In situ synthesis, characterization, and catalytic performance of tungstophosphoric acid encapsulated into the framework of mesoporous silica pillared clay

Mesoporous silica pillared clay (SPC) incorporated with tungstophosphoric acid (HPW) has been synthesized via in situ introducing P and W source in the acidic suspension of the clay interlayer template during the formation of the silica pillared clay. The samples were characterized by XRD, XRF, FT-IR, TG-DTA, N(2) adsorption-desorption, and SEM techniques. The results showed that the HPW formed by in situ method has been effectively introduced into the framework of mesoporous silica pillared clay and its Keggin structure remained perfectly after formation of the materials. In addition, samples with similar HPW loadings were also prepared by impregnation method using SPC as the support. HPW in the incorporated samples was better dispersed into the silica pillared clay than in the impregnated samples. The results of catalytic tests indicated that the encapsulated materials demonstrated better catalytic performance than the impregnated samples in oxidative desulfurization (ODS) of dibenzothiophene (DBT).     

合成条件对磷钨酸负载的金属有机框架催化剂氧化脱硫性能的影响

通过一步水热合成法制备了大比表面积、高脱硫活性的磷钨酸(HPW)负载的金属有机框架HPW@MIL-101(Cr)催化剂,对其进行了FT-IR、XRD和氮吸附等表征,并研究了合成时间、合成温度、酸碱度及HPW负载量等参数对催化剂脱硫性能的影响。结果表明,随着合成时间的延长、合成温度的提高,HPW@MIL-101(Cr)孔道有序度提高;合成温度低于等于140℃时,不能形成M IL-101(Cr)晶体结构;酸性合成条件合成的HPW@M IL-101(Cr)的孔道有序度降低;随着HPW负载量的增加,HPW@MIL-101(Cr)的催化性能呈现先升高后降低的趋势。在12 h、220℃和中性条件下制备得到的负载量为3.5 g的HPW@MIL-101(Cr)催化剂具有最佳脱硫活性;在模拟油20 mL、催化剂用量0.24 g、氧硫比为8和50℃条件下反应120 min,对苯并噻吩、二苯并噻吩和4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩脱硫率分别为99%、100%和99%;与HPW相比,苯并噻吩脱硫率提高了2.4倍。     

12-磷钨酸插层MgAl水滑石的合成、表征及催化酯化原油脱酸性能

采用离子交换法合成了不同Mg/Al物质的量比的12-磷钨酸(H_3PW_(12)O_(40),HPW)插层水滑石(LDHs),采用XRD、FT-IR、Raman、ICP-AES、TG-DSC等分析手段表征其物化性质,Hammett指示剂-正丁胺滴定法测定其酸强度和酸量分布。进一步将其用于原油催化酯化脱酸反应,并与NO_3型LDHs对比,探讨酯化活性与催化剂性质之间的关系。结果表明,催化剂的活性主要受酸性和比表面积的影响。HPW插层LDHs的酯化活性明显优于NO3型LDHs,归因于增强的酸性和增大的比表面积。对于弱酸性的NO_3型LDHs,酯化活性与比表面积呈正向关系,Mg/Al物质的量比为4时,具有最大的比表面积和脱酸活性。而对于较强酸性的HPW插层LDHs,酯化活性主要受到酸量的影响,Mg/Al物质的量比为2的催化剂具有最高的酸量和脱酸活性。     

磷钨酸功能化氮化碳的制备及其氧化脱硫研究

以磷钨酸和氮化碳为原料,合成磷钨酸功能化的氮化碳(g-C₃N₄/HPW),并采用XRD、SEM、FT-IR对其结构进行表征。以g-C₃N₄/HPW为催化剂,过氧化氢作为氧化剂,咪唑氟硼酸盐为萃取剂氧化萃取一体法脱除模拟油中的二苯并噻吩(DBT)。考察了反应温度、催化剂加入量、双氧水加入量、萃取剂加入量、硫化物类型等因素对脱硫效果的影响。结果表明,在模拟油为5 mL,g-C₃N₄/HPW为0.02 g,H₂O₂加入量为1.0 mL,BF₄ 为1.5 mL,反应温度70 ℃,反应120 min的条件下,DBT的转化率可达到93%。反应体系循环使用4次催化剂的活性没有明显的降低。     

