过渡金属同晶替换的铁氧化物及其在非均相Fenton反应中的应用

过渡金属同晶替换的铁氧化物因其具有稳定、高效和可重复利用等特点而被广泛应用于催化处理难降解有机物领域。本文综述了这种新型催化剂的制备过程、过渡金属的同晶替换对催化剂物理化学性质(如比表面积、表面羟基数量、铁离子溶出量及热稳定性)的影响以及促进非均相Fenton反应的催化机制(氧化还原电对结构及氧空位理论)。本文还探讨了这种新型铁氧化物在难降解有机物处理中的应用进展,为后续研究提供了新的思路。     

零价铁耦合厌氧微生物法在废水处理中的应用

零价铁(ZVI)与厌氧微生物的耦合是一项很有前景的技术,在难降解有机废水的去除中得到了广泛关注。该耦合技术将ZVI技术的高效性与厌氧生物技术的经济性有效融合,在多元微电场和厌氧微生物协同作用下,有效降低难降解有机物的生物抑制性和毒性。本文综述了此技术处理工业废水的潜在机理、实际应用中主要操作参数及影响条件以及处理含氯化合物、重金属、染料等生物难降解污染物的研究进展。归纳了ZVI与厌氧微生物耦合对上述污染物进行高效去除的研究现状,并对该技术在实际工程应用方面的可行策略进行了展望。     

用于有机物降解的电化学阳极材料

电化学氧化法可将难降解的有机物转化为可生化降解物质或直接矿化,具有操作简便,清洁能源,无二次污染等优点。本文介绍了电催化氧化机理最新进展,包括近年来所报道的各种电极材料直接或间接电氧化降解有机物的机制;回顾了近年来阳极材料的研究现状,以碳电极、金属电极和钛基形稳电极为主,包括各种新型电极的组成、降解性能及其钝化原因等,并对今后电氧化阳极材料及相关工艺的研究方向提出建议。     

SO42-/TiO2-SiO2的制备及对甲基橙的光催化降解

0 引言 水中难降解有机物的治理已成为当今重要的环境问题,对新型高效水处理剂的需求也愈加迫切。多相光催化氧化已成为国内外治理污水的新技术,但常规二氧化钛半导体光催化剂的量子效率     

宽带隙p区金属氧化物/氢氧化物对苯的光催化降解(英文)

苯具有高毒性和致病性,是空气中常见的一种挥发性有机污染物,对健康和环境危害大.以TiO2为代表的半导体光催化氧化技术是一种理想的环境治理技术,已广泛应用于一般室内挥发性有机物(VOCs)的去除.然而在处理苯等难降解有机污染物时,由于在催化剂表面生成难被降解的聚合物中间产物,往往导致TiO2光催化剂的失活.开发可在常温下使用的降解苯系污染物的高效光催化剂对于推广光催化技术在苯污染治理中的应用具有重大的意义.最近我们研究所开发出一系列宽带隙p区金属氧化物/氢氧化物光催化剂,它们对苯系污染物的光催化降解显示出很好的活性和稳定性,是一类极具应用前景的降解苯系污染物的新型光催化剂.在这篇文章中,我们总结这类宽带隙p区金属氧化物/氢氧化物光催化剂的制备及其光催化降解苯的活性,对其不同于TiO2的光催化机理,及其结构和光催化性能之间的关系进行初步的探讨.     

二氧化氯催化氧化难降解有机废水在我国的研究进展

难降解有机废水的处理对环境保护有十分重要的意义.在本文中,对用二氧化氯催化氧化技术在不同领域中难降解有机废水的处理和其催化氧化反应机理在我国的研究进展进行了介绍和评述,也指出了该技术未来的发展前景和进一步的研究方向.     

185nm UV降解水中4-CP、4-NP和RhB的研究

本文以对氯苯酚(4-CP)、对硝基苯酚(4-NP)和罗丹明B(Rh B)为模型有机物(以4-CP和4-NP为小分子模型有机物,以Rh B为大分子模型有机物),分别研究了185 nm UV对水中这3种模型有机物的降解规律、性能和效果.研究结果表明,185 nm UV直接对水中4-CP、4-NP和Rh B有很好的降解效果.研究内容包括:185 nm UV降解模型有机物的浓度、TOC(Total organic carbon)浓度、185 nm UV降解模型有机物过程中溶液pH及电导率变化、以及降解模型有机物过程中产生的无机离子等几个方面.     

