微孔-介孔复合结构分子筛的合成及表征研究

以工业现有的ZSM-5作为原料,经一定化学处理的ZSM-5作为部分硅铝源,与介孔分子筛的凝胶在水热条件下进行组装得到具有微孔、介孔双孔分布的复合分子筛,并采用XRD、N2吸附脱附、IR、SEM、TEM等测试手段对合成样品进行分析表征,考察了主要合成条件对分子筛性能的影响.结果表明,合成过程中微孔与介孔结构之间会相互转化,样品中微孔与介孔特征峰存在此消彼长的关系.非临氢反应结果表明,复合分子筛具有较高的异构化选择性.     

模板技术制备单块介孔分子筛

模板技术与溶胶 -凝胶过程结合是合成介孔分子筛的有效方法 .模板通常采用表面活性剂在一定条件下自组装形成超分子结构 ,在不同条件下 ,此超分子结构具有不同聚集形态 ,合成出的介孔分子筛也具有不同的孔道排列方式 [1～ 4 ] .溶胶 -凝胶过程是通过硅源体的水解缩合并缓慢蒸发除去溶剂实现的 .此过程及产物受体系的 p H值影响很大 .在碱性体系中制备的介孔材料通常为粉末状 ,不利于实际应用 ,因此人们更加重视合成具有规则外形的介孔材料[5] .目前报道大多是在酸性体系中制备不同形状的介孔材料 [6～ 12 ] .有关合成单块介孔分子筛的报道…     

模板技术制备单块介孔分子筛

模板技术与溶胶-凝胶过程结合是合成介孔分子筛的有效方法. 模板通常采用表面活性剂在一定条件下自组装形成超分子结构, 在不同条件下, 此超分子结构具有不同聚集形态, 合成出的介孔分子筛也具有不同的孔道排列方式 [1~4]. 溶胶-凝胶过程是通过硅源体的水解缩合并缓慢蒸发除去溶剂实现的. 此过程及产物受体系的pH值影响很大. 在碱性体系中制备的介孔材料通常为粉末状, 不利于实际应用, 因此人们更加重视合成具有规则外形的介孔材料 [5]. 目前报道大多是在酸性体系中制备不同形状的介孔材料 [6~12]. 有关合成单块介孔分子筛的报道较少 [13]. 最近, 王策等 [14,15]改进了通常的溶胶-凝胶过程, 预先将溶胶中的有机溶剂通过萃取加以除去, 然后实现凝胶过程. 结果表明, 采用改进的溶胶-凝胶技术能显著地加快凝胶过程, 从而制备出任意形状和尺寸的氧化物单块, 并有无裂纹、透明性好等特点. 所以, 采用改进的溶胶-凝胶技术能高效地制备出高质量的氧化物单块.      

水-乙醚二元溶剂体系中制备放射虫状介孔氧化硅

在水-乙醚双溶剂体系中合成了一种新型的放射虫状介孔氧化硅微球. 通过SEM、TEM、XRD以及孔分布测试技术对其进行了表征. 分析结果表明, 这种氧化硅产物反映了在不稳定的水-油界面合成的形貌特征, 具有多级孔结构和空的内腔以及两种类型径向取向的介孔结构外壳.     

以天然植物为模板合成高度有序的多级复合孔材料

筛选出两种孔径较大且孔结构规则的植物为大孔模板,以嵌段共聚物为介孔相模板成功合成了两种具有连续的骨架和贯通的大孔孔道(大孔孔径大于40μm,其孔壁为介孔相)的高度有序多级复合孔材料.对该复合孔材料进行了水热稳定性研究.用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、粉末X射线衍射仪(XRD)、高分辨率透射电镜(HRTEM)以及N2吸附-脱附等测试手段对合成的样品进行了表征.结果表明,合成的产物是孔道相互贯通的多级有序复合孔硅材料,具有较好的水热稳定性.采用此合成方法可精确地复制大孔植物模板.     

