纳米氧化锌的标准摩尔生成焓

采用微乳液-水热辅助法合成了尺寸、形貌均匀的ZnO纳米棒,其长度约400 nm,直径约50 nm。基于将纳米ZnO与块体ZnO的标准摩尔生成焓相关联,依据热力学势函数法设计热化学循环,获得了纳米ZnO与块体ZnO标准摩尔生成焓的关系。结合微量热技术求算出了下所制备的ZnO纳米棒在298.15 K下的标准摩尔生成焓为(-331.70±0.42)kJ.mol-1。     

尺寸效应对氧化锌微/纳体系热力学性质的影响

采用微乳液水热辅助法合成了三种不同尺寸的手榴弹状ZnO 微/纳结构. 通过设计热化学循环, 建立了纳米ZnO与块体ZnO体系热力学性质之间的关系. 并结合微量热技术对不同尺寸ZnO微/纳体系的热力学性质进行了计算. 结果表明, 尺寸效应对微/纳体系热力学性质有显著的影响: 随着反应物尺度的减小, 体系的标准摩尔反应焓、标准摩尔反应Gibbs 自由能、标准摩尔反应熵均降低, 而材料自身的标准摩尔生成焓、标准摩尔生成Gibbs 自由能、标准摩尔熵均增加.     

八面体纳米钼酸钡的制备及标准摩尔生成焓的测定

根据热力学势函数法建立纳米钼酸钡与块体钼酸钡标准摩尔生成焓之间的关系, 利用原位微量热技术获取纳米钼酸钡与盐酸反应的反应热, 以已知的块体钼酸钡的标准摩尔生成焓－1507.5 kJ•mol^－1为参考标准, 求得由反相微乳液法制备的八面体纳米钼酸钡的标准摩尔生成焓为(－336.62±0.33) kJ•mol^－1, 两种材料标准摩尔生成焓数值的差异证明纳米结构比块体结构能态更高, 更加不稳定.     

四针状纳米氧化锌的热力学函数

采用简单、温和的微乳液水热辅助法合成了尺寸、形貌均匀的四针状ZnO纳米结构,每个结构由四根长约250nm的纳米针组成．基于块体ZnO的热力学函数已知,依据热力学势函数法设计热化学循环,将纳米ZnO与块体ZnO的热力学函数进行了关联．并结合热动力学理论及过渡态理论,利用微量热技术获得了所制备的四针状纳米ZnO在298．15K下的标准摩尔生成焓、标准摩尔生成Gibbs自由能、标准摩尔熵值分别为（-329．37±0．43）kJmol-1,（-318．51±0．03）kJmol-1,（20．36±1．05）Jmol-1 K-1．     

二维ZnO纳米片的热力学研究

采用水热法合成了二维ZnO纳米片,并通过扫描电镜(SEM),X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)对其形貌尺寸和物相进行表征,合成的多孔状纳米纯度高,且结晶度好。采用原位微热量技术,得到了过程的热动力学信息,结合热化学循环、热动力学原理及动力学过渡态理论,获取了二维ZnO体系的整体热力学函数和表面热力学函数,讨论了温度对表面焓、表面熵和表面吉布斯自由能的影响规律。结果表明：(i)纳米ZnO整体热力学函数：标准摩尔生成吉布斯自由能、标准摩尔生成焓和标准摩尔熵均比块体的大;(ii)随着温度的升高,表面焓和表面熵增加,表面吉布斯自由能则减少。     

纳米氧化锌热力学函数的微量热法及电化学法测量

采用微乳液-水热辅助法制备了形貌和尺寸均匀的纳米氧化锌分级结构,并对其进行了表征.利用微量热技术和电化学方法分别测定了纳米Zn O在298.15 K下的热力学函数(标准摩尔生成焓、标准摩尔生成Gibbs自由能及标准摩尔熵).采用微量热方法测定纳米材料热力学函数主要基于纳米反应体系与对应块体反应体系的过渡态相同;采用电化学方法测定纳米材料热力学函数主要基于纳米材料与对应块体材料组成电池后的电极电势不同.结果表明,采用微量热法及电化学法获取的产物的热力学函数在误差允许范围内近似相等.由此证明了微量热技术及电化学方法获取纳米材料热力学函数的科学性及有效性,同时也进一步说明纳米Zn O反应体系与块体Zn O反应体系所经历的过渡态相同.     

