掺硼金刚石电极电催化氧化酚类有机物的取代基效应

本文主要以当前水环境中存在酚类有机污染物为研究对象,探讨酚类有机污染物在掺硼金刚石(BDD)电极上的取代基效应,具体研究具有不同位置及种类官能团的取代酚类有机污染物在BDD电极上的电催化氧化过程,通过化学需氧量和浓度变化考察有机污染物在电催化降解过程中的降解趋势,深入分析电极种类、官能团位置与种类与电催化氧化活性之间的联系的同时,研究阳极材料电催化氧化有机污染物的机理及动力学。结果表明,有机物在电极表面的电催化过程以电产生羟基自由基为媒介,对苯二酚在不同电极上的电催化活性与电极析氧电位及表面产生羟基自由基量有着重要的联系,BDD电极拥有最强的电催化氧化活性;不同取代基团的对位取代酚在BDD电极上的电化学降解实验显示电催化反应速率受取代官能团自身的电子效应制约,有机物矿化过程中羟基自由基首先进攻苯环的对位发生取代反应,同时取代基脱离苯环过程成为整个取代酚类电化学降解过程的决速步骤,且有机物的电催化反应速率与取代基特征Hammett常数σ呈近似线性关系。     

Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/Fe-PbO2电极电催化性能研究

制备了Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/Fe-PbO2阳极,采用SEM、XRD和ICP对电极的表面形貌和组成进行了表征.为了考察电极的电催化活性,以苯酚为目标污染物,进行了电催化降解实验.研究结果表明Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/Fe-PbO2电极电催化降解苯酚模拟废水的最佳工艺条件为:电流密度10mA/cm2、支持电解质Na2SO4浓度0.05 mol/L、温度25℃.在25℃时苯酚的电催化氧化降解反应遵循一级反应动力学规律,并且苯酚的电催化氧化主要是·OH参与的间接氧化,反应过程中电极表面产生的羟基自由基对苯酚的氧化去除起着主要作用.     

取代基结构-活性关系对电化学降解取代苯胺的影响

以Na2SO4为支持电解质, 使用Ti/PbO2电极, 研究了带有推电子基(—CH3)和吸电子基(—NO2, —Cl)的邻或对位取代基苯胺类化合物的电催化氧化降解过程. 研究结果表明, 带有取代基苯胺类化合物的氧化降解是在羟基自由基进攻下生成氨基酚类化合物, 然后在电极表面失去电子生成苯醌继续氧化的过程. 带有推电子基团苯胺的电催化降解速度比带有吸电子基团的苯胺降解速度快, 这是因为推电子基团使苯环电子云密度提高, 有利于羟基自由基的进攻; 吸电子基团使苯环电子云密度降低, 不利于羟基自由基的进攻. 由于阴极还原反应的作用, 化学反应活性和电化学反应活性并不完全一致. 氯代苯胺在羟基自由基进攻下—Cl离去, 以Cl-离子形式进入溶液中, 被氧化生成有效氯, 加快降解反应速度. 硝基虽然是强吸电子基, 但是可以转化为对苯二胺, 进一步活化苯环, 其降解速度较快.     

分子筛催化剂-亚硫酸盐体系降解水中对乙酰氨基苯酚

过渡金属诱导亚硫酸盐体系产生硫氧自由基是一种新型的高级氧化技术,比常规的高级氧化过程(基于羟基自由基等)有更优越的性能.我们对过渡金属离子活化过硫酸盐和亚硫酸盐的硫氧自由基生成链式反应过程、自由基用于氧化有机污染物的国内外研究现状进行了大致总结,并以SBA-15介孔分子筛为载体,采用浸渍法制备Co-SBA-15固相催化剂,将此固相催化剂用于活化亚硫酸钠,产生强氧化性自由基,以此来降解制药废水中典型污染物对乙酰氨基酚(APAP).通过正交试验,探讨了pH、温度、钴离子与亚硫酸根的比值(简称钴硫比)、气体含氧量等参数对污染物降解效果的影响.对催化剂进行表征,对体系中产生的自由基类型进行检测,结合实验结果和文献资料对降解产物进行了分析,探究了APAP的降解原理.     