介孔/大孔Al2O3-SiO2复合氧化物的制备与表征

 以正硅酸甲酯和硝酸铝为硅和铝的前驱体,以非离子表面活性剂C16EO10为结构导向剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了双孔结构硅铝复合氧化物材料. 扫描电镜和N2吸附/脱附分析表明,材料具有三维连续大孔和骨架介孔的双孔分布结构. 微米范围的连续大孔结构是由于溶胶-凝胶过程中诱发了Spinodal相分离所致,而骨架介孔的形成则可能是由于表面活性剂分子进入凝胶骨架中,起到构建介孔结构的模板作用. 骨架元素分析结果表明,制备过程中添加的铝大部分进入了凝胶骨架中,取代部分硅而形成酸性硅铝复合氧化物. 采用Hammett指示剂法和吡啶吸附红外光谱法分析了材料的表面固体酸性,结果显示,硅铝复合氧化物属于中强酸,酸强度H0在-5.6～-3.0 之间的酸中心数约为0.35 mmol/g, 并且材料表面的L酸位较为丰富, B酸位相对较少.     

以一种新型Gemini表面活性剂作为介孔模板剂通过转晶过程合成介孔ZSM-5分子筛

将一种新型Gemini表面活性剂,丙撑基双(十八烷基二甲基氯化铵)[C18H37(CH3)2–N+–(CH2)3–N+–(CH3)2C18H37]Cl2(C18-3-18),作为介孔模板剂用于水热法合成介孔ZSM-5分子筛.结果表明,在130 oC低温晶化即可高效合成介孔ZSM-5分子刷.C18-3-18的加入量可影响到所合成介孔ZSM-5分子筛的相对结晶度和织构性质,它的形成遵从一个转晶过程.在合成初期,凝胶中介孔模板剂C18-3-18的使用导向了介孔材料的生成;随后在TPABr的模板作用下,介孔材料慢慢转晶生成具有MFI结构的介孔ZSM-5;然后所合成的介孔ZSM-5晶粒进一步长大并聚集形成块状颗粒,同时产生晶间介孔.C18-3-18作为介孔导向剂不仅可用于合成介孔ZSM-5分子筛,也可用于其它介孔分子筛的合成中.     

介孔材料为硅源合成多级孔Mo/H-IM-5催化剂及其在甲烷无氧芳构化反应中的应用

在IM-5分子筛的合成体系中以介孔材料KIT-6作为硅源,制备出了多级孔IM-5复合分子筛(IM-5-K)。利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜、比表面积分析、NH3-TPD等手段对样品的物理性质和酸性进行表征。将经过钼修饰的Mo-IM-5-K催化剂应用于甲烷无氧芳构化反应中,考察其活性。催化测试结果显示,多级孔Mo-IM-5-K催化剂的最高甲烷转化率和芳烃产率为12.4%和6.9%,高于常规Mo-IM-5-C催化剂。同时,Mo-IM-5-K催化剂有更好的稳定性。催化剂反应活性和稳定性的差异是由于其具有不同的孔道结构和酸性所致。介孔的存在会影响活性Mo物种的落位及分布状态,有利于反应物与活性位的接触和芳烃产物的扩散,进而提高催化剂的活性和稳定性。     

微乳液法合成沸石/介孔二氧化硅复合微球(英文)

利用简单微乳液自组装体系,制备了介孔二氧化硅与Y型或Ti-MWW沸石晶体复合形成的沸石/介孔二氧化硅微球(ZMMS).硅源正硅酸四丁酯与阳离子型季铵盐表面活性剂形成稳定的O/W微乳液形成大颗粒,沸石颗粒由于疏水作用而进入油相,同时,季铵盐表面活性剂和正硅酸四丁酯组装形成介孔材料.优化合成条件可以有效控制复合微球的沸石/介孔二氧化硅质量比(0～2.3)和直径(186～965μm).两种沸石/介孔二氧化硅复合微球材料的介孔孔径分别为3.98 nm(Y型沸石)和3.75 nm(Ti-MWW型沸石).Ti-MWW沸石/介孔二氧化硅复合微球在液相催化环氧化反应中表现出良好的机械强度,并且能够达到与Ti-MWW沸石原粉相当的催化活性.     

