沉淀法制备苯选择加氢制环己烯双助剂Ru系催化剂研究

用沉淀法制备了苯选择加氢制环己烯双助剂Ru系催化剂．其中Ru为活性组分，Zn和La为助剂，ZrO2为分散剂．研究了Ru／ZrO2比、Zn和La及其含量、ZnSO4及碱金属离子等对催化剂性能的影响．结果表明，Ru／ZrO2=10％、(Zn La)／Ru=8％、La／Zn=1：3，加入ZnSO4且保留碱金属离子，Ru—La—Zn／ZrO2催化剂不但具有较高的活性选择性，而且具有很好的沉降分离性能．运用TPR、XRD、BET比表面测定等技术对催化剂进行了表征，并对双助剂Ru—La—Zn／ZrO2的催化作用给予了解释．     

助剂对Ru-B/ZrO2非晶合金催化剂性能及表面性质的影响

在活性选择性测定的基础上，利用BET比表面测定，TPR、DSC等手段研究了Fe、Zn、La和Ce等助剂对苯加氢制环己烯Ru—B／ZrO2非晶合金催化性能及表面性质的影响，结果表明，助剂能明显改善催化剂的活性和选择性，提高Ru—B／ZrO2非晶合金的热稳定性，影响催化剂的表面性质，改善催化剂的还原行为，在催化反应条件下，活性组分Ru有金属态和Ru—B—O两种物种，作者认为，它们分别与催化剂的活性和选择性有关。     

苯选择加氢制环己烯Ru-Co-B/ZrO2催化剂的研究

对苯选择加氢制环己烯催化剂的研究,关键是选择性,这方面已经有不少文献报道[1,2],但具有工业应用价值的甚少。此外,载体也是影响环己烯选择性的一个重要因素。本文用化学还原法制备了Ru Co B/ZrO2催化剂,研究了助剂Co和载体ZrO2含量及还原剂对苯选择加氢制环己烯催化性能的影响。1　实验部分1 1　催化剂制备分别用KBH4和甲醛作还原剂,采用化学还原法制备出Ru Co B/ZrO2和Ru Co/ZrO2催化剂。其中RuCl3·xH2O和过渡金属Co盐分别作为活性组分和助剂的前体,纳米级ZrO2作分散剂,所得催化剂为黑色固体粉末。1 2　催化剂性能测试F…     

液相法苯选择加氢制环己烯催化反应动力学方程

 测定了Ru－M－B／ZrO2催化剂上选择加氢制环己烯反应过程中苯、环己烯及环己烷浓度随时间变化的c～t曲线，获得了苯选择加氢制环己烯反应中各步反应的级数和速率常数等动力学参数．结果给出，苯转化的反应级数对苯为1，对氢低压下为2，高压下为0；环己烯继续加氢生成环己烷的反应级数对环己烯为0，对氢低压下为2，高压下为0．在此基础上建立了苯选择加氢制环己烯各步反应的动力学方程，并对动力学方程进行了验证．     

镧对苯选择加氢钌基非晶合金催化剂性能的影响

采用稀土镧作助剂，制备了Ru-La-B／ZrO2非晶合金催化剂，具有较好的活性、选择性和热稳定性。利用活性选择测定、HRTEM，SAED，XPS，高温XRD等研究了镧对苯选择加氢制环己烯非晶合金RuB／ZrO2催化剂性能的影响。研究表明，在稀土元素镧作为助剂加入催化剂后，在不降低选择性的情况下，可以明显提高Ru-B／ZrO2催化剂的活性。高温XRD说明从室温到673KRu没有单独成相，773K以上Ru晶化。HRTEM观察到RuB和La形成非晶使金均匀地分散在ZrO2上，粒径3-6nm，La的分散作用使Ru-La-B／ZrO2催化剂具有良好的热稳定性，选区电子衍射证实了Ru-La-B的非晶态结构；XPS表明La在催化剂中以La2O3形式存在。     

