酸化吹气-重铬酸钾法测定高氯地表水中化学需氧量方法适用性研究

为研究酸化吹气-重铬酸钾法测定高氯地表水中化学需氧量的适用性,6家实验室使用酸化吹气-重铬酸钾法对高氯地表水中化学需氧量进行测定。结果表明,该方法的检出限为4mg/L,6家实验室对3种浓度的标准溶液(氯化物浓度均为2万mg/L)进行精密度测试,实验室内相对标准偏差范围分别为3.4%～9.6%、2.9%～4.4%、1.7%～7.5%,实验室间相对标准偏差分别为3.2%、2.3%、3.4%;对2个不同浓度的高氯地表水实际样品进行精密度测试,实验室内相对标准偏差范围为2.7%~5.7%、2.1~7.5%,实验室间相对标准偏差分别为4.1%、13.4%;对3种浓度的标准溶液(氯化物浓度均为2万mg/L)进行准确度测试,实验室内相对标准偏差范围为-1.0%～11.0%、-3.0%～3.5%、-5.3%～4.0%,室间相对误差的标准偏差分别为4.0%、2.3%、3.4%。方法去除氯离子干扰效果好,精密度、准确度及检出限较好,适用于高氯地表水中化学需氧量的测定。     

门源茶阿（艹/鹿/灬）果实中脂肪酸分析

用超临界萃取技术对青藏高原藏药特有植物门源茶（艹/鹿/灬）果实中脂肪酸进行萃取,用毛细管气相色谱进行分离和分析,结果表明不饱和脂肪酸在90%以上,其中亚油酸为36.48%,r-亚麻酸为4.5%,α-亚麻酸为29.26%.     

微波消解原子吸收光谱法测定贝类产品中的铅和镉

用微波消解进行样品前处理,原子吸收光谱法测定贝类中Pb、Cd,对基体改进剂等一些影响因素进行了探讨.用该方法测定贝类回收率为95%～107%.相对标准偏差为4.8%～7.1%.     

ICP-AES法测定镀铝锌钢板镀层中的铝含量

用50g/L的氢氧化钠溶液溶解镀铝锌钢板镀层,以盐酸溶液(1 4)进行酸化,采用ICP?AES法测定两种镀铝锌钢板镀层中的铝含量,测定结果的相对标准偏差分别为2.3%和1.4%(n=11),回收率为94.8%～98.5%。对两种镀铝锌钢板金属中铝含量测定结果的不确定度进行了评定,分别为0.10%(铝含量为4.82%)、0.9%(铝含量为54.3%)。     

狭果茶藨种子脂肪酸的分析

用超临界萃取技术对产于青藏高原上的狭果茶种子中脂肪酸进行萃取,其萃取率为12%。用毛细管气相色谱对萃取的脂肪酸进行了分离和分析。结果表明不饱和脂肪酸的质量分数在90%以上。其中α 亚麻酸(α Linolenicae ia)为27.4%,γ 亚麻酸(γ Linoleicaeia)为4.93%,亚油酸(Linoleicaeia)为32 61%。     

成都市东郊土壤中重金属元素垂直分布研究

采用王水消解样品,利用原子吸收分光光度法,对重金属元素(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd)在成都市东郊土壤中的垂直分布进行了研究。该法对Cu的回收率为98%~104%,精密度为2.75%;Pb的回收率为95~97%,精密度为3.11%;Zn的回收率为99%~101%,精密度为2.31%;Cd的回收率为97%~102%,精密度为3.32%,测定方法简单、准确。     

拟除虫菊酯类农药多残留直接竞争ELISA 建立及初步应用

以辣根过氧化物酶对兔抗拟除虫菊酯类农药抗体进行标记,通过优化分析条件和样品前处理方法,建立了可同时检测蔬菜中多种拟除虫菊酯类农药的直接竞争抑制ELISA方法(DC-ELISA),并在实际检测中进行了初步应用.该方法可用于同时检测蔬菜中甲氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯4种农药的残留,检出限(I10)分别为0.25、0.30、0.43、0.81 mg·L-1,青菜样品添加含量为0.5～5.0 mg·kg-1,回收率分别为93%～114%,97%～110%,89%～126%,93%～113%.采用该方法对南京市场抽取的107个样品进行检测,并与气相色谱法进行比较,直接竞争ELISA阳性检出率为8.46%,气相色谱法阳性检出率为3.74%.     

