and thermal properties were determined in the cured UPR-nanosilica films. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to establish the degree of dispersion of the nanosilica in the UPR-nanosilica composites. The mechanical performance of the UPR-nanosilica thin coated marble pieces was measured by means of 3-points bending and impact strength tests.Addition of nanosilica imparted pseudoplasticity and thixotropy to the UPR resin and an increase in viscosity was also produced. The rheology of the UPR-nanosilica solutions was fitted to the Casson’s model and an increase in yield stress was obtained. The gel time of the UPR resin was significantly decreased by adding small amounts of nanosilica due to the interactions between the filler and the styrene in the UPR resin. In the cured composites, improved thermal properties in UPR were reached by adding nanosilica due to the creation of a network between the filler and the polymer matrix. Bundle nanometric size nanosilica agglomerates were observed which affected the glass transition temperature and the viscoelasticity of the UPR-nanosilica composites. Finally, the improved properties in UPR obtained by adding nanosilica produced enhanced impact resistance to coated marble pieces, as both stiffness and toughness were improved by nanosilica addition.     

Modified montmorillonite combined with intumescent flame retardants on the flame retardancy and thermal stability properties of unsaturated polyester resins

Modified montmorillonite‐containing phytic acid (PA‐MMT) has been prepared by acid treatment and then introduced into unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) with an intumescent flame retardant (IFRs). The flame retardancy and thermal degradation of UPR/IFRs/PA‐MMT were evaluated by a limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, a vertical burning test (UL‐94), a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and a cone calorimeter test (CCT). Besides, the mechanical properties were studied by a universal testing machine. The LOI value of UPR/IFRs/PA‐MMT composites was increased to 29.2%. The CCT results indicated that the incorporation of PA‐MMT and IFRs significantly improved the combustion behavior of UPR. The results of the mechanical properties indicated that 1.5 wt% loading of PA‐MMT in UPR/IFRs showed the highest improvement in flexural strength and tensile strength. The flame‐retardant mechanism of PA‐MMT/IFRs was examined and discussed based on the results of combustion behavior and char analysis.     

不饱和聚酯/玻璃纤维复合材料的研究

综述了国内外近年来不饱和聚酯(UPR)/玻璃纤维复合材料的研究与开发的进展,包括不饱和聚酯用量对不饱和聚酯/玻璃纤维复合材料介电性能的影响,光和高能辐射对玻璃纤维/不饱和聚酯树脂复合材料老化性能的影响。重点介绍了不饱和聚酯组成、界面改性、防收缩剂和玻璃纤维分布对玻璃纤维/不饱和聚酯树脂复合材料性能的影响。     

高岭土对不饱和聚酯树脂的热稳定性、阻燃及力学性能的影响

不饱和聚酯树脂;高岭土;纳米复合材料;原位聚合;阻燃;成炭     

Epoxy-modified, unsaturated polyester hybrid networks

Hybrid polymer networks (HPNs) based on unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) and epoxy resins were synthesized by reactive blending. The epoxy resins used were epoxidised phenolic novolac (EPN), epoxidised cresol novolac (ECN) and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). Epoxy novolacs were prepared by glycidylation of the novolacs using epichlorohydrin. The physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the cured blends were compared with those of the control resin. Epoxy resins show good miscibility and compatibility with the UPR resin on blending and the co-cured resin showed substantial improvement in the toughness and impact resistance. Considerable enhancement of tensile strength and toughness are noticed at very low loading of EPN. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were employed to study the thermal properties of the toughened resin. The EPN/UPR blends showed substantial improvement in thermal stability as evident from TGA and damping data. The fracture behaviour was corroborated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The performance of EPN is found to be superior to other epoxy resins.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Polyester-Based Nanocomposite

Recently, unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) and silica nanocomposite prepared by mechanical process is the one of the promising composite materials. In this study, the effects of silica as filler on mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of unsaturated polyester-based composite were investigated. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation and Young's modulus increase with the addition of silica nanoparticle up to 1.0 wt%, and then decrease, over 1.0 wt%. Morphological surface of composite reveals that well-dispersed silica in the matrix occurred in low concentration. However, increasing of silica concentration causes aggregation of particles. Enhancement of mechanical properties strongly corresponds to strong adhession force of silica with the matrix and it influnced by well-disperse silica particles on the whole surface of composite. Thermal characterization and analysis of major functional group of the composites were also performed and described in this paper.     