Ion-pair extraction and GC-MS determination of linear alkylbenzene sulphonates in aqueous environmental samples

A GC-MS method was developed for the determination of linear alkylbenzene sulphonates (LAS) and sulphophenylcarboxylic acids (SPC) in aqueous environmental samples. LAS and SPC were isolated from aqueous samples using methylene green (MG) as ion-pair reagent and derivatised with diazomethane for their chromatographic analysis. LAS and SPC were then analysed with GC-MS in EI mode as their methyl esters. The method eliminates positive and negative interferences found by the methylene blue method and considered to be selective and sensitive for the determination of LAS and SPC in aqueous samples. The recovery of LAS was 98% with a relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) of 2.0% and the detection limit obtained from calculations by using GC-MS results based on S/N:3 was lower than 10 ppb. Obtained results revealed that the method can also be employed in the analysis of organic compounds bearing sulphate and sulphonate groups.     

Preparation of MCM-41 incorporated with lacunary Keggin polyoxometalate and its catalytic performance in esterification

The ordered mesoporous MCM-41 materials incorporated with lacunary polyoxometalate were prepared via an original direct synthesis method. As the control, the samples with similar lacunary polyoxometalate loadings were also prepared by impregnation of MCM-41. The prepared samples were characterized by XRF, XRD, FT-IR, Raman spectra, HRTEM, SEM, N(2) adsorption isotherm, TG-DTA, and NH(3)-TPD technology. The results show that the lacunary polyoxometalate is better dispersed in the direct synthesized samples than in the impregnated samples, and its structure remains intact after formation of the materials. The catalytic performance of the materials was tested using the esterification of n-butanol with acetic acid. The direct synthesized samples display excellent catalytic performance and reusability, which is superior to the impregnated samples. Under the optimized conditions, the conversion of n-butanol is 89.7%, and the selectivity of butyl acetate is nearly 100%.     

Selective pressurized liquid extraction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls from food and feed samples

Selective pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) from various food and feed samples was performed with a selective PLE method previously developed for bulk PCBs. The method utilizes sulfuric acid impregnated silica inside the extraction cell to oxidize coextracted fat. Extractions were performed at 100 degrees C with n-heptane for 5 min in two cycles. Data obtained by selective PLE combined with gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) were compared to concentrations derived from reference laboratories applying conventional sample preparation and GC-HRMS. Experiments performed on spiked vegetable oil, naturally contaminated crude fish oil and oil containing compound feed samples showed good results for these relatively simple matrices. The accuracy was generally +/-20% as compared to spiked levels or to values obtained by the reference laboratories. The precision, measured as the relative standard deviation (RSD) for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxic equivalency values (TEQs), was below 10% in all cases. The method was also tested on naturally contaminated herring tissue, chicken tissue, pork tissue and sepiolitic clay, which all caused some trouble. It was observed that sufficient amounts of sodium sulfate should be used for dehydration of tissue samples and additionally, the cells should not be packed too dense in order to avoid suppressed extraction efficiency. Once this was attended to, satisfactory data could be obtained, except for sepiolithic clay. This study demonstrates that selective PLE can be applied with success to a number of food and feed matrices in analysis of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs. Since the fat removal step is on-line, the selective PLE method will reduce time and solvent consumption for sample preparation as compared to traditional clean-up.     