电化学方法测定纳米材料的热力学函数

以纳米铜为例,首次采用电化学方法获取纳米材料的热力学函数.通过电化学沉积法制备了粒子尺寸约80nm的纳米铜电极,测定纳米铜与块体铜电极的电势差,以块体铜的热力学函数值为参考标准,根据纳米铜与块体铜的热力学关系式,求得纳米铜的标准摩尔生成焓、标准摩尔生成吉布斯自由能、标准摩尔熵分别为5.16kJmol-1、0.216kJmol-1、49.75JK-1mol-1,同时,求得纳米铜可逆电池反应的热效应为-4.95kJmol-1.     

ZnO纳米片层结构的原位生长机理及热力学函数

采用绿色水介质体系一步合成了3种不同尺寸的ZnO纳米片层结构。 通过微热量技术获取其原位生长过程的热谱曲线,从动力学和热力学角度分析其生长机理;利用电化学方法测定了不同温度下纳米ZnO与块体ZnO原电池的电势差,结合热力学基本公式求算出ZnO纳米片层结构的热力学函数值,并与生长机理关联讨论。 结果表明,ZnO纳米片层结构的生长经历了先表观吸热后表观放热,放热减慢,最后到达放热平台的热量变化阶段。 标准摩尔熵、标准摩尔生成Gibbs自由能及标准摩尔生成焓均随着尺寸减小而逐渐增大。 本文为纳米材料的原位生长机理与热力学函数的关联研究提供了新的思路和方法。     

合成ZnO纳米阵列及刺突状CuO/ZnO异质结

采用低温水热法在掺氟SnO₂ (FTO)导电玻璃表面制备ZnO纳米阵列, 研究了前驱体溶液浓度摩尔配比对ZnO纳米阵列形貌、光学性能及其生长机理的影响. 研究发现, 随着前驱体溶液浓度摩尔配比的增加, ZnO纳米阵列形貌及光学性能也随之变化. ZnO纳米阵列高度逐渐降低, ZnO纳米阵列直径和光学带隙值大体上出现先增大后降低的趋势. 而当前驱体溶液(Zn(NO₃)₂:环六亚甲基四胺(HMT, C₆H₁₂N₄))浓度摩尔配比为5:5时, 其光学禁带值(3.2 eV)接近于理论值. 结果显示制备ZnO纳米阵列的最优浓度摩尔配比为5:5. 随后选用最优浓度摩尔配比下制备的ZnO纳米阵列为基底, 通过一种两步溶液法成功在其表面制备刺突状CuO/ZnO异质结.从场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)结果中可以清楚看见, 大量的CuO纳米粒子沉积在ZnO纳米阵列表面形成刺突状异质结结构.研究发现该CuO/ZnO纳米异质结相对于纯ZnO纳米阵列在紫外光下光催化性能明显增加. 最后, 讨论了CuO/ZnO纳米异质结光催化机理.     

氯化烷基咪唑系列离子液体标准摩尔燃烧焓和生成焓

用精密氧弹热量计测定了4种离子液体: 氯化1-甲基-3-乙基咪唑(C2MIC), 氯化1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑(C4MIC), 氯化1-甲基-3-戊基咪唑(C5MIC)和氯化1-甲基-3-己基咪唑(C6MIC)的燃烧热, 计算了它们的标准摩尔燃烧焓 和标准摩尔生成焓 , 结合文献中的标准摩尔溶解焓, 估算了烷基咪唑阳离子在水溶液中的标准摩尔生成焓, 以及亚甲基对标准摩尔燃烧焓和标准摩尔生成焓的贡献.     

Standard molar enthalpy of formation of the ZnO nanosheets

ZnO nanosheets were prepared by a facile microemulsion-mediated hydrothermal route, and were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. As nano ZnO and bulk ZnO possess the same reaction essence, the relationship between standard molar enthalpies of formation of nano ZnO and bulk ZnO was built by designing a novel thermochemical cycle. Combined with microcalorimetry, standard molar enthalpy of formation of the as-prepared ZnO nanosheets at 298.15?K was successfully acquired as (?333.50?±?0.29) kJ?mol^?1. It is an effective strategy for standard molar enthalpies of formation of nano materials through building the relationship with its corresponding bulk material.     

