冻干保护剂溶液低温退火特性的研究

利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究了10%叔丁醇/10%蔗糖/水溶液的冻结特性, 退火温度及退火时间, 分析了溶液的退火行为. 实验结果表明, 溶液降温时, 蔗糖的存在阻碍了叔丁醇析出, 最大冻结浓缩溶液玻璃化转变温度Tg′由－32.5 ℃降低到－42.0 ℃, 升温时在－30 ℃叔丁醇发生反玻璃化. 在反玻璃化峰附近的温度进行退火可使叔丁醇充分析出, Tg′由－42.0 ℃上升到－34.9 ℃. 所需的退火时间与退火温度有关, 退火温度越接近Tg′, 所需的退火时间越长. 在－37 ℃时, 退火20 min可完全消除反玻璃化.     

不同结晶度的乙二醇及其水溶液玻璃化转变与焓松弛

为了考察晶体成分对无定形成分玻璃化转变和结构松弛行为的影响,利用差示扫描量热法(DSC),结合低温显微技术,研究了乙二醇(EG)及其50％水溶液在不同结晶度时的玻璃化转变和焓松弛行为.采用等温结晶方法控制骤冷的部分结晶玻璃体中的晶体份额.DSC结果表明,对于部分结晶的EG,只有单一的玻璃化转变过程,而对于50％EG,当结晶度不同时,不同程度地表现出两次玻璃化转变（无定形相Ⅰ和无定形相Ⅱ）.相Ⅰ的玻璃化转变温度和完全无定形态的含水EG的玻璃化转变温度相一致;相Ⅱ的玻璃化转变温度要比此温度约高6 ℃.低温显微观察结果印证了DSC实验结果.DSC等温退火的实验和KWW(Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts)衰变函数分析结果表明,EG无定形和50％EG中的两种无定形有不同的焓松弛行为.     

1,2-丙二醇水溶液玻璃化转变与结构松弛

为了考察水含量对1, 2-丙二醇水溶液玻璃化转变和结构松弛参数的影响, 用差示扫描量热法(DSC), 测量了5种高浓度1, 2-丙二醇水溶液(60%、70%、80%、90%、100%, w)玻璃化转变区域的表观比热容. 用5种降温速率(1、2、5、10、20 K·min-1)和10 K·min-1的升温速率获得玻璃化转变的相关参数. 玻璃化转变温度分析结果表明, 虽然水含量增加能从总体上降低体系的玻璃化转变温度, 但与纯羟基类多元醇相比, 水对1, 2-丙二醇的增塑作用并不显著. 结构松弛活化能计算结果表明, 体系水含量的增加能明显降低结构松弛活化能. 脆度分析结果表明, 随着体系水含量增加, 动力学脆度逐渐降低, 但热力学脆度是先升高后降低, 在80%左右达到最大值. 结构松弛协同重排域计算结果表明, 当浓度由60%增加至100%时, 玻璃化转变特征长度由2.79 nm增加至3.57 nm.     

用DSC测量葡萄糖溶液部分玻璃化转变温度的新方法

用差示扫描量热仪, 采用经过退火处理的连续扫描法, 以不同浓度(20%、45%)的葡萄糖溶液为研究对象, 研究了退火温度对Tgf(部分结晶的玻璃化转变温度)的影响, 给出了确定Tg′(部分玻璃化转变温度)的新方法. 研究发现, 不同退火温度下的Tgf不同. 在−50 ℃以上退火, Tgf随着退火温度的增大而减小; 在−50 ℃以下退火, Tgf随着退火温度的增大而增大, 都有很好的线性关系. 不同浓度的溶液具有相似的规律. 提出从Tgf确定Tg′的方法: Tgf在−50 ℃上下随退火温度变化线的交点所对应的部分结晶玻璃化转变温度即为Tg′. 使用该方法测得葡萄糖的Tg′为−55 ℃.     