形貌可控的微孔-介孔硅磷铝酸盐在大分子催化裂化中具有较高的催化活性

目前,随着世界原油资源的日趋重质化,催化裂化工艺已经成为石油加工过程中重油的轻质化和渣油裂解的重要方法.但是如何提高催化裂化转化率和小分子烯烃的选择性是目前催化裂化工艺研究的重要课题,而催化裂化的关键是催化剂.重质油大分子催化裂化时存在的问题是由于传统的微孔分子筛只具有单一的1nm以下的微孔孔道,而重油大分子通常较大、分子链较长,很难进入到微孔孔道中充分反应,因此传统微孔分子筛对重油大分子的反应极为不利.以MCM-41为代表的介孔分子筛具有较大的孔道直径(1.5～10nm),在催化裂化炼油工业中具有潜在的应用前景,但其较弱的酸性和较差的水热稳定性无法满足裂化过程对催化剂酸性和水热稳定性的要求,因此限制了介孔分子筛在工业催化领域中的应用.微孔-介孔复合分子筛具有微孔和介孔双模型孔分布,结合了介孔分子筛的孔道优势与微孔分子筛强酸性和高水热稳定性的优势,可使两种材料优势互补、协同作用,在大分子催化与吸附方面具有潜在的应用前景,受到分子筛化学家的广泛关注.前人主要对硅铝基微孔-介孔复合分子筛进行了大量的研究,本文将传统的硅铝基微孔-介孔复合分子筛扩展到了硅磷铝基微孔-介孔复合分子筛.在酸性室温条件下,通过两步路线合成了一种新颖且形貌可控的微孔-介孔硅磷铝酸盐MUS-5,考察了不同pH值条件下MUS-5形貌的变化,并借助X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、N2吸附-脱附、NH3-TPD等技术对其物相、形貌、结构及酸性进行了表征.研究结果表明:当溶液体系的pH值在2.0到5.0之间变化时,可以得到三种不同形貌(包括链状、花状、桶状)的MUS-5,且MUS-5均是由微孔SAPO-5相和介孔MCM-41相组成的.同时,对MUS-5复合材料的水热稳定性进行了研究,经过100℃水热条件下处理48h后,发现MUS-5结构中的介孔相依然存在,表明该材料具有较好的水热稳定性.最后,采用1,3,5-三异丙基苯作为探针分子评价了MUS-5催化剂的裂化性能,并在相同反应条件下与微孔SAPO-5催化剂进行了比较.催化评价结果显示:MUS-5的裂化性能远远高于微孔SAPO-5分子筛.其原因主要是由于MUS-5具有微孔和介孔双模型孔分布,结合了介孔相MCM-41的孔道优势与微孔相SAPO-5强酸性的优势,致使其催化性能大大提高.说明这种具有微孔-介孔孔道结构的硅磷铝酸盐MUS-5在大分子裂化方面应用前景广阔.     

银纳米颗粒负载阶层多孔二氧化硅块体的制备及表征

以溶胶-凝胶伴随相分离法制备的阶层多孔二氧化硅作为载体,3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)为改性剂,乙醇为还原剂,在阶层多孔二氧化硅固体骨架上进行银纳米颗粒均匀负载.利用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、汞压、N2吸附/脱附、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等测试技术对银纳米颗粒负载阶层多孔二氧化硅进行了表征,探讨了APTES表面改性、乙醇还原机理以及银纳米颗粒负载块体的孔结构特征变化规律.结果表明:APTES表面改性将氨基接枝于阶层骨架上,氨基与银离子形成银氨离子,银氨离子经乙醇还原后将平均粒径约16 nm的银纳米颗粒成功负载于二氧化硅的大孔及介孔内部;负载后的阶层多孔块体的大孔骨架未受到破坏,但其比表面积由418 m2·g-1下降到254m2·g-1,两次还原负载能提高银纳米颗粒的负载量.     