高分子聚合物基碳纳米膜的电催化降解污水性能及机理

目前的电催化高级氧化技术普遍使用平板电极,因为传质受阻在降解污染物方面具有降解不彻底的缺点,限制了其在电催化降解污染物的应用.多孔碳纳米膜作为一种新型电极,因其较大的比表面积,提供较多反应活性位点,可以有效地改善传质效率,从而克服此传统技术的缺点,在近年来得到广泛应用.本文首先综述了使用高分子聚合物制备碳纳米膜的方法,主要包括静电纺丝技术(EST)、化学气相沉积法(CVD)和模板法,分别介绍了每种技术的原理和操作方法,并展示每种方法的实际应用的实例.其中静电纺丝技术具有可以制备取向碳纳米纤维并有助于碳纳米纤维改性的优点.其次总结了碳膜电催化降解含抗生素、染料分子和其他有机物的污水的研究进展,对不同条件下电催化降解有机物的效果进行综述,大部分研究均通过在碳纳米膜上添加金属、金属氧化物和金属有机框架(MOF)来使电极的性能得到优化.最后阐述了电化学高级氧化的机理、电极效应及主要的检测自由基的方法,分别从直接氧化和间接氧化两个方面介绍了电化学高级氧化的机理,并通过公式进行具体论证;列举了电催化过程中可能产生的电极效应对有机物降解的影响;检测自由基的方法主要总结了淬灭法和探针法,并阐述了其原理...     

草酸在Ti/IrO2-Ta2O5阳极圆柱形电解槽中的电催化氧化降解动力学

从电催化氧化降解有机污染物的机理出发,研究了草酸在Ti/IrO2-Ta2O5阳极圆柱形电解槽中的电催化氧化过程,建立了描述整个降解过程的瞬时电流效率与溶液本体有机物浓度的关系式. 通过实验对模型进行了验证,实验结果与模型计算结果基本一致,并讨论了误差产生的原因.     

二氧化钛选择性光催化降解有机污染物研究进展

半导体二氧化钛已被广泛应用于有机污染物的光催化降解,但其主要是通过光与二氧化钛作用产生的羟基自由基与有机污染物发生自由基氧化反应,这种自由基反应在降解污染物时没有选择性,当几种有机污染物共存时,它优先催化降解吸附在其表面的高浓度污染物,而低浓度的有机污染物因吸附量少而达不到有效降解。因此,研究开发具有高选择性的能降解低浓度高毒性有机污染物的二氧化钛材料是环境科学领域亟待解决的热点之一。本文综述了近十年来二氧化钛选择性光催化降解有机污染物的研究动态和主要成果,并对未来发展趋势进行展望。     

对甲基苯酚电催化氧化机理

在无隔膜电解槽中, 利用线性伏安法和恒电流电解法研究了Ti/PbO2电极对于对甲基苯酚氧化的电催化活性, 通过阳极过程中对甲基苯酚及其氧化中间产物的液相色谱测定, 研究了对甲基苯酚电催化氧化降解的机理. 研究结果表明, Ti/PbO2电极能够有效地电催化氧化水溶液中的对甲基苯酚, 在25 ℃下, 初始浓度为2 mmol/L的对甲基苯酚溶液, 恒定电流密度为50 mA/cm2, 电解3 h, 对甲基苯酚的转化率为74.32%, 有机碳去除率为61.81%. 对甲基苯酚电氧化降解要经过生成对羟基苯甲醇、对羟基苯甲醛、对羟基苯甲酸、对苯二酚、对苯醌、顺丁烯二酸和草酸, 最终变成CO2的历程, 其中对苯二酚的氧化和顺丁烯二酸的氧化为反应的速控步骤.     