新型Fenton试剂氧化降解有机物

新型Fenton试剂氧化降解有机物;次氯酸;Fenton试剂;降解有机物     

Co/Bi催化剂催化湿法氧化降解垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮

采用催化湿法氧化 (CWAO)技术 ,以 Co/ Bi为催化剂 ,对垃圾渗滤液中氨氮 (NH3-N)进行降解处理 ,并利用 GC-MS检测了垃圾渗滤液中含氮有机物的相对含量 .结果表明 ,随着反应温度的升高 ,CWAO对NH3-N的降解能力逐渐增强 ,在 2 2 0 ,2 40 ,2 60和 2 80℃条件下 ,NH3-N降解规律符合一级动力学反应 (r>0 .93 ,n=6) .在升温过程 (2 0～ 3 0 0℃ )中 ,NH3-N浓度变化经历了先升后降两个阶段 ,并在 2 2 0℃时达到最大值 .GC-MS检测结果表明 ,在第一阶段 ,垃圾渗滤液中几种含氮有机物因催化氧化而生成 NH3-N;第二阶段 ,NH3-N逐渐被氧化降解 ,达到了 CWAO技术同时降解有机物和 NH3-N的目的 .同时 ,选取垃圾渗滤液中一种含氮有机物 2 -巯基苯并噻唑进行含氮有机物氮降解机理的验证实验 .     

一种催化降解有机废水制氢的资源化技术

提出了一种催化化学法降解有机废水制氢的资源化技术,特别是为生物难降解高毒性的有机废水的净化处理和制氢资源化利用提供了一条途径。在Raney Ni、Sn修饰的Raney Ni（Sn-Raney-Ni）或Pd／C等催化剂的作用下和比较温和的条件下,利用水相重整反应技术将废水中的有机物（如,苯酚、苯胺、硝基苯、四氢呋喃、甲苯、DMF和环己醇等）高选择性地降解为H2和CO2等无机分子。分别在连续固定床和间歇釜式反应器中的实验结果表明,在优化的反应条件下,有机废水的降解率和H2选择性均达到100％。Sn修饰的Raney Ni（Sn／Ni=0.06）和Pd／C催化剂比Raney Ni催化剂具有更好的降解有机废水制氢的性能。     

异质结构AgCl/Bi2WO6微米球制备、表征及其光催化性能

首先利用水热法制备了由纳米片组装的粒径为1.5–2μm的Bi2WO6微球,然后在微球表面沉积了不同含量的AgCl (5 wt%,10wt%,20wt%,30wt%),制备了异质结构AgCl/Bi2WO6微球光催化剂.利用X射线粉末衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜、红外光谱、紫外-可见漫反射吸收等手段对所制的光催化剂进行表征,并以紫外光和可见光分别为光源,罗丹明B为降解对象测试了其光催化活性,考察复合不同含量的AgCl对Bi2WO6光催化剂的性能影响.结果表明,沉积AgCl对Bi2WO6的晶体结构、表面性能和光吸收性能没有产生明显影响,但大幅度提高了Bi2WO6的紫外和可见光催化活性.当复合20wt%AgCl时, AgCl/Bi2WO6光催化活性最佳,紫外光下比纯Bi2WO6提高了2.2倍,可见光下提高了1倍.这主要是由于形成的AgCl/Bi2WO6异质结能有效抑制光生电子和空穴的复合,从而提了其光催化性能.     

Role of Bismuth Oxide in Bi-MCo2O4（M=Co,Ni,Cu,Zn） Catalysts for Wet Air Oxidation of Acetic Acid

Two series of cobalt (Ⅲ)-containing spinel catalysts were prepared by the decomposition of the corre-sponding nitrates. The catalysts doped with bismuth oxide exhibit a higher activity in the wet air oxidation ofacetic acid than those without dopant bismuth oxide. The catalysts were investigated by XRD, TEM, ESR,UV-DRS and XPS, and the interaction between Co and Bi was studied as well. It has been found that nano-sized bismuth oxide is paved on the surface of cobalt spinel crystal and the structures of cobalt(Ⅲ)-containingspinel are still maintained. The shift of the binding energy of Bi4/7/2 is related to the catalytic activity of thesecatalysts doped with bismuth oxide.     

