共价有机框架膜的制备及其在海水淡化和水处理领域的研究进展

日益严重的水资源短缺和水资源污染问题是全球面临的挑战,大力发展海水淡化和水处理技术是缓解该问题的有效途径.近年来,能耗低、环境友好的膜分离技术被广泛用于海水淡化和水处理领域.共价有机框架（Covalent organic framework,COF）膜因其具有大小可控、化学性质可调的孔道,成为潜在的高性能膜分离材料.本综述详细介绍了COF膜合成方法学的研究进展,概述了COF膜在海水淡化和水处理领域的研究,并展望了其在海水淡化和水处理领域的前景和面临的挑战.     

化学工业出版社化学专业图书推荐

正《海水淡化技术与工程》高从堦、阮国岭主编本书是"十二五"国家重点图书,高从堦院士主编。本书汇聚了国内海水淡化领域权威专家和单位在科学研究和工程实践方面的诸多成果,凝结了他们的智慧和经验,既提供了一手的工程数据也兼顾了理论基础和前沿,全面呈现了海水淡化领域的技术与工程现状。     

基于离子浓差极化的立体式海水淡化微流控器件研究

海水淡化是解决人类淡水资源匮乏的一个重要途径。现有的海水淡化技术存在设备体积大、海水淡化成本高等问题。本研究采用聚二甲基硅氧烷( PDMS)制备了基于离子浓差极化原理的海水淡化器件,采用盐溶液模拟海水,进行盐离子和水分子分离的研究。研究了不同的外加电压、盐溶液在通道中的流动速度、盐溶液通道深度和Nafion纳米通道的深度等实验条件和结构参数对微流控器件分离盐离子和水分子的影响。对微流控器件的结构参数进行了优化。实验结果表明,采用外加电压为25 V、盐溶液流速为4μL/min、盐溶液通道深宽比为1：20、Nafion纳米通道深度为450~500μm的微流控器件进行盐溶液分离,除盐率可达到99%。研究结果对于开发新型高效、低能耗的海水淡化器件有重要的指导意义。     

海水化学资源的开发与利用

本文简要介绍了海水淡化，海水制盐和从海水中提取钾，溴，铀等化学资源的国内外现状及发展前景。     

基于海水淡化的生物电化学脱盐技术研究进展及应用前景

生物电化学脱盐技术是一种在生物电化学基础上发展起来的微生物脱盐池与传统海水淡化技术的耦合,为海水淡化提供了一种全新的低能耗的方法。本文综述了自2009年微生物脱盐池问世以来的研究进展。简要介绍了生物电化学脱盐的基本原理和系统评价参数;比较了生物电化学脱盐系统构型对脱盐效率的影响;探讨了生物电化学脱盐过程中的限制因素;展望了生物电化学脱盐技术在海水淡化方面的应用前景。     

膜蒸馏海水淡化实验——介绍一个新型的膜分离化工实验

介绍了一个应用于本科教学的膜分离化工实验项目,实验中考查了膜蒸馏海水淡化的效果。学生从本实验中了解了膜蒸馏相关的前沿知识,学习了膜蒸馏海水淡化的实验技术,同时增加了将科技成果转变为生产力的应用意识。     

反渗透复合膜功能材料研究进展

水资源短缺已严重制约着我国的经济发展、社会进步和人民生活水平的提高.海水淡化是解决水资源短缺的有效途径之一,而反渗透技术则是实现海水淡化最有效、最经济的手段.本文在扼要回顾了反渗透复合膜发展的基础上,结合作者自已的研究工作归纳评述了目前反渗透复合膜功能材料的研发现状,并指出了反渗透复合膜今后的研发方向.     

反渗透海水淡化复合膜研究进展

水污染和水资源短缺已成为制约社会进步和经济发展的世界性难题,海水淡化是一种解决水资源短缺的重要战略手段。反渗透技术是实现海水淡化有效途径之一,高性能反渗透膜的开发是其中的关键核心。本文对反渗透复合膜的发展历程进行了扼要总结,并对其研发现状进行了简单评述,力求就反渗透复合膜未来重点研发方向的预测与研发思路的提出提供基础数据与有益借鉴。     

光热材料在海水淡化领域的近期研究进展与展望

太阳能水蒸发系统成本低、能效高,对缓解能源危机、减少水污染、促进海水淡化具有重要意义.然而,太阳能驱动水蒸发的自然机制往往受到低蒸发率和吸收光谱范围小的影响.其中,局部加热并限制热损失的界面水蒸发策略被广泛认可并作为高性能、可持续的太阳能蒸汽产生的有效途径.随着太阳能水蒸发技术的不断发展,制备绿色、高效的光热材料已成为研究热点.根据光热材料的种类将其划分为:金属材料、半导体材料、碳基材料以及聚合物材料,详细阐述了不同材料的光热转换机制并总结近年来光热材料在海水淡化领域的研究现状及进展;讨论了潜在的光热候选材料,对其未来发展做出了展望.旨在为海水淡化领域中高效光热材料的合理设计和开发提供可行方案,对今后光热材料的发展具有总结和指导意义.     