电解芬顿法处理工业废水

高级氧化技术(AdvancedOxidationProcesses　AOP)是以产生羟基自由基(·OH)为标志。水处理高级氧化技术就是通过化学或物理化学的方法将水中的污染物直接氧化成无机物,或将其转化成为低毒的易生物降解的中间产物,其本质是利用羟基自由基氧化降解水相中的各种污染物的化学反应,是一种有效降解废水中有机污染物的方法。电解芬顿法是利用电解的方法产生Fe2+和H2O2,新生的Fe2+和H2O2立即作用产生·OH。用金属铁作阳极电解溶出Fe2+,或用三维电极,利用阴阳极的协同效应电解产生Fe2+或H2O2[1 4]。与其它AOP法相比,这种方法具有处理成…     

改性Ti/SnO2-Sb电极降解硝基苯废水

采用热分解法制备了Ti/SnO2-Sb电极,并通过掺杂Cu,Ni,La,Ce,Nd,Zn和Bi等金属对该电极进行改性.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及X射线衍射(XRD)等方法表征了电极的形貌及晶型;通过加速电极寿命测试和电催化降解硝基苯模拟废水实验,研究了金属掺杂对Ti/SnO2-Sb电极稳定性及电催化活性的影响.根据硝基苯降解的动力学方程分析不同金属掺杂对电极降解速率的影响;通过质谱对硝基苯的降解机理进行了初步探讨;采用水杨酸捕集羟基自由基的液相色谱法测定OH.的浓度.实验结果表明,与空白Ti/SnO2-Sb电极相比,金属掺杂改善了电极的表面形貌和SnO2衍射峰的强度,提高了Ti/SnO2-Sb阳极的电解寿命.对硝基苯模拟废水的电解实验结果表明,掺杂电极的电催化降解能力显著提高,硝基苯的降解符合准一级反应动力学方程.质谱分析结果表明,硝基苯在阴极被还原成苯胺并被氧化降解成其它有机物的过程发生迅速.羟基自由基浓度测定结果表明,自由基浓度越高,硝基苯降解速率越快,反应60 min时,空白Ti/SnO2-Sb电极的OH·浓度只有掺Cu金属电极的1/5.     

电场对TiO2纳米膜光催化性能的影响

 以泡沫镍为基材,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO2纳米膜光催化剂. 在自制外加电场光催化反应装置中,对催化剂施加一定的偏电压,研究了甲基橙溶液的光电催化降解反应,考察了偏压极性、阳极偏压和甲基橙初始溶液浓度等对降解效率的影响,并比较了光电催化与光催化、光解对甲基橙溶液降解的差异. 结果表明,外加阳极偏压形成的电场可以较大幅度提高甲基橙溶液的降解效率. 从半导体和量子力学理论出发探讨了电场促进光催化反应的作用机理.     

活性炭纤维电极生成羟基自由基降解酸性红B

分别采用具有吸附催化性能的活性炭纤维(ACF)作为阳极和阴极对水中偶氮染料酸性红B (ARB)的电化学降解情况进行了系统研究. 研究表明两种体系均可较好降解ARB, 可达到色度完全去除, 但ACF作为阴极电芬顿对有机物的矿化程度远远高于以ACF作为阳极时的矿化程度, 其TOC去除率达到70%, 高于阳极体系的30% TOC去除率. 通过电子自旋捕集技术(ESR)检测两种反应体系中产生的活性中间体, 发现在两种体系中均有高活性的羟基自由基生成, ACF阴极体系中产生的羟基自由基的量远远高于阳极体系产生量, 这是阴极体系有机物矿化效果较好的根本原因. 还对电流强度和初始pH的影响进行了研究, 并对两个体系反应机理进行了讨论.     