Fabrication of diatomite‐based microencapsulated flame retardant and its improved fire safety of unsaturated polyester resin

To achive excellent fire resistance, new microcapsule flame retardants (DMCAD and DMPPD) were prepared using 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide combined with melamine cyanurate or melamine polyphosphate as the shell material and diatomite as the core material. The successful assembly of DMCAD and DMPPD was detailed characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectra, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Meanwhile, the flame retardancy and thermal stability of the unsaturated polyester resin (UPR)/DMCAD and UPR/DMPPD composites were also studied. The addition of DMCAD and DMPPD effectively improves the flame retardance properties of UPR, and the effect of DMPPD was better. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of UPR/DMPPD‐3 increased by 11.6% when compared with that of UPR, and the sample achieved V‐0 rating. Moreover, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and the total heat release (THR) rate of UPR/DMPPD‐3 were reduced by 67% and 26%, respectively. Under nitrogen condition and air condition, UPR/DMPPD showed better thermal stability and char‐forming ability from the thermogravimetric (TG) results. Residual char of the UPR composites was systematically analyzed with SEM and XPS. Finally, the flame retardant mechanism of DMPPD was proposed.     

Preparation of phosphorylated chitosan‐coated carbon microspheres as flame retardant and its application in unsaturated polyester resin

In this work, phosphorylated chitosan‐coated carbon microspheres (PCH@CMS) was successfully synthesized. Obtained PCH@CMS used as flame retardant was added into unsaturated polyester resin (UPR). Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X‐ray electron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicated that C═O, P─O, and P═O appeared on the surface of PCH@CMS. Compared with UPR, the residues of UPR/PCH@CMS‐10 at 800°C under nitrogen and air atmospheres increased by 9.0 and 3.9 wt%, respectively, and the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and the peak smoke release rate (pSPR) of UPR/PCH@CMS‐3 decreased by 18.9% and 23.5%, respectively. Limiting oxygen index (LOI), thermogravimetric analyzer (TG), and cone calorimeter test (CCT) results showed that the addition of PCH@CMS could enhance the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of the UPR composites. Moreover, the residues after CCT were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), XPS, and laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS). Based on the above results, the flame retardant mechanism of PCH@CMS was proposed. The carbon layer produced by the UPR/PCH@CMS composites was tortuous and could suppress the heat and pyrolysis product exchange with UPR matrix.     

PROPERTIES AND MORPHOLOGY OF UNSATURATED POLYESTER/ACRYLATE-TERMINATED POLYURETHANE/ORGANOMONTMORILLONITE NANOCOMPOSITES

Unsaturated polyester resin （UPR）/acrylate-terminated polyurethane （ATPU）/organo-modified montmorillonite （OMMT） nanocomposites were prepared by the in situ intercalative polymerization method. Samples were prepared by the sequential mixing, i.e. mixture of the ATPU and styrene （S） and OMMT were prepared in the first step; UPR was then added to the pre-intercalates of ATPU/S/OMMT. Results indicate that the mechanical properties and thermal properties of UPR/ATPU/OMMT nanocomposites greatly depend on the amount of ATPU and OMMT. Results show that the addition of ATPU could increase the impact strength of UPR/ATPU composites, but the tensile strength, flexural strength and heat resistance of the materials are obviously decreased. When the weight ratio between UPR, ATPU and OMMT were 82：15：3, the impact strength and heat distortion-temperature of nanocomposite were greatly improved, meanwhile there was little change for other properties of the nanocomposites. The synergistic enhancement effects of ATPU and OMMT on the composites were observed. The structures and morphology of the composites were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.