AaDd型氢键流体的统计理论（V）：球形微腔中的相平衡

利用密度泛函理论并结合改进的基本度量理论研究了球形微腔中AaDd型氢键流体的相态结构．首先,根据氢键流体在球腔中的吸附一脱附等温线以及相应的巨势等温线获得不同条件下氢键流体的相图．在此基础上,重点讨论了氢键作用、球腔尺寸以及腔壁与流体之间的相互作用等因素对氢键流体相平衡特征的影响．结果表明,流体层化转变和毛细凝聚的临界温度、临界密度和临界相区域等相态特征与这些因素密切相关．研究结果可为进一步揭示几何约束下氢键流体的相平衡及聚集态结构提供可能的理论线索．     

球腔中氢键流体的吸附-解吸附转变:表面调控研究

集中讨论了球形微腔表面对腔中氢键流体相态结构的调控机制. 为了揭示微腔表面对腔中氢键流体相平衡的影响, 首先根据吸附-解吸附原理并利用经典流体的密度泛函理论计算了微腔中氢键流体的平衡密度分布, 进而通过吸附-解吸附等温线及巨势等温线绘制出体系的相图. 在此基础上, 重点考察了球腔尺寸、 表面作用强度和作用力程对氢键流体毛细凝聚及层化转变的影响. 结果表明, 这些因素可以有效地调控体系毛细凝聚和层化转变的临界约化温度、 临界密度和相区大小等特征, 从而阐明了表面调控的主要机制. 研究结果为设计相关吸附材料提供了理论参考.     

氢键流体中Janus粒子的过量熵

Janus粒子在结构和性质上的特殊性使其在不同溶剂中呈现出丰富的聚集态结构和相态结构,这与其在溶液中的过量熵密切相关.本文以Janus粒子与氢键流体的稀溶液体系为例,利用经典流体的密度泛函理论研究了氢键流体中Janus粒子的过量熵.首先在极稀条件下给出Janus粒子外氢键流体中的局域密度分布,由此得到Janus粒子与氢键流体的二体分布函数,进而计算了不同情况下的过量熵.在此基础上,阐明了Janus粒子与氢键流体间的相互作用、氢键流体的体相密度、氢键强度和氢键官能度等因素对过量熵的影响.本研究旨在揭示这些因素对过量熵的调控机制,在定量水平上明确Janus粒子在溶液中组装的驱动力,从而为深入研究其聚集态结构提供可借鉴的理论线索.     

受限于纳米狭缝中的四缔合Lennard-Lones流体的相平衡和界面张力研究

分别用改进的基础测量理论和平均球近似理论表达短程作用和长程作用对四缔合Lennard-Jones流体的过剩自由能的贡献. 在密度函泛理论的框架下, 研究了平均密度等温线, 密度分布, 未缔合分子在平衡汽相和液相中的分布, 相平衡以及平衡时的界面张力等热力学性质. 分析了缔合能量, 流体-固体作用和孔宽对受限于纳米狭缝中的四缔合Lennard-Jones流体相行为的影响.     

A_a型Patchy胶体粒子的相态结构

根据热力学微扰理论研究了Aa型Patchy胶体的相态结构,考察了Patch之间的缔合强度及Patch数目对体系相态结构的调控机制.利用相平衡原理给出了Patchy胶体的流体、玻璃态固体和面心立方晶体之间转变及溶胶-凝胶转变的相图,讨论了玻璃态和晶态固相的成核机制、临界现象和相变问题.研究结果表明,Patchy胶体粒子之间的缔合作用和Patch数目可以显著地调控体系的三相点、临界温度和临界密度等特征.在高温条件下,Patchy胶体以一次成核方式结晶;而在低温条件下则以两步成核方式逐步成核结晶,中间经过非晶态的玻璃态固相作为过渡.说明Patchy粒子之间的缔合作用对其相态结构具有决定性影响,因而成为调控体系聚集态结构的重要因素.     

AaDd型氢键流体的统计理论（Ⅳ）：胶体粒子间的耗尽势

基于耗尽势的密度泛函理论研究了AaDd型氢键流体中胶体粒子间的耗尽势.针对胶体稀溶液,通过计算在不同条件下两个胶体粒子间的耗尽势和耗尽力,进一步分析了氢键流体中相关因素对二者的影响.结果表明,胶体粒子与流体分子的尺寸比率、氢键流体的体相密度、氢键键能、质子给体和受体数目以及胶体粒子与流体之间的弱相互作用等因素均可对胶体粒子间耗尽势产生显著影响.     

缔合流体在纳米缝隙中的相行为研究

结合改进的基础度量理论(modified fundamental measure theory, MFMT)和密度泛函理论(Density functional theory, DFT), 研究了二缔合Lennard-Jones(LJ)流体在纳米缝隙中的相行为. 根据平衡时两相温度、化学势及巨势相等的原则, 计算了二缔合LJ流体在纳米缝隙中的相平衡. 阐明了缔合能量和缝隙宽度对平衡时分子和单体密度分布、吸附-脱吸等温线及汽液共存等热力学性质的影响.     

White流体重整化群理论的标度性质

平均场状态方程结合重整化群理论的方法能预测流体的临界性质以及远离临界点的热力学性质. 利用经典的参数型状态方程结合White的重整化过程计算了CO2以及多种正构烷烃(C1～C7)的汽液相平衡热力学性质, 并在此基础上讨论了真实流体在临界点附近的非对称性质. 计算结果表明, White的流体重整化群理论能够很好地预测流体的相平衡热力学性质, 但是对于临界非对称性质不能给出与标度理论相符的结果.     