Promotion of oxidative desulfurization performance of model fuel by 3DOM Ce-doped HPW/TiO2 material

Phosphotungstic acid (HPW) supported on Ce-doped three-dimensional ordered macroporous (3DOM) TiO₂ catalysts are studied in catalytic oxidation desulfurization (ODS) of model oil. The structural and textural of as-synthesized catalysts are characterized by N₂ adsorption, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, SEM-EDS, TEM, FT-IR, XPS, UV–Vis and ICP. These results upheld the existence of periodically arranged macroporous structure of catalyst, with Keggin-type of HPW dispersed homogeneously on TiO₂ matrix. Among these 3DOM Ce-doped HPW/TiO₂ materials, catalyst with 15 wt.% cerium dosage exhibits best ODS performance, which oxidized 99.8% of dibenzothiophene (DBT) into corresponding sulfone within 40 min. The excellent ODS performance of 3DOM Ce-doped HPW/TiO₂ catalyst is related to the common influence of more oxygen vacancies produced by electron transformation between Ce³⁺ and Ce⁴⁺. The chemisorbed oxygen on the surface catalyst will facilitate the selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfones. Moreover, the 3DOM structure of catalyst will further promote the mass transfer of reactants and products on the pore channel. The as-prepared catalyst shows excellent reusability in the ODS system, no obviously decrease in catalytic activity even after 6 runs.     

磷钨酸纳米ZSM-5复合催化剂的氧化脱硫反应性

采用浸渍法制备了纳米晶ZSM-5负载的磷钨酸复合固体催化剂,纳米晶ZSM-5上单独负载磷钨酸时,Keggin结构磷钨酸转变为Dawson结构多酸化合物,结合镍盐后Keggin结构保持不变。 以有机硫化物氧化脱硫为探针反应的研究结果表明,在低温(40 ℃)反应条件下,含二苯并噻吩有机硫组分的正辛烷模拟油品的脱硫率高达94.5%。     

Mesomorphic structures of protonated surfactant-encapsulated polyoxometalate complexes

Keggin-type heteropolyanions, H(3)PW(12)O(40) (HPW), Na(3)PW(12)O(40) (NaPW), H(4)SiW(12)O(40) (HSiW) and K(4)SiW(12)O(40) (KSiW), were encapsulated by a cationic surfactant, di[12-(4'-octyloxy-4-azophenyl)dodecyloxy]dimethylam monium bromide (L), through the replacement of counterions. The resulting surfactant-encapsulated polyoxometalate complexes were characterized by UV-vis, Raman, and NMR spectra in detail. The measurement results indicated that some azobenzene groups of the surfactant were protonated in the complexes HL/HPW (HL is the abbreviation of the protonated surfactant), HL/NaPW, and HL/HSiW during the process of encapsulation, whereas the protonation was not observed in L/KSiW. The thermotropic liquid crystal properties of these complexes were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy and variable-temperature X-ray diffraction. Interestingly, different smectic mesophases were observed between the protonated HL/HSiW and the non-protonated L/KSiW, which suggests that the protonation of azobenzene groups in HL/HSiW plays a key role in the liquid crystalline organization. However, protonated HL/HPW and HL/NaPW exhibit a similar smectic B phase to that of the de-protonated one, L/HPW. A competitive balance between the phase separation and the volume minimization of surfactants was proposed to explain the self-organized liquid crystal structures of these protonated and non-protonated complexes. To the best of our knowledge, the present investigation provides a specific example for protonated hybrid materials with stable liquid crystal properties.     

Edible oil bleaching with a bentonite activated by micro wave irradiation

A clay impregnated with an ammonium chloride solution was activated in a micro-wave oven. Optimal conditions of activation were determined by bleaching tests of a degummed and neutralized crude edible oil. Optimum values (concentration of NH₄Cl solution: 3M, heating time: 15 minutes) led to a material as effective as a commercial virgin bleaching earth in the treatment of an edible oil. The percent bleaching values calculated at 410 nm and 465 nm are 86% and 92%, respectively, for an oil processed by the micro-wave activated clay, against 77% and 93% for the same crude oil processed by a commercial virgin bleaching earth.     