新型海水微生物絮凝剂研制取得初步成果

国家“十一五”科技支撑计划的生活用海水集成技术研究及应用研究子课题海水净化微生物絮凝剂研究工作,目前已取得阶段性成果。海水微生物絮凝剂是一种天然高分子絮凝剂,具有可生物降解性、无二次污染等优点,是当前絮凝剂研究领域的热点。承担该任务的国家海洋局天津海水淡化与综合利用研究所课题组成员经过科研攻关,成功地从土壤和污泥中筛选出具有絮凝效果的微生物产生菌菌株,完成了对海水微生物絮凝剂产生菌菌种的鉴定等工作。初步确定了絮凝剂的有效成分和絮凝活性分布,确定了实验条件下投加量、水力条件、无机盐和pH值等的最佳取值范围,为海水微生物絮凝剂的应用等后续研究工作提供了有效支持。(中国化工仪器网)新型海水微生物絮凝剂研制取得初步成果     

海水淡化用碳基电极材料及电容去离子技术研究进展

电容去离子技术(Capacitive Deionization,CDI)可以通过断电或电极反接方式使盐离子脱附,达到电极再生的目的,实现电极的可循环利用,其在海水淡化处理技术中具有独特的优势,逐渐成为一种缓和淡水资源紧缺和水污染的极具前景的技术手段。近年来,CDI处理技术正在向电极高效、无二次污染方向转变,未来将进一步聚焦碳基电极材料功能化(碳材料,钛碳化物MXenes,掺杂改性石墨烯材料)、装置和工艺设计优化等重要方向。为深入研究CDI海水淡化技术机理,进一步探索CDI方法在实际应用中的潜力,分别对CDI的脱盐机理、电极材料、装置和工艺设计对电吸附效率和性能的研究进展进行了总结,回顾CDI脱盐效果与电极材料、CDI电池装置设计等因素之间的密切关系,并对CDI技术在海水淡化中的研究发展提出展望。     

Laser-assisted synthesis of cobalt@N-doped carbon nanotubes decorated channels and pillars of wafer-sized silicon as highly efficient three-dimensional solar evaporator

The Co@NCNTs/Si pillars with channels is assemble to a suitable pure water gathering device, which is applied in seawater desalination and sewage purification to produce pure water by utilizing solar energy. High-efficiency utilization of solar energy to generate water vapor is popular, recyclable, and environmentally friendly for seawater desalination and sewage purification, helping to alleviate the global water shortage crisis. Here, we report an efficient and simple method to prepare a three-dimensional (3D) evaporator for steam generation by harnessing the power of the sun. This evaporation is composed of one-dimensional (1D) cobalt embedded and nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes (Co@NCNTs) and 3D silicon pillars array structure (Si pillars). The Co@NCNTs/Si pillars shows a wide light absorption range provided by carbon nanotubes and a long light absorption path because of the silicon pillars. The surface temperature of the sample rises rapidly in 1.5 min and exceed 80 °C under solar illumination of one sun. The water evaporation can be high as 1.21 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ under one sun irradiation (1 kW/m²) with the energy efficiency up to 82.4%. This scalable Co@NCNTs/Si pillars can prepare pure water from seawater and sewage, where the removal rate of ions in seawater and pollutants in sewage is similar to 100%. Based on our research, this multistage three-dimensional structure is a simple and efficient novel photothermal material for extensive seawater desalination and sewage purification.     

Integrated Valorization of Desalination Brine through NaOH Recovery: Opportunities and Challenges

The rising use of seawater desalination for fresh water production is driving a parallel rise in the discharge of high‐salinity brine into the ocean. Better utilization of this brine would have a positive impact on the energy use, cost, and environmental footprint of desalination. Furthermore, intermittent renewable energy can easily power the brine utilization and, for reverse osmosis technology, the entire desalination plant. One pathway toward these goals is to convert the otherwise discharged brine into useful chemicals; waste could be transformed into sodium hydroxide or caustic soda (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl). In this Minireview, we discuss opportunities and challenges for integrated valorization of desalination brine through NaOH and HCl recovery.     

Parametric study of the energy efficiency of the HDH desalination unit integrated with nanofluid-based solar collector

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - Humidification–dehumidification desalination (HDH) systems have been found to be ideal for treating seawater at a smaller scale. It requires...     

Reverse Osmosis Membranes for Seawater Desalination State-of-the-Art

Abstract

The field of membrane technology has developed very rapidly during the last three decades. In this study, the major technical and commercial developments that took place in the field of reverse osmosis membranes as applied to seawater desalination are investigated. A brief historical review for each membrane type is also presented.     

Boron reduction performance of reverse osmosis seawater desalination process

In recent years, seawater desalination systems using reverse osmosis (RO) membranes have been constructed to settle the lack of drinking water. RO desalination membranes have high rejection for most of solutes in seawater. Japanese drinking water standards for the water quality of the permeate can be achieved except for boron. Therefore, the boron rejection needs to be considered in the design of the RO process and during the operation of the plant. Luckily, there is a simple and easy method to estimate boron concentration.In this paper, we report measured boron permeabilities and their relation to salt permeabilities using cross-linked polyamide membranes. Chemical degradation of the membranes affected these permeabilities to different degrees. Boron concentrations in the permeate were then calculated using a computer program that was based on the boron permeabilities calculated from the measured salt permeabilities. Results obtained were compared with actual data taken at a RO plant of Toray Industries, Inc., Ehime. The model data fitted the experimental result, well. It was also found that a relationship existed in the permeate between salt and boron concentrations and that the boron concentration can be obtained from measurement of the salt concentration.     

太阳能海水脱盐中光热材料与蒸发装置的研究进展

用于海水脱盐的太阳能界面蒸发装置因其绿色环保、简单高效以及适用范围广等优点,受到了广泛关注。与传统的体积式蒸发装置不同,太阳能界面蒸发装置将太阳光的收集和蒸汽的产生锁定在空气-水的界面,无需从底部加热整体水来产生蒸汽,极大提高了能源利用效率。本文详细介绍了太阳能界面水蒸发装置的重要组成部分——光热材料的光热转换机理、材料种类以及材料的性能;探讨了高效海水净化太阳能蒸发装置的设计策略(增强光吸收、充足水供应、耐盐排盐等)。在此基础上,总结了基于界面蒸发中的太阳能蒸发装置的研究进展,展望了新型太阳能蒸发装置在海水净化领域的发展前景。