Self-Recovery of Pd Nanoparticles That Were Dispersed over La(Sr)Fe(Mn)O(3) for Intelligent Oxide Anodes of Solid-Oxide Fuel Cells

Self-recovery is one of the most-desirable properties for functional materials. Recently, oxide anodes have attracted significant attention as alternative anode materials for solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) that can overcome reoxidation, deactivation, and coke-deposition. However, the electrical conductivity and surface activity of the most-widely used oxide anodes remain unsatisfactory. Herein, we report the synthesis of an "intelligent oxide anode" that exhibits self-recovery from power-density degradation in the redox cycle by using a Pd-doped La(Sr)Fe- (Mn)O(3) cell as an oxide anode for the SOFCs. We investigated the anodic performance and oxidation-tolerance of the cell by using Pd-doped perovskite as an anode and fairly high maximum power densities of 0.5 and 0.1?W?cm(-2) were achieved at 1073 and 873?K, respectively, despite using a 0.3?mm-thick electrolyte. Long-term stability was also examined and the power density was recovered upon exposure of the anode to air. This recovery of the power density can be explained by the formation of Pd nanoparticles, which were self-recovered through reoxidation and reduction. In addition, the self-recovery of the anode by oxidation was confirmed by XRD and SEM and this process was effective for improving the durability of SOFC systems when they were exposed to severe operating conditions.     

应用于水溶液介质中喹啉氧化的电芬顿工艺实验设计方法(英文)

采用碳毡阴极和铂阳极的电芬顿工艺研究了喹啉模型分子8-羟基喹啉硫酸盐（8-HQS）在水溶液介质中的降解行为. 由于电化学诱导芬顿药剂（H2O2,Fe2+）产生大量的羟基活性基（OH）,成为与有机物发生反应直到有机物完全矿化的强有力氧化剂,因此,电芬顿工艺具有很强的氧化能力. 采用正交实验设计确定了水溶液介质中8-HQS降解的操作参数. 结果表明,电流密度和8-HQS的初始浓度是影响降解速度的主要因素. 8-HQS浓度随着电解时间而减少,说明8-HQS的氧化遵循准一级反应动力学. 通过竞争动力学方法确定的由OH引起8-HQS氧化的绝对反应速度常数为1.62×109 mol^-1·L·s^-1. 通过Doehlert 矩阵研究了8-HQS矿化的最佳实验参数,由此确定最佳条件下电芬顿工艺能导致8-HQS在水溶液中的准完全矿化（总有机成分去除率95%）. 对8-HQS水溶液的处理,使得8-HQS矿化前的最终产物为短链羧酸. 同时研究了电芬顿处理中短链羧酸的演变行为. 溶液毒性演变的跟踪研究发现,中间产物的毒性比8-HQS强,但溶液的毒性在中间产物矿化后可以完全消除.     

Self‐Recovery of Pd Nanoparticles That Were Dispersed over La(Sr)Fe(Mn)O3 for Intelligent Oxide Anodes of Solid‐Oxide Fuel Cells

Self‐recovery is one of the most‐desirable properties for functional materials. Recently, oxide anodes have attracted significant attention as alternative anode materials for solid‐oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) that can overcome reoxidation, deactivation, and coke‐deposition. However, the electrical conductivity and surface activity of the most‐widely used oxide anodes remain unsatisfactory. Herein, we report the synthesis of an “intelligent oxide anode” that exhibits self‐recovery from power‐density degradation in the redox cycle by using a Pd‐doped La(Sr)Fe‐ (Mn)O₃ cell as an oxide anode for the SOFCs. We investigated the anodic performance and oxidation‐tolerance of the cell by using Pd‐doped perovskite as an anode and fairly high maximum power densities of 0.5 and 0.1 W cm^?2 were achieved at 1073 and 873 K, respectively, despite using a 0.3 mm‐thick electrolyte. Long‐term stability was also examined and the power density was recovered upon exposure of the anode to air. This recovery of the power density can be explained by the formation of Pd nanoparticles, which were self‐recovered through reoxidation and reduction. In addition, the self‐recovery of the anode by oxidation was confirmed by XRD and SEM and this process was effective for improving the durability of SOFC systems when they were exposed to severe operating conditions.     