BiZrO_(x)/ZSM-5催化合成气直接芳构化的研究北大核心CSCD

使用超临界法制备纳米BiZrO_(x)金属氧化物与ZSM-5分子筛复合得到双功能催化剂用于合成气直接芳构化,研究了Bi/Zr比对BiZrO_(x)金属氧化物、BiZrO_(x)/ZSM-5双功能催化剂催化CO加氢反应性能的影响.结果表明,少量Bi掺杂在ZrO_(2)中显著促进了金属氧化物催化剂对H_(2)的吸附和解离,有利于合成气活化,同时有助于BiZrO_(x)金属氧化物表面获得高浓度和相对缺电子性的氧空位,提高了催化剂催化活性.合成气转化过程中,合成气转化能力与氧空位浓度呈正相关,Bi掺杂提高了CO的转化率和产物中芳烃的选择性.     

The role of bismuth as promoter in Pd–Bi catalysts for the selective oxidation of glucose to gluconate

Bismuth is a well-established promoter of noble metal-based catalysts for the selective liquid phase oxidation of alcohols, aldehydes and carbohydrates with molecular oxygen. Experiments were carried out to improve the understanding of the promoting role of bismuth in bimetallic Pd–Bi catalysts used for the selective oxidation of glucose to gluconate. In relationship with the fact that these catalysts undergo substantial bismuth leaching under the reaction conditions, particular attention was paid to the possible role played by the soluble fraction of bismuth in the oxidative process. Carbon-supported Pd–Bi/C catalysts characterized by various Bi–Pd compositions (0.33≤Bi/Pd≤3.0,10 wt.%Pd+Bi) were prepared from acetate-type precursors, tested under various experimental conditions and analyzed by X-ray diffractometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Whatever the initial catalyst composition, the surface intensity ratio measured by XPS in used catalysts lies in the range 0.4–0.6, suggesting that the dynamic state of the catalyst involves the association of one Bi and two to three Pd atoms. The leaching process and the promoting effect itself are discussed in line with the formation of Bi–glucose and Bi–gluconate complexes present in solution but also as adsorbed species at the catalyst surface. The performances of a monometallic Pd/C catalyst are significantly improved in the presence of adequate amounts of soluble Bi. The involvement of the soluble fraction of bismuth in the overall mechanistic scheme of glucose oxidative dehydrogenation is suggested. The detrimental effect of large amounts of soluble bismuth is attributed to a too extensive adsorption of Bi–glucose complexes on the surface Pd atoms.     

金属氧化物对铁系催化剂在CO变换反应中的稳定性和活性的影响(英文)

铁系催化剂一直是合成氨及制氢工业中一氧化碳变换反应最常用的催化剂。运用X射线衍射（XRD）、程序升温还原（TPR）及活性评价技术研究了添加金属氧化物对铁系催化剂的晶相结构、催化剂的稳定性和催化活性的影响。结果表明,不同的金属氧化物对催化剂结构的稳定作用和活性影响不同,其中CeO2和Bi2O3都能增强铁系催化剂的稳定性,提高催化剂的活性。     

Role of Bi promotion and solvent in platinum-catalyzed alcohol oxidation probed by in situ X-ray absorption and ATR-IR spectroscopy

Modification of 5 wt% Pt/Al(2)O(3) by Bi (0.9 wt%) affords a drastic improvement of catalytic activity in the liquid phase aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol. The nature of the solvent employed, cyclohexane or toluene, seems to influence the catalytic activity as well. We have investigated the catalysts under working conditions using in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR), aiming at uncovering the roles of the metal promoter and the reaction medium. XAS confirms that Bi is oxidized more easily than Pt, maintaining the catalytic activity of the metallic Pt sites for a longer period of time. Interestingly, toluene contrary to cyclohexane reduced Pt to a large extent. The freshly reduced noble metal sites seem to directly interact with the solvent, inducing an immediate poisoning of the material and limiting its performance. This behaviour is not observed in the presence of Bi, whose geometric effect (site blocking) is interpreted as additionally limiting the adsorption of toluene and the premature deactivation of Pt. ATR-IR spectroscopy during CO adsorption on Pt and during reaction indicates that Bi is located rather on extended surfaces than on step or kink sites. Side products, CO and benzoate species, appearing during the reaction reveal that the geometric suppression of undesired reactions does not occur to the same extent on Pt-based catalysts as on Pd, suggesting that decarbonylation of the produced aldehyde on Pt may occur also on sites other than the (111) terraces.     