气相色谱-质谱法分析烟草中有机磷农药残留量及其烟支转移率研究

建立了一种用加速溶剂萃取,自动固相萃取净化,气相色谱/质谱联用检测烟草中29种有机磷农药残留量的方法.考察了加速溶剂萃取仪的萃取温度、溶剂、加热时间和循环次数对回收率的影响,对固相萃取的洗脱溶液及其体积和流速进行了优化,利用保留时间和定性离子定性,以灭蚁灵为内标进行定量,29种有机磷农药的平均回收率在61.4%～128%之间,相对标准偏差在12%以下,符合烟草中农药多残留检测的要求.通过对烟支进行加标,探讨了有机磷农药向主流烟气和烟蒂的转移情况,其向主流烟气的平均转移率为小于6.3%,相对标准偏差为8.0%～18.5%,而烟蒂平均截留率为0.3%～15.0%,相对标准偏差为6.5%～21.3%,表明有机磷农药有较小的转移,为卷烟安全性评价提供了可靠的数据.     

大孔吸附树脂LX-20从发酵液中分离纯化维生素B_(12)

对从脱氮假单胞菌发酵液中分离纯化维生素B12的方法进行了研究。通过对11种弱极性大孔树脂进行筛选,确定LX-20为最适合树脂;对饱和树脂进行静态洗脱和动态洗脱,确定75%甲醇水溶液为洗脱剂,加入醋酸有利洗脱。利用薄层法对粗品进行精制。最终建立工艺路线为发酵液预处理后,LX-20吸附饱和,含醋酸的75%甲醇洗脱,经适当放大后结果仍好。此法洗脱高峰集中,产品纯度达90%,回收率可达98%以上,所得精品经HPLC检测纯度为97.8%。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定聚醚砜奶瓶中二苯砜的含量及迁移量

采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对聚醚砜(PES)奶瓶中的二苯砜进行定性确证和定量分析。样品粉碎并用三氯甲烷超声溶解后,用乙腈沉淀树脂。选用HP-5MS色谱柱并使用选择离子扫描(SIM)模式进行定性和定量分析。定性离子为m/z77、97、125和218,定量离子为m/z125。二苯砜的线性范围为0.1～100mg/L,仪器的定量检出限为0.004mg/L。奶瓶样品中二苯砜的加标回收率为91%～113%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于7.7%。将奶瓶进行迁移实验后,水、酸性和油性食品模拟物分析的加标回收率分别为88%～102%、96%～111%和89%～110%,RSD分别为5.2%、5.4%和8.7%。     

On-line fermentation gas analysis: Error analysis and application of mass spectrometry

On-line fermentation gas analysis is of general interest because it permits the determination of metabolic rates in almost any biological process using living organisms. The consumption and production of gases (O₂, CO₂, CH₄, etc.) and volatile compounds may be determined without causing any risk of infection. Elemental balancing permits the determination of other metabolic rates if the stoichiometry is known. This was studied with the production of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) by Alcaligenes latus. Estimations were based on the measurement of gas partial pressure and flow-rates, pH and alkali consumption rate. Experiments with a small quadrupole mass spectrometer showed unacceptable error propagation. Therefore, dynamic error propagation for all rates was studied using simulation. It was found that, for example, a 1% relative offset-calibration error for oxygen can result in an error in PHB estimation of > 50%. It is suggested that this culture is used in combination with elemental balancing for thorough tests of the accuracy of on-line gas analysis equipment. An on-line process gas analyser based on a quadrupole mass spectrometer (Balzers PGM 407) gave the following precision values (abs. vol.?%) during cultivation of Bacillus subtilis: nitrogen (m/z 14), 0.024; oxygen (m/z 32), 0.020; argon (m/z 40), 0.0011; and carbon dioxide (m/z 44), 0.0034. These values, combined with automatic recalibration, would be sufficient for reasonable estimation of PHB, biomass and substrates.     

Impact of alkali treatment on physico-chemical,thermal, structural and tensile properties of Carica papaya bark fibers

This study aims to examine the effect of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment on the physico-chemical properties, structure, thermal, tensile and surface topography of Carica papaya fibers (CPFs). The surface of raw CPFs was modified by soaking with 5% NaOH solution for 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90?min. The results of thermo-gravimetric analysis revealed that the optimum treatment time for alkali treatment was 60?min. It was found that the alkali treatment improved the properties of the CPFs. The results of TGA, FT-IR, XRD and AFM suggest that the treated CPF is a suitable alternative as reinforcement in polymer composites.     