银纳米颗粒负载阶层多孔二氧化硅块体的制备及表征

以溶胶-凝胶伴随相分离法制备的阶层多孔二氧化硅作为载体,3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷（APTES）为改性剂,乙醇为还原剂,在阶层多孔二氧化硅固体骨架上进行银纳米颗粒均匀负载. 利用扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、汞压、N₂吸附/脱附、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等测试技术对银纳米颗粒负载阶层多孔二氧化硅进行了表征,探讨了APTES表面改性、乙醇还原机理以及银纳米颗粒负载块体的孔结构特征变化规律. 结果表明：APTES表面改性将氨基接枝于阶层骨架上,氨基与银离子形成银氨离子,银氨离子经乙醇还原后将平均粒径约16 nm的银纳米颗粒成功负载于二氧化硅的大孔及介孔内部;负载后的阶层多孔块体的大孔骨架未受到破坏,但其比表面积由418 m²·g^-1下降到254 m²·g^-1,两次还原负载能提高银纳米颗粒的负载量.     

Bio-templated synthesis of highly ordered macro-mesoporous silica material for sustained drug delivery

The bimodal porous structured silica materials consisting of macropores with the diameter of 5–20 μm and framework-like mesopores with the diameter of 4.7–6.0 nm were prepared using natural Manchurian ash and mango linin as macropored hard templates and P123 as mesopore soft templates, respectively. The macroporous structures of Manchurian ash and mango linin were replicated with the walls containing highly ordered mesoporous silica as well. As-synthesized dual porous silica was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and nitrogen adsorption/desorption, fourier transform IR (FTIR) spectroscopy, and thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA). Ibuprofen (Ibu) was employed as a model drug and the release profiles showed that the dual porous material had a sustained drug delivery capability. And such highly ordered dual pore silica materials may have potential applications for bimolecular adsorption/separation and tissue repairing.     

Uniform hierarchical silica film with perpendicular macroporous channels and accessible ordered mesopores for biomolecule separation

Herein, we demonstrate that silica films with perpendicular macroporous channels and accessible ordered mesopores can be conveniently prepared. The hierarchical macroporous–mesoporous silica films are synthesized by using zinc oxide nanorod array as macroporous template and CTAB surfactant as mesoporous template. In basic surfactant-containing solution, ordered mesoporous silica shells homogeneously grow on the zinc oxide nanorod array. The growth of the mesostructures do not require any chemical modification for the zinc oxide nanorod, which opens a new way for preparing hierarchical silica films with perpendicular mesochannels. The prepared hierarchical macroporous–mesoporous silica films possess a uniform thickness of 2 mm, large perpendicular macropores with a length of 1.8 mm and a width of 80 nm, and accessible ordered mesopores. Separation experiment demonstrates that this macroporous–mesoporous film can effectively separate biomolecules with different sizes.     

Hierarchical porous silica materials with a trimodal pore system using surfactant templates

Porous silica exhibiting a hierarchically ordered trimodal pore system with a well-defined reverse opal microstructure and bimodal mesoporosity in the walls has been prepared by using polystyrene latex spheres, a novel block copolymer and an ionic liquid surfactant as templates. The resulting materials exhibit hierarchical order at three length scales (small mesopores: 2-3 nm; large mesopores: 11-12 nm; macropores: 360 nm).     