丙三醇水溶液玻璃结构松弛现象学研究

为了考察水含量对丙三醇水溶液玻璃体结构松弛行为的影响，利用差示扫描量热法(DSC)测量了五种高浓度丙三醇水溶液的玻璃化转变温度和玻璃化转变区域的比热容，利用TNM模型进行了结构松弛的现象学分析. 松弛时间的分析结果表明，水溶液玻璃中水含量越高，则松弛过程越快. TNM模型的计算结果表明，随着水含量的增加，玻璃体系的结构松弛活化能和非指数参数都有逐渐降低的趋势，而非线性参数和指前因子逐渐增加.     

杜仲胶玻璃化转变温度的分子模拟

对杜仲胶的玻璃化转变温度进行了分子动力学模拟。首先,计算了不同聚合度的反式聚异戊二烯的溶度参数,确定了合理的反式聚异戊二烯结构模型的聚合度为20;然后,用分子动力学模拟获得反式聚异戊二烯在不同温度下的比体积,通过对模拟得到的比体积-温度(V-T)作图,求得玻璃化转变温度(Tg)为210 K,采用差示扫描量热(DSC)法实测得到的Tg为203 K,两种结果在误差允许范围内基本一致,其模拟结果与实测值吻合得较好。     

两个不同分子量聚苯乙烯混合体系的玻璃化转变

用差示扫描热量法测定了两个分子量不同的聚苯乙烯混合体系的玻璃化转变温度随组成的变化，并与Ｆｏｘ方程，Ｇｏｒｄｏｎ－Ｔａｙｌｏｒ方程和Ｃｏｕｃｈｍａｎ方程的预测结果进行了比较，以验证这些经验方程的适用性。     

不同构型聚丙烯的玻璃化转变温度的分子模拟

应用分子力学和分子动力学的方法对3种不同构型聚丙烯高分子的玻璃化转变温度进行了模拟.用NPT(等温等压)分子动力学模拟获得聚丙烯(PP)在不同温度下的特征体积,通过对模拟得到的V-T做图,求得玻璃化转变温度,其结果与实验值吻合较好.并分析了聚丙烯主链柔顺性和立构规整度对高分子玻璃化转变的影响.     

醇类低温保护剂对NaCl水溶液共晶的影响

为了研究低温保护剂对盐水溶液共晶的影响, 利用差示扫描量热法(DSC)对添加不同浓度的甘油、乙二醇、1, 2-丙二醇、1, 3-丙二醇和二甲基亚砜的NaCl 水溶液的共晶现象进行了研究. 发现NaCl 水溶液共晶是一个过冷随机过程,醇类和二甲基亚砜对之有抑制作用.保护剂浓度越高,共晶焓越小, 对共晶的抑制作用越大. 其中4种醇类保护剂的抑制能力从强到弱依次是甘油、乙二醇、1, 2-丙二醇和1, 3-丙二醇.其抑制能力的强弱主要由分子量/羟基数的比值决定, 其次受甲基影响. 二甲基亚砜抑制共晶的能力与乙二醇的接近. 研究发现升温过程中,三元溶液发生共晶体的玻璃化现象和反玻璃化现象.     

用调制式差示扫描量热法表征尼龙6和聚乳酸升温热行为

用调制式差示扫描量热法(MDSC)表征尼龙6和聚乳酸升温过程热行为，MDSC把总热流分解成可逆热流ΔHrev和不可逆热流ΔHnon;实验结果表明纯尼龙及其共混体系升温熔融过程中包含了可逆放热峰；共混体系不同，可逆热流ΔHrev不同，都比纯尼龙小；纯尼龙可逆热流ΔHrev随调制周期延长而增大；聚乳酸玻璃化转变区，随老化时间的延长和老化温度的提高，玻璃化转变温度Tg提高，松弛热焓增大。     

The Glass Transition of Water and Aqueous Systems

After a brief introduction of the terms supercooling, amorphous solid state, glass transition and devitrification, the known ways of production of amorphous solid water are discussed. DSC experiments with quench cooled aqueous solutions show the phenomenon of glass transition and devitrification.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of polyols and sugars on the structure of water in concentrated gelatin gels as studied by low temperature differential scanning calorimetry