In situ growth mechanism and the thermodynamic functions of zinc oxide nano-arrays and hierarchical structure

We report the one-step synthesis of zinc oxide nanomaterials with arrays and hierarchical structure at room temperature. The zinc oxide nanomaterials can be synthesized via a simple method without catalyst. Furthermore, we explained the growth mechanisms of the two systems. In situ growth experiment provided the information of thermodynamics and kinetics, and based on that, growth mechanism was given a further explanation via the curve of in situ growth. Moreover, the relations between thermodynamic functions and the potential difference can be established by the electrochemical method. Take bulk zinc oxide reference. The thermodynamic functions of nano zinc oxide such as standard molar entropy, standard molar Gibbs free energy of formation, and standard molar enthalpy of formation can be calculated. The change rules of thermodynamic functions at different reaction times evidenced the growth mechanism more deeply. This work may contribute to the analysis of growth mechanism for nanostructures and obtain the thermodynamic functions of nanomaterials.     

Size effect on thermodynamic properties of CaMoO4 micro/nano materials and reaction systems

CaMoO₄ micro/nano hollow spheres with three different sizes were prepared via a reverse-microemulsion route at room temperature. Through designing a novel thermochemical cycle, the relationship between thermodynamic properties of nano CaMoO₄ and bulk CaMoO₄ was built. Combined with in situ microcalorimetry, change regularities for the thermodynamic properties of the prepared CaMoO₄ micro/nano materials and reaction systems were obtained. The results reveal that size effect has significant influence on thermodynamic properties of micro/nano materials and reaction systems. Along with the size decreasing, the standard molar enthalpy, standard molar Gibbs free energy and standard molar entropy of reaction of micro/nano reaction systems decreased, but the standard molar enthalpy of formation, standard molar Gibbs free energy of formation and standard molar entropy of micro/nano materials increased.     

Additivity methods for prediction of thermochemical properties. The Laidler method revisited. 2. Hydrocarbons including substituted cyclic compounds

A revised parameterization of the extended Laidler method for predicting standard molar enthalpies of atomization and standard molar enthalpies of formation at T = 298.15 K for several families of hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, polyenes, poly-ynes, cycloalkanes, substituted cycloalkanes, cycloalkenes, substituted cycloalkenes, benzene derivatives, and bi and polyphenyls) is presented. Data for a total of 265 gas-phase and 242 liquid-phase compounds were used for the calculation of the parameters. Comparison of the experimental values with those obtained using the additive scheme led to an average absolute difference of 0.73 kJ · mol⁻¹ for the gas-phase standard molar enthalpy of formation and 0.79 kJ · mol⁻¹ for the liquid-phase standard molar enthalpy of formation. The database used to establish the parameters was carefully reviewed by using, whenever possible, the original publications. A worksheet to simplify the calculation of standard molar enthalpies of formation and standard molar enthalpies of atomization at T = 298.15 K based on the extended Laidler parameters defined in this paper is provided as supplementary material.     

微波诱导燃烧法合成类花状ZnO纳米材料及其晶体结构、荧光性质研究

以硝酸锌[Zn(NO3)2.6H2O]和尿素[CO(NH2)2]作前驱体,通过微波诱导燃烧技术可控合成具有不同形貌的ZnO纳米晶体,并用热重分析和差热分析进行了研究。对各种生长条件:微波功率,辐射时间和尿素/Zn2+物质的量的比对ZnO纳米晶体形貌的影响作了分析。结果表明:尿素/Zn2+物质的量的比对ZnO纳米材料的形貌具有显著影响。X衍射图表明合成的ZnO纳米结构呈六角形。傅里叶变换红外光谱图中400~500 cm-1处明显的峰为Zn-O的振动峰。ZnO纳米结构的发光光谱在366 nm的带边发射,因缺陷又由许多可见光发射峰组成。用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、选区电子衍射研究了花状ZnO纳米结构的增长机理。本方法仅需几分钟就获得的了ZnO纳米结构。     

酰胺多胺配体Cu(Ⅱ)配合物的稳定性和酸分解动力学

合成了酰胺多胺配体(L),测定了5,10,15和25℃时其Cu(Ⅱ)配合物的稳定常数,用标准摩尔焓变ΔHm0和标准摩尔熵变ΔSm0解释了温度对稳定性的影响,并利用停流技术(Stopped-flow)研究了CuL配合物在0.04～2.3mol/L(I=2.34mol/LNaCl)盐酸溶液中的酸分解动力学.提出了反应机理,并求得了速控步骤的活化能Ea,标准摩尔活化熵Δ≠Sm0和标准摩尔活化焓Δ≠Hm0