Photoacoustic infrared spectroscopy of Syncrude post-extraction oil sand

Rapid- and step-scan photoacoustic (PA) infrared spectra of three fractions of a Syncrude post-extraction oil sand were analyzed in detail in this work. The rapid-scan spectra showed that the samples were comprised primarily of kaolinite, quartz, silica, siderite, and residual hydrocarbons, and that the proportions of these constituents were different for each fraction. Depth profiling of the three post-extraction oil sands was accomplished using both rapid- and step-scan PA infrared spectroscopy. The results confirmed that kaolinite is more abundant in the near-surface region, whereas quartz and hydrocarbons are concentrated at greater depths. The modulation frequency dependence of the PA intensities for all three fractions was consistent with a model in which the samples are thermally thick; in other words, the thermal diffusion length (roughly equal to the sampling depth) was less than the particle sizes of all three samples. The results of this study are consistent with published reports on the PA infrared spectra of fine tailings generated during bitumen extraction and the spectroscopic and thermophysical characterization of clay soils and an appropriate model clay.     

合成后再处理法制备含Ti介孔分子筛Ti-KIT-1

Mesoporous molecular series Ti-KIT-1 samples were prepared by three different post-handling methods using Ti(OEt)4 as the Ti source and KIT-1 as the support .The three post-synthetic methods were impregnated method,grafting method and colloidal method.The Ti-KIT-1 samples were characterized by FT-IR,DRS,XRD,TG-DSC and physical adsorption-desorption of nitrogen.Experimental results showed that the Ti-KIT-1 samples remained the original mesoporous structure with a smaller specific BET surface area compared to the parent KIT-1 sieve.DRS and FT-IR indicate the existence of tetrahedral titanium (Ⅳ),TG-DSC and chemical analyse method proved that TiO_2 weight percentage of grafting sample is much more than impregnated and colloidal samples.The grafting method is a good post-handling method that can effectively make use of a titanium source and promise the original mesoporous structure.     

Determination of sulfophenylcarboxylic acids in marine samples by solid-phase extraction then high-performance liquid chromatography

An analytical method is presented for the determination of sulfophenylcarboxylic acids (SPC) produced by the biodegradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) in marine samples. Isolation and concentration of the compounds was by solid-phase extraction. The different factors affecting extraction efficiency packing composition, pH, clean-up, ionic strength, and elution solvents--were studied and optimized. With the proposed method C4-C13SPC and C10-C13 LAS recoveries varied between 65% and 105%, with standard deviations between 0.1 and 5, respectively, for 100-mL samples and 100 microg L(-1) concentrations of each homolog. Detection limits within the range 0.5 g L(-1) (for C4SPC) to 1.0 g L(-1) (for C12SPC) were obtained by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. This method is the first to be proposed that enables the simultaneous determination of monocarboxylic SPC (C>3) and LAS homologs in marine samples by a simple, sensitive, and specific method giving high recoveries and reproducibility. SPC with from three to twelve carbon atoms in the carboxyl chain have been found in marine water samples.     

Dynamical properties of the soft sticky dipole-quadrupole-octupole water model: a molecular dynamics study

The dynamical properties of the soft sticky dipole-quadrupole-octupole (SSDQO) water model using SPC/E moments are calculated utilizing molecular dynamics simulations. This new potential for liquid water describes the water-water interactions by a Lennard-Jones term and a sticky potential, which is an approximate moment expansion with point dipole, quadrupole, and octupole moments, and reproduces radial distribution functions of pure liquid water using the moments of SPC/E [Ichiye and Tan, J. Chem. Phys. 124, 134504 (2006)]. The forces and torques of SSDQO water for the dipole-quadrupole, quadrupole-quadrupole, and dipole-octupole interactions are derived here. The simulations are carried out at 298 K in the microcanonical ensemble employing the Ewald method for the long-range dipole-dipole interactions. Here, various dynamical properties associated with translational and rotational motions of SSDQO water using the moments of SPC/E (SSDQO:SPC/E) water are compared with the results from SPC/E and also experiment. The self-diffusion coefficient of SSDQO:SPC/E water is found to be in excellent agreement with both SPC/E and experiment whereas the single particle orientational relaxation time for dipole vector is better than SPC/E water but it is somewhat smaller than experiment. The dielectric constant of SSDQO:SPC/E is essentially identical to SPC/E, and both are slightly lower than experiment. Also, molecular dynamics simulations of the SSDQO water model are found to be about twice as fast as three-site models such as SPC/E.     