交联聚苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯双极膜的制备及其在电合成环氧丁二酸中的应用

以聚苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯（SBS）嵌段共聚物作为基膜材料,采用自由基接枝聚合反应,在SBS主链上引入丙烯酸（AA）、苯乙烯磺酸和γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷（KH570）链段作为阳离子交换膜;引入丙烯酸二甲基胺基乙酯和KH570链段作阴离子交换膜,阴、阳离子交换膜经KH570结构中三甲氧基硅烷基团的水解缩合,得到含硅氧交联网的SBS接枝离子交换膜,用流延法制备了SBS双极膜。 测得SBS阴膜和阳膜的吸水率分别为63.9%和72.8%,SBS阴膜和阳膜的离子交换容量分别为1.51和2.71 mmol/g。 将SBS双极膜作为阴阳两室隔膜,采用钨酸钠/过钨酸钠体系由阴极间接电氧化合成了环氧丁二酸。 结果表明,以石墨为阴、阳电极,电流密度为2.0×10-2 A/cm²、50 ℃反应4 h,环氧丁二酸的产率为53.0%,电流效率为40.8%。     

Degradation of a model naphthenic acid, cyclohexanoic acid, by vacuum UV (172 nm) and UV (254 nm)/H2O2

The mechanism of hydroxyl radical initiated degradation of a typical oil sands process water (OSPW) alicyclic carboxylic acid was studied using cyclohexanoic acid (CHA) as a model compound. By use of vacuum ultraviolet irradiation (VUV, 172 nm) and ultraviolet irradiation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide UV(254 nm)/H(2)O(2), it was established that CHA undergoes degradation through a peroxyl radical. In both processes the decay of the peroxyl radical leads predominantly to the formation of 4-oxo-CHA, and minor amounts of hydroxy-CHA (detected only in UV/H(2)O(2)). In UV/H(2)O(2), additional 4-oxo-CHA may also have been formed by direct reaction of the oxyl radical with H(2)O(2). The oxyl radical can be formed during decay of the peroxyl-CHA radical or reaction of hydroxy-CHA with hydroxyl radical. Oxo- and hydroxy-CHA further degraded to various dihydroxy-CHAs. Scission of the cyclohexane ring was also observed, on the basis of the observation of acyclic byproducts including heptadioic acid and various short-chain carboxylic acids. Overall, the hydroxyl radical induced degradation of CHA proceeded through several steps, involving more than one hydroxyl radical reaction, thus efficiency of the UV/H(2)O(2) reaction will depend on the rate of generation of hydroxyl radical throughout the process. In real applications to OSPW, concentrations of H(2)O(2) will need to be carefully optimized and the environmental fate and effects of the various degradation products of naphthenic acids considered.     

消耗性镁阳极在有机电合成中的应用(I)——羰基化合物的还原偶联

羰基化合物的还原偶联是形成C-C键的重要方法.早在本世纪初,有人就研究了醛酮的电解还原偶联反应,但所用的电极为Hg、Pd、Pt、Cd等,且电解过程有诸多不便.八十年代中期出现了一种以消耗性金属Mg、Al、Zn为阳极,石墨等为阴极的有机电极合成方法[1].     

Pretreatment of polyvinyl alcohol by electrocoagulation coupling with catalytic oxidation: Performance,mechanism and pathway

In this study, various conditions for the removal of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) by electrocoagulation (EC) coupled catalytic oxidation are systematically studied. The direct oxidation of the anode, the reduction of the cathode, the oxidation of OH and Cl, and the synergistic effect of flocculation on the degradation of polyvinyl alcohol are investigated. It is observed that the optimum experimental conditions obtained are as follows: Cell voltage 9 V, natural pH 7, NaCl concentration 0.02 mol/L, and interelectrode distance 3.0 cm. The evolution of iron ions is also discussed in the EC process. By contrast, EC had made an outstanding contribution to the removal of PVA, which removes 71.29% of PVA. Free radicals, especially OH and Cl, are equivalent to the contribution of the electrodes in the degradation of PVA. And the contribution of PVA degradation by anode oxidation and cathode reduction are 12.76% and 8.02%, respectively. Characterization of solution and floc, such as Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), GC–MS and molecular weight, showed that PVA is effectively removed by the EC process, and a possible degradation pathway is proposed