Preparation of multilevel macroporous materials using natural plants as templates

A series of two-dimensionally (2D) ordered macroporous silica materials have been prepared by using eight natural plants as templates. The macroporous materials replicate the complicated morphologies of natural plants precisely, and retained the original pore shape of plants. Meanwhile, these macroporous materials showed roughly similar morphologies and pore structure by the same part of plants, while the distribution of macropore diameters is ca. 8–1,000 μm. It may provide a effective approach to prepare macroporous materials with different 2D pore and complicated morphologies. These 2D ordered macropore silica materials may have potentially application for tissue repairing and templates materials to produce other kinds of macropores or hierarchically porous materials.     

Facile synthesis of mesoporous silica sublayer with hierarchical pore structure on ceramic membrane using anionic polyelectrolyte

A facile method for introducing mesoporous silica sublayer onto the surface of a ceramic membrane for use in liquid-phase separation is described. To reduce the electrostatic repulsion between the mesoporous silica sol and the ceramic membrane in highly acidic conditions (pH < 2), thus facilitating the approach of hydrolyzed silica sol to the surface of the membrane, poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (Na+PSS-, denoted as PSS-) was used as an ionic linker. The use of PSS- led to a significant reduction in positive charge on the ceramic membrane, as confirmed by experimental titration data. Consistent with the titration results, the amount of mesoporous silica particles on the surface of the ceramic membrane was low, in the absence of PSS- treatment, whereas mesoporous silica sublayer with hierarchical pore structure was produced, when 1 wt % PSS- was used. The results show that mesoporous silica grows in the confined surface, eventually forming a multistacked surface architecture. The mesoporous silica sublayer contained uniform, ordered (P6 mm) mesopores of ca. 7.5 nm from mesoporous silica as well as macropores ( approximately mum) from interparticle voids, as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy analyses. The morphologies of the supported mesoporous silica could be manipulated, thus permitting the generation of uniform needlelike forms or uniform spheroid particles by varying the concentration of PSS-.     

Direct synthesis of hierarchical monolithic silica for high performance liquid chromatography

The silica-based monolith exhibiting a hierarchical bimodal porous structure has been directly synthesized via lytropic mesophase. The hydrolysis and condensation of tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) in the presence of poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (P123) and acetic acid results in silica monolith with MSU-type mesoporous structure embedded in the skeleton of the interconnected macropore. The silica monolith with bimodal porous structure can separate benzene and phenol with high flow rate and low back-pressure. Moreover, the chromatographic property of C18-grafted silica monolith is investigated in the separation of aromatic molecules. Our primary result shows that the silica monolith with interconnected macropore and MSU-type mesopore is a promising packing material as stationary phase for high performance liquid chromatography.     

Tailoring the porous hierarchy of titanium phosphates

First hierarchical titanium phosphate (TiPO) materials with multiple porosities of different lengths (meso-macroporous and meso-macro-macroporous) were synthesized by the self-formation process. The further tuning of the porous hierarchy by using the poly(ethylene oxide) surfactant technique was demonstrated. The macroporous structure (50-160 nm in size) of TiPO with mesoporous walls could be self-formed in the absence of any templatable agents, including surfactant molecules. On the basis of spontaneous structurization, the addition of a small quantity of nonionic poly(ethylene oxide) surfactant (e.g., 5%) led to an improvement in macroporosity in abundance and in regularity with a slight enlargement in macropore sizes to 80-250 nm. Interestingly, a secondary, larger macropore system with parallel channels 500-1000 nm in size was generated when the synthesis was performed with moderately increasing the content of surfactant (10%), giving rise to an unprecedented trimodal meso-macro-macroporous structure. A uniform three-dimensional co-continuous macroporous structure with accessible wormhole-like mesoporous walls was synthesized by using the higher content of surfactants. This is a direct demonstration of tailoring the porous hierarchy of different lengths integrated in one solid body by fine-tuning the self-formation process and the participation of surfactant. The synthesized hierarchical titanium phosphates possess interesting optical and acidic properties, which should be significant for large application potential from catalysis and separation to electrochromic devices, fuel cells, and bioactive materials.