银离子修饰的介孔磷钨酸/二氧化硅催化剂氧化脱硫性能研究

采用银修饰介孔磷钨酸/二氧化硅（mesoporous HPW/SiO₂）催化剂,并研究了其在模拟柴油和真实柴油氧化脱硫反应中的催化性能。通过银修饰介孔HPW/SiO₂,结合银离子对有机硫化物的选择吸附性和HPW对有机硫化物的催化氧化活性,以达到选择氧化脱硫的目的。模拟柴油分别采用石油醚、苯、1-辛烯和二苯并噻吩配制,当银离子与HPW的摩尔比为2时,催化剂具有最高的选择催化氧化活性。采用N₂ 吸附-脱附、XRD、UV-vis和EDS表征了银修饰的介孔HPW/SiO₂催化剂,结果表明,银物种分散均匀且以Ag⁺形式存在。真实柴油的脱硫研究表明,相比介孔HPW/SiO₂催化剂,修饰的催化剂介孔Ag₂-HPW/SiO₂脱硫率提高了4.6%,初始硫含量为1800×10^-6的直馏柴油能被脱除至228×10^-6,脱硫率为87.3%。介孔Ag₂-HPW/SiO₂催化剂具有良好的再生性能,经再生处理后,Ag的损失量极少,其三次脱硫率达到84.8%。     

Étude physicochimique de nouveaux composés formés par incorporation directe d’hétéropolyacide dans une silice mésoporeuse organisée

Heteropolyacids (HPW) are known as active catalysts for various redox reactions. The direct incorporation of HPW species in a mesoporous organised silica molecular sieve during the synthesis was studied. The association of two type of surfactants is essential for the preparation of such solids. The silica-organised materials comprising heteropoly compounds thus obtained were thermally stable porous materials with mesopores and large surface areas.     

银离子修饰的介孔磷钨酸/二氧化硅催化剂氧化脱硫性能研究(英文)

采用银修饰介孔磷钨酸/二氧化硅(mesoporous HPW/SiO2)催化剂,并研究了其在模拟柴油和真实柴油氧化脱硫反应中的催化性能.通过银修饰介孔HPW/SiO2,结合银离子对有机硫化物的选择吸附性和HPW对有机硫化物的催化氧化活性,以达到选择氧化脱硫的目的.模拟柴油分别采用石油醚、苯、1-辛烯和二苯并噻吩配制,当银离子与HPW的摩尔比为2时,催化剂具有最高的选择催化氧化活性.采用N2 吸附-脱附、XRD、UV-vis和EDS表征了银修饰的介孔HPW/SiO2催化剂,结果表明,银物种分散均匀且以Ag+形式存在.真实柴油的脱硫研究表明,相比介孔HPW/SiO2催化剂,修饰的催化剂介孔Ag2-HPW/SiO2脱硫率提高了4.6%,初始硫含量为1800×10-6的直馏柴油能被脱除至228×10-6,脱硫率为87.3%.介孔Ag2-HPW/SiO2催化剂具有良好的再生性能,经再生处理后,Ag的损失量极少,其三次脱硫率达到84.8%.     