Yukawa流体的相平衡和界面张力研究

应用二阶微扰理论, Duh-Mier-Y-Teran状态方程和在平均球近似(mean spherical approximation, MSA)的基础上获得的直接相关函数, 建立了适用于均匀流体和非均匀流体的状态方程. 结合此状态方程, 重整化群理论(renormalization group theory, RG)和密度泛函理论(density functional theory, DFT), 分别研究了Yukawa流体的相平衡和界面张力. 结果与分子模拟数据吻合良好.     

方阱二聚物相平衡性质的计算机模拟

在巨正则系综下, 采用Monte Carlo方法模拟了阱宽为1.5的方阱二聚物的临界性质, 利用完整标度结合histogram reweighting技术以及有限尺寸标度外推得到该流体的临界温度 , 临界密度 . 并采用Hyper-parallel tempering方法模拟了远离临界区域的气液相平衡性质, 大大提高了模拟效率. 所得临界性质较大幅度改进了原有模拟数据的准确度.     

On the fluid phase behaviour of fluid binary mixtures using the Yukawa fluid molecular model

By expanding Ginoza’s mean spherical approximation (MSA) results in an inverse-temperature expansion, Henderson et al. obtained explicit results for the thermodynamic functions of a pure Yukawa fluid. We have recently published explicit results for the coefficients in an inverse-temperature expansion of the thermodynamic functions for the MSA for mixtures of Yukawa fluids. Attention is drawn to the fact that the MSA in the Ginoza formulation, does not always yield a convergent solution. The expansion used in this paper will always yield a result. In this work we present our investigations of the fluid phase diagram of Yukawa binary mixtures by considering an expansion of the MSA Helmholtz free energy up to the fifth order of the inverse-temperature expansion. The calculated fluid phase diagrams for Yukawa binary mixtures are similar to those of real mixtures.     

Multiscale Lagrangian fluid dynamics simulation for polymeric fluid

We have developed a simulation technique of multiscale Lagrangian fluid dynamics to tackle hierarchical problems relating to historical dependency of polymeric fluid. We investigate flow dynamics of dilute polymeric fluid by using the multiscale simulation approach incorporating Lagrangian particle fluid dynamics technique (the modified smoothed particle hydrodynamics) with stochastic coarse‐grained polymer simulators (the dumbbell model). We have confirmed that our approach is well in agreement with the macroscopic results obtained by a constitutive equation corresponding to the dumbbell model, and observed that microscopic thermal fluctuation appears in macroscopic fluid dynamics as dispersion phenomena. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 886–893, 2010     

Viscoelastic dilatation processes of fluid/fluid interfaces: time-domain representation

Dynamic interfacial phenomena are shown to be most satisfactorily interpreted within the general framework of the theory for system analysis. All time-dependent dilational behaviours of interfaces can be quantitatively predicted from knowledge of the dilational modulus, that is, of the transfer function of the interfacial system.The unifying mathematical formalism allows traditional experiments, known in the literature, to be connected one to another.The presented relationships are also the foundations of the transient techniques for the measurement of interfacial quantities.Problems involving diffusive surface relaxation in quiescent hydrodynamic conditions are easily analytically or numerically solved. Other complex relaxation mechanisms introduce no additional conceptual complication.     

Direct coupling of CO2 fluid extraction with capillary supercritical fluid chromatography

Summary An interface described in the literature was modified to accommodate small sample quantities. The simple and inexpensive method can be used to obtain rapid qualitative sample information of complex matrices by extraction in sub- or supercritical conditions (SFE) with a concurrent separation by capillary supercritical fluid chromatography (CSFC). Compared to traditional solvent extraction methods the potential for analyte degradation and contamination is minimized resulting in reduced sample amount necessary for extraction and separation, and also in faster extractions. Complex matrices of a plastic material, a natural product and a soil spiked with a substituted hydrocarbon test mixture were analyzed to show the usefulness of the interface.     

Analysis of sulphonamides using supercritical fluid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography has been used for the separation of mixtures of sulphonamides on silica and amino-bonded stationary phases utilizing carbon dioxide with methanol modifier as the mobile phase. The effect of modifier concentration, column pressure and modifier identity on retention was also studied. Packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry (SFC-MS) of these mixtures utilizing both moving-belt and modified thermospray interfaces was also studied. The identification of sulphamethazine in a spiked porcine kidney extract was performed by SFC-MS using the moving-belt interface.     

Supercritical fluid extraction

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) provides for the first time a viable option to conventional and widely used Soxhlet extraction. The ability to change the solvating power of a single supercritical fluid by changing its density is an exceedingly attractive feature. An environmentally safe alternative such as supercritical carbon dioxide to organochlorine solvents which are widely used today in many government and industrial analytical laboratories for sample preparation is desirable. SFE may also constitute a viable alternative to other popular sample preparation techniques such as liquid-liquid extraction, solid phase extraction and purge/trap. Much research, however, must be done in order to understand, optimize and apply this technology. For example, (a) automation of extraction, (b) matrix effects, (c) new fluids/modifiers/additives, (d) trapping efficiency, (e) recovery of extracted analytes, and (f) extraction kinetics are some areas which need a greater understanding. This review is concerned with many of these topics as they relate to trace organic analysis wherein SFE is the primary sample preparation technique.