离子液体催化CO2与环氧化物合成环状碳酸酯

综述了离子液体催化CO2与环氧化物的环加成反应制备环状碳酸酯的研究进展。目前报道的离子液体主要包括咪唑盐、季铵盐、季鏻盐等。对比了传统离子液体与功能化离子液体对CO2环加成反应的催化活性、选择性以及催化作用机制。与传统的离子液体相比,功能化离子液体的羟基或羧基等官能团与卤素离子等Lewis碱之间存在协同效应,使得其对CO2与环氧化物的环加成反应具有更好的催化活性;将功能化离子液体固载于无机材料(SiO2,SBA-15,MCM-41等)或聚合物所得的多相催化剂不仅保持了官能团与阴离子之间的协同效应,而且载体与离子液体活性组分之间也显示出协同效应,使得该类催化剂具有很好的催化活性,稳定性好,可以多次重复使用,具有较好的工业化前景,是值得深入研发的一类催化材料。此外,离子液体对于手性环状碳酸酯的合成也具有较好的催化活性和立体选择性。     

Promotional Effect of Bismuth as Dopant in Bi-Doped Vanadyl Pyrophosphate Catalysts for Selective Oxidation of n-Butane to Maleic Anhydride

Bismuth-promoted (1% and 3%) vanadyl pyrophosphate catalysts were prepared by refluxing Bi(NO3)3·5H2O and VOPO4·2H2O in isobutanol. The incorporation of Bi into the catalysts lattice increased the surface area and lowered the overall V oxidation state. Profiles of temperature programmed reduction (TPR) in H2 show a significant shift of the maxima of major reduction peaks to lower temperatures for the Bi-promoted catalysts. A new peak was also observed at the low temperature region for the catalyst with 3% of Bi dopant. The addition of Bi also increased the total amount of oxygen removed from the catalysts. The reduction pattern and reactivity information provide fundamental insight into the catalytic properties of the catalysts. Bi-promoted catalysts were found to be highly active (71% and 81% conversion for 1% and 3% Bi promoted catalysts, respectively, at 703 K), as compared to the unpromoted material (47% conversion). The higher activity of the Bi-promoted catalysts is due to that these catalysts possess highly active and labile lattice oxygen. The better catalytic performance can also be attributed to the larger surface area.     

铋掺杂介孔二氧化钛的制备及光催化动力学

以介孔分子筛(KIT-6)为载体,采用溶液浸渍法合成了铋(Bi)掺杂的介孔二氧化钛(TiO₂)光催化剂。利用XRD、TEM、SEM、XPS、N₂吸附-脱附法和拉曼光谱法等技术手段对材料的结构和形貌进行表征。通过紫外-可见吸收光谱法考察了催化剂对罗丹明B光催化降解效率,进一步考察了Bi的掺杂量对光催化反应速率的影响,并对光催化降解动力学进行了初步研究。结果表明,Bi掺杂的介孔TiO₂具有较窄的孔径分布(3~4 nm),而且吸收范围扩展到可见光区,其光催化活性明显高于商品TiO₂(P25)。随之Bi掺杂量的提高,反应速率常数也增大,其光催化降解罗丹明B的反应均符合准一级动力学方程。     

Intermetallic PdBi aerogels with improved catalytic performance for the degradation of organic pollutants in water

It is always highly pursued to develop efficient and durable catalysts for catalytic applications. Herein, intermetallic PdBi aerogels with tunable activity were prepared successfully via a surfactant-free spontaneous gelation process. The prepared PdBi aerogels have a three-dimensional high porous structure and plentiful active sites pervaded on the ultrathin interlinked nanowires network. These unique structures, as well as the synergistic effect between Pd and Bi, can accelerate mass and electron transfer, and improve the atom utilization ratio of Pd atoms to promote the catalytic efficiency. As a proof-of-concept application, the optimized Pd₂Bi₁ aerogels exhibit 4.2 and 6.2 times higher catalytic activity for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and methylene blue (MB) than those of commercial Pd/C, respectively. With the introduction of non-noble metal of Bi, the cost of the resulted PdBi aerogels can be dropped significantly while the catalytic capability of PdBi aerogel will be improved sharply. This strategy will bring good hints to rationally design fine catalysts for various applications.