HPW改性Hβ分子筛催化甲苯和叔丁醇烷基化反应的性能

PTBT是一种十分重要的有机材料,但传统制备工艺存在能耗较高,工艺复杂,环境污染严重等诸多问题.为解决上述问题,人们提出甲苯和叔丁醇直接一步合成PTBT来代替传统的合成工艺.甲苯和叔丁醇原料来源丰富,用酸性分子筛等催化剂催化甲苯和叔丁醇烷基化反应合成PTBT不但能节约成本,简化分离和提纯工艺,还能防止环境污染和设备腐蚀.但催化剂的活性低、稳定性差制约了该反应的工业化进程.甲苯和叔丁醇侧链烷基化反应历程复杂,需要催化剂的酸性和孔道结构的协同作用,因此设计催化活性高、选择性好、稳定性强的催化剂是一项十分具有挑战的研究课题.我们采用浸渍法成功制备了H3PW12O40改性Hβ分子筛催化剂(HPW/Hβ),并采用XRD,SEM,TEM,ICP,FT-IR,BET,NH3-TPD和Py-IR等手段对分子筛催化剂样品进行了表征,并以甲苯和叔丁醇烷基化反应为探针反应,研究了HPW/Hβ分子筛催化剂的催化性能.由SEM分析可知,HPW/Hβ分子筛催化剂的形貌与Hβ并无明显差异,形状规整,粒度均匀,晶体形貌较好,表明HPW的引入对Hβ颗粒结构无明显影响.由XRD分析可知,与未改性Hβ分子筛相比,HPW/Hβ样品的出峰位置和峰形基本保持一致,表明HPW在Hβ表面呈均匀分散状态,但负载HPW后Hβ结晶度略有下降.由TEM分析可知,负载HPW后的Hβ分子筛依然保持规整的三维立方孔道结构,且孔径均一,表明负载HPW后的Hβ分子筛的骨架结构没有被破坏,黑色阴影部分或者斑点即为夹心型杂多酸阴离子在分子筛Hβ上的固载位.由FT-IR分析可知,HPW和Hβ之间存在键合作用,部分HPW已成功分散到Hβ骨架表面上.由BET分析可知,和Hβ原粉相比较,HPW/Hβ的比表面积、孔容、孔径均有所下降,BET比表面积从492.5下降到379.6 m2/g,而孔径从3.90下降至3.17 nm.这是因为HPW对分子筛孔道具有修饰作用,使分子筛的孔径有所降低.由NH3-TPD和Py-IR酸性表征可知,负载HPW能有效增加Hβ沸石分子筛的酸量,尤其是B酸量.未改性Hβ的B酸含量为84.23μmol/g,而HPW/Hβ的B酸含量为142.97μmol/g,增加了69.74%.由酸性表征可知,Hβ的总酸量小,B酸含量低,因而催化活性弱,甲苯转化率仅为54.0%.另外,Hβ分子筛的12元环直通道的孔道开口尺寸为0.66 nm×0.67 nm,PTBT(动力学直径0.58 nm)和MTBT(动力学直径0.65 nm)都能够从其孔道中扩散出来,因而分子筛孔道的择形作用对产物的选择性作用较小,PTBT的选择性(69.6%)较低.负载HPW能有效增加Hβ分子筛的总酸量,尤其是B酸量,而B酸量增加,有利于反应中正碳离子生成,因而增加催化活性.另外,HPW改性还能提高PTBT的选择性,这是因为HPW对分子筛孔道具有修饰作用,使分子筛的孔径有所降低.而适量减小的孔径使得分子筛的择形作用大大增加,体积较小的PTBT能从孔道中扩散出来,而体积较大的MTBT,由于空间位阻的作用,很难从其中扩散出来,从而增加了对位选择性.通过对HPW/Hβ催化甲苯和叔丁醇烷基化反应工艺条件进行考察,确定了适宜的反应条件:环己烷60 mL,催化剂1.0g,n(叔丁醇)/n(甲苯)=3/1,反应温度180℃,反应时间4 h.此条件下甲苯转化率为73.1%,PTBT的选择性为80.8%.     

Solid phase extraction of Cd(II), Pb(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II) from food samples using multiwalled carbon nanotubes impregnated with 4-(2-thiazolylazo)resorcinol

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes were impregnated with 4-(2-thiazolylazo)resorcinol and used for the separation and preconcentration of Cd(II), Pb(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II) ions from food samples. The analytes were quantitatively recovered at pH 7.0 and eluted with 3?mol?L^?1 acetic acid. The effects of pH value, flow rate, eluent type and sample volume on the recoveries, and the effects of alkali, earth alkali and transition metals on the retention of the analytes were studied. The method was validated using the standard certified reference materials SRM 1570A (spinach leaves) and IAEA 336 (lichen), and the results were found to be compatible with the certified values of reference materials. The new enrichment procedure was applied to the determination of these ions in various food samples.