Chemometric and trend analysis of water quality of the South Chennai lakes: an integrated environmental study

In order to bring out the nature of the factors influencing lake water composition, multivariate statistical analysis and trend analysis were performed based on the hydrochemical data of the study area, namely, South Chennai. Change in land use pattern and settlements along the banks of the lakes alters the quality and quantity of the surface water. In the present study, the R‐mode factor analysis and cluster analysis were applied to the geochemical parameters of the water to identify the factors affecting the chemical composition of the lake water. Dendograms of both the seasons give three major clusters, reflecting the groups of unpolluted to moderately polluted, polluted, and heavily polluted stations. The movement of stations from one cluster to another clearly brings out the seasonal variation in the chemical composition of the lake water. The complex hydrochemical data of the surface water were interpreted by condensing them into three major factors. Factor score analysis was used successfully to delineate the stations under study and the role of the contributing factors, and the nature of factors responsible for the variation in chemical composition of the water has been clearly brought out. Results of trend analysis using ArcGIS clearly indicate that the trend in water quality is deteriorating at a faster rate in the eastern part of the study area. It is understood that although natural shifts probably can account for some of the variation, it is most likely that human activities play a major role in affecting the water quality on a regional scale. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Time-series analysis in analytical process control

Analysis of time series tries to extract tendencies from measured values dependent on time. For this purpose the cusum technique has proved to be a very sensitive tool for the evaluation of both current and completed time series. Even very weak tendencies can be detected at a high level of noise. Time-series analysis further tries to predict values to come from hitherto performed measurements. As a very flexible model exponential smoothing could be successfully used. Even for processes with a high extent of non-stationarity this model allowed a good prediction owing to the dynamics of the process. Three types of time-series analysis, i.e., evaluation of current measurements, retrospective evaluation and prediction of data (also known as “in vivo”, “post mortem” and “in futurum” time-series analysis) are demonstrated for problems stemming from analytical process control.     

新材料的发展与分析化学

文章介绍了新材料的重要性及发展方向,分析化学在新材料研制中起着耳目的作用,另一方面新材料也为分析化学的进展提供了课题与条件。微量分析、微区分析、表面分析是此领域中的重点。在未来的发展中,分析化学在材料的发展中的地位不会改变,并期待着分析灵敏度与空间分辩率的进一步提高。     

Determination of rank by augmentation (DRAUG)

Determining the rank of a chemical matrix is the first step in many multivariate, chemometric studies. Rank is defined as the minimum number of linearly independent factors after deletion of factors that contribute to random, nonlinear, uncorrelated errors. Adding a matrix of rank 1 to a data matrix not only increases the rank by one unit but also perturbs the primary factor axes, having little effect on the secondary axes associated with the random errors in the measurements. The primary rank of a data matrix can be determined by comparing the residual variances obtained from principal component analysis (PCA) of the original data matrix to those obtained from an augmented matrix. The ratio of the residual variances between adjacent factor levels represents a Fisher ratio that can be used to distinguish the primary factors (chemical as well as instrumental factors) from the secondary factors (experimental errors). The results gleaned from model studies as well as those from experimental studies are used to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology. The method is independent of the nature of the error distribution. Limitations and precautions are discussed. An algorithm, written in MATLAB format, is included. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of Mercury in Geological Materials by Continuous-Flow,Cold-Vapor,Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

Abstract

To determine mercury in geological materials, samples are digested with nitric acid and sodium dichromate in a closed teflon vessel. After bringing to a constant weight, the digest is mixed with air and a sodium chloride-hydroxylamine hydrochloride-sulfuric acid solution and then Hg(II) is reduced to Hg with stannous chloride in a continuous flow manifold. The mercury vapor is then separated and measured using cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry (CV-AAS). For a 100 mg sample the limit of detection is 20 parts per billion (ppb) Hg in sample. To obtain a 1% absorption signal, the described method requires 0.21 ppb Hg solution (equal to 16 ppb in sample). Precision is acceptable at less than 1.2% RSD for a 10 ppb Hg aqueous standard. Accuracy is demonstrated by the results of the analysis of standard reference materials. Several elements do interfere but the effect is minimal because either the digestion procedure does not dissolve them (e.g., Au or Pt) or the; are normally of low abundance (e.g., Se or Te).     

钴-5-Br-PADAP极谱催化波研究

许多作者研究了某些有机试剂存在时钴的极谱行为。本文报道在氢氧化钠和盐酸羟胺底液中,钴-5-Br-PADAP配合物的极谱行为,证明峰电流为配合物吸附波。将铁分离后测定标钢中微量钴,与光度法结果一致,直接测定茶叶中钴,结果满意。