贵金属对钴基催化剂上肉桂醛选择加氢反应的影响

 研究了贵金属改性的Co／γ－Al2O3催化剂上的肉桂醛选择加氢反应．结果表明，通过Pt，Pd和Ru贵金属改性，提高了催化剂的活性，但只有Pt改性的催化剂具有较高的选择性．w（Pt）＜0．5％时，催化剂的活性随着Pt含量的增加呈直线升高，当w（Pt）＝0．5％时，催化剂活性可提高近5倍，但催化剂的选择性变化很小．XRD结果表明，催化剂经还原后，γ－Al2O3上的钴主要为α－Co0．TPR结果表明，Pt的加入提高了Co3O4的还原性能，且Pt含量越高，Co3O4的还原温度越低．XPS结果表明，Pt改性的催化剂样品，其Co3O4大部分被还原为Co0．由于Pt与Co具有协同效应，故Pt改性的Co／γ－Al2O3催化剂既具有较高的活性，又具有很高的选择性．     

Ru/ZrO_2催化剂在苯部分加氢反应中的粒径效应

采用多元醇还原法将2.4~5.4 nm范围内粒径均一、尺寸可控的Ru纳米粒子负载在ZrO2上,研究了Ru的粒径对Ru/ZrO2催化剂上苯部分加氢性能的影响.采用紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)、N2物理吸附、H2化学吸附、H2-程序升温脱附(H2-TPD)、粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对催化剂进行了系统的表征.研究表明,用于还原的醇的种类及添加剂乙酸钠的浓度对Ru粒径有显著影响.在苯部分加氢反应中,Ru/ZrO2催化剂有明显的粒径效应.随着Ru粒径的增大,苯的转换频率(TOF)提高,环己烯初始选择性(S0)则呈火山型变化趋势,选择性最高时的Ru粒径为4.4 nm.1,2-丙二醇还原得到的Ru/ZrO2催化剂上S0及环己烯得率最高,分别可达82%和39%.结合催化剂的表征和加氢结果,讨论了Ru粒径影响苯部分加氢活性和选择性的原因.     

高活性高选择性苯部分加氢制环己烯催化剂的研究

用化学还原法制得了高活性高选择性Ru-Zn-B/ZrO2苯部分加氢催化剂体系.催化剂制备中活性组分前驱体RuCl3宜在ZrO2上吸附后再还原.催化剂的活性指数γ40和SHE分别为154.7%和85.5%,均高于进口催化剂水平γ40和SHE分别为100%～120%和75%～80%,具有很好的应用前景.催化剂中Ru-Zn-B为三元非晶合金,B以元素态和NaBO3*3H2O化合物存在.随反应温度提高,合金分解,Ru晶化.反应浆液中加入ZnSO4*7H2O可有效降低活性,提高环己烯的选择性.     

B2O3/TiO2-ZrO2催化环己酮肟气相Beckmann重排反应研究 Ⅲ. 反应条件的影响

 对B2O3／TiO2－ZrO2催化环己酮肟气相Beckmann重排制己内酰胺的反应条件进行了优化研究，系统考察了反应温度、原料空速、载气及其流速和稀释剂等对催化剂催化性能的影响．结果表明，当反应温度为300℃、环己酮肟的重时空速WHSV）为0．33h－1、氮气为载气（流速30ml／min）及乙腈为稀释剂时，B2O3／TiO2－ZrO2催化剂的催化性能最佳，连续反应6h，环己酮肟的转化率为100％，己内酰胺的选择性高达98．6％．     

环己酮肟在改性氧化锆催化剂上的Beckmann重排反应Ⅴ.活化焙烧温度对B2O3/ZrO2催化剂的影响

 采用BET，XRD，TG－DTA，FT－IR，XPS和NH3－TPD等分析手段，研究了活化焙烧温度（500～800℃）对B2O3／ZrO2催化剂织构／结构、表面性质和环己酮肟气相重排反应的影响．催化剂活化焙烧温度升高促进了ZrO2向单斜晶相转化，同时活性组分氧化硼由以BO4为主要结构单元的物种转变为以BO3为基本结构单元的B2O3，导致催化剂比表面积、孔体积以及表面酸量减小，ZrO2与B2O3之间的相互作用减弱．700℃活化焙烧的催化剂表面拥有最大比例的中强酸中心，而且Beckmann反应的活性稳定性最高．这些结果表明，活化焙烧温度对B2O3／ZrO2催化剂上气相重排反应的影响主要是通过改变催化剂中B原子的配位状态和表面酸性实现的．     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.     

Synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles by Curtius reaction in Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives

Synthesis of substituted pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles from the Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives of acrylates via saponification followed by Curtius reaction is described.