 Phase-transition temperatures, glass-transition temperatures, melting temperatures, gel–sol transition temperatures in differential scanning calorimetry heating curves of gelatin solutions with and without various sugars and polyols quenched by liquid nitrogen were studied. Both sugars and polyols added to concentrated gelatin solutions shifted the glass-transition temperatures to lower temperatures, and it was attributed to the increase of unfreezable water which acts as a plasticizer. The mechanisms of the increase in unfreezable water, however, seem to be different for sugars and polyols; sugars increase unfreezable water by increasing the number of junction zones which hold unfreezable water, while polyols by themselves increase the amount of unfreezable water. Received: 9 January 1997 Accepted: 1 July 1997     

Saccharide‐structure effects on poly N‐isopropylacrylamide phase transition in aqueous media; Reflections on protein stability

Protein stability in aqueous solutions is important in numerous fields, particularly biotechnology and food‐science. To shed new light on the protective effect of carbohydrates on proteins, we studied saccharide‐structure effects in aqueous solutions on the coil‐to‐globule transition occurring at the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of poly‐N‐isopropylacrylamide (PNIPA), an isomer of polyleucine, as a simple model representing certain key behaviors of proteins (e.g., denaturation/renaturation). We systematically selected sugars and polyols to relate structural and physical characteristics of these carbohydrates to their effect on PNIPA solutions. Using isothermal titration‐microcalorimetry, we showed that no significant binding of saccharides to the polymer occurs. Using micro‐DSC, we studied the decreasing polymer LCST temperature with rising carbohydrate concentration. Beyond the expected observation that steric exclusion is important, we observed previously‐unreported significant differences among the effects of isomeric aldohexoses and also among the effects of isomeric diglucoses on PNIPA LCST. We found good correlation between the sugar hydration number and its effect on LCST. We conclude that the larger and denser the hydrated cluster a carbohydrate forms, the worse a cosolvent is for the polymer, and the stronger it's lowering effect of the coil‐to‐globule transition. Such favoring of the compact globule state provides a protective effect against denaturation of globular proteins. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 2307–2318, 2008     

PDEA和P(DEA-co-NHMAA)稀水溶液相分离行为研究

运用紫外-可见分光光度法分别考察了聚N,N-二乙基丙烯酰胺(PDEA)和N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺(NHMAA)与DEA的共聚物P(DEA-co-NHMAA)稀水溶液相分离行为. 结果发现，当P(DEA-co-NHMAA)中NHMAA的质量分数小于5.25%时, 随着NHMAA含量的增加， 其最低临界溶解温度(TLCS)下降；当NHMAA的含量大于5.25%时，随着NHMAA含量的增加，其TLCS上升；与PDEA相比P(DEA-co-NHMAA)相分离行为的浓度依赖性减弱；PDEA和P(DEA-co-NHMAA)从无规线团(coil)到蜷曲球(globular)的突然转变与从globular到coil的逐渐转变机理不同. 据此提出了P(DEA-co-NHMAA)在稀水溶液中相变的分子机理.     

Glass transition and enthalpy relaxation of ethylene glycol and its aqueous solution

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and cryomicroscopy were employed to investigate the glass transition and enthalpy relaxation behaviors of ethylene glycol (EG) and its aqueous solution (50% EG) with different crystallization percent. Isothermal crystallization method was used in devitrification region to get different crystallinity after samples quenched below glass transition temperature. The DSC thermograms upon warming showed that the pure EG has a single glass transition, while the 50% EG solution has two if the solution crystallized partially. It is believed that the lower temperature transition represents the glass transition of bulk amorphous phase of EG aqueous solution glass state, while the higher one is related to ice inclusions, whose mobility is restricted by ice crystal. Cryomicroscopic observation indicated that the EG crystal has regular shape while the ice crystal in 50% EG aqueous solution glass matrix has no regular surface. Isothermal annealing experiments at temperatures lower than T_g were also conducted on these amorphous samples in DSC, and the results showed that both the two amorphous phases presented in 50% EG experience enthalpy relaxation. The relaxation process of restricted amorphous phase is more sensitive to annealing temperature.     

Nonlinear depression of the lower critical solution temperatures in aqueous solutions of thermo-sensitive random copolymers

We develop a theoretical model of cooperative hydration to clarify the molecular origin of the observed nonlinear depression of the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in the aqueous solutions of thermosensitive random copolymers and find the monomer composition at which LCST shows a minimum. Phase diagrams of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N,N-diethylacrylamide) copolymer solutions are theoretically derived on the basis of the theory of cooperative hydration by introducing the microscopic structure parameter η which characterizes the distribution of the monomer sequences along the chains. We compared them with the experimental data of LCST of random copolymers with various monomer compositions and also of the diblock copolymers with equimolar monomer composition. The transition temperature shifts to lower than those of homopolymer counterparts when the monomer sequence of the chains has an alternative tendency. On the contrary, for the blocky polymers such as diblock copolymers, the transition temperature remains almost the same as those of the homopolymers. Thus, the nonlinear effect in phase separation appears when the average block length of the copolymers is shorter than the average sequence length of the cooperative hydration. The degree of hydration is calculated as a function of the temperature and polymer concentration for varied distribution of the copolymer compositions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1112–1123     

Analysis of interfacial phenomena of aqueous solutions of polyethylene oxide and polyethylene glycol flowing in hydrophilic and hydrophobic capillary viscometers

Viscosities of aqueous solutions of five polyethylene oxide (PEO) samples with molar masses from 1.5 x 10(5) to 1.0 x 10(6) were carefully measured in a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) capillary Ubbelohde viscometer in the concentration range from dilute down to extremely dilute concentration regions and compared with those of the same sample obtained from a glass capillary viscometer. At the same time, viscosities of aqueous solutions of three PEG samples in glass and paraffin-coated capillary viscosity were measured. The wall effects occurred in viscosity measurements for PEO and PEG aqueous solutions in different capillary viscometers were theoretically analyzed and discussed. It was found that different interfacial behaviors occurred in both hydrophobic and hydrophilic capillary viscometers respectively and the interfacial behaviors also exhibit molar mass dependence.     

Investigations of the Sub-Ambient Transitions in Frozen Sucrose by Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry (MDSC®)

40% w/w sucrose/water solutions were analyzed by Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry [1] in the sub-ambient temperature region. At these temperatures, the solutions exhibit a complex, two-step thermal event. The lower-temperature event is believed to be the glass transition of the amorphous sucrose phase. The nature of the higher-temperature event is the subject of controversy. This event has been shown to have distinct second-order characteristics, and as such is believed to be a second T_g. Others feel that this event is the onset of melting. The temperature region between these events contains a devitrification exotherm. Through the use of MDSC, both in scanning and stepwise quasi-isothermal modes, improved sensitivity and resolution of MDSC provides new insight into the nature of these transitions.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Phase transformations in aqueous low molar mass poly(vinyl methyl ether) solutions: theoretical prediction and experimental validation of the peculiar solvent melting line, bimodal LCST, and (adjacent) UCST miscibility gaps

Supported by theoretical predictions based on the Wertheim Lattice Thermodynamic Perturbation Theory, modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry (MTDSC) was used to further the knowledge of the phase behavior of aqueous poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) solutions. Using a narrowly dispersed low molar mass PVME, we determined the following phase boundaries: (i) a bimodal lower critical solution temperature (LCST) miscibility gap at physiological temperature (around 37 degrees C), (ii) an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) two-phase area at sub-zero temperatures and high polymer concentration, and (iii) the melting line of the solvent across the entire concentration range, showing a peculiar stepwise decrease with composition. The location of the glass transition region and its influence on the crystallization/melting behavior of the solvent is discussed.