丙烷为碳源制备碳化钼催化剂及其噻吩HDS性能研究

金属碳化物因其具有类似贵金属的催化性能引起国内外研究者的广泛关注.钼基金属碳化物在烃类加氢、脱氢、异构化、氨合成和分解及加氢脱氮等方面表现出优良的性能,被认为是很有前景的催化活性物种.由金属前体和气相渗碳剂在程序升温条件下反应,是制备金属碳化物最为常用的方法.为获得结构可控、表面可精确调变的催化剂,渗碳剂的选择至关重要.     

磷酸硅铝分子筛SAPO-17的合成与性能研究

磷酸硅铝系列分子筛SAPO-n是美国联合碳化物公司于1984年首先合成,SAPO-17是其中的一种。作为一种新的分子筛,对其晶胞参数,吸附和催化性能及热稳定性等方面的研究,至今很少见有文献报道。本文考察了SAPO-17的合成条件、物化性能、热稳定性及裂解正十六烷和粗柴油的催化性能,并测定了它的晶胞参数。     

还原态Mo-Ni-K/C催化剂上CO加氢合成低碳混合醇

ＣＯ加氢合成低碳混合醇已成为Ｃ１化学的一个重要分支．目前用于这一过程的催化剂大都是改性的甲醇合成、ＦＴ合成或二者组合的催化剂．自从８０年代中期美国Ｄｏｗ化学品公司和联合碳化物公司首先发现ＭｏＳ２基催化剂具有优良的催化合成醇反应性能和良好的抗硫中毒能...     

水滑石基钴铜催化剂中钴的碳化在高碳醇合成中的作用（英文）

Co-Cu基催化剂广泛用于合成气制高碳醇反应(HAS)中.尽管很难从本质上完全理解催化剂的活性位,但是在HAS条件下生成的Co_2C对反应的贡献是显而易见的.开发了CO预处理工艺,系统地研究了钴的碳化对催化剂结构性能和催化性能的影响.通过在HAS反应之前将催化剂暴露在含CO的气氛中,催化剂表面发生Co的富集,然后形成碳化物.这种表面改性减少了烃类的形成,促进了C2+OH的形成.催化剂经20 bar下CO预处理后,乙醇选择性最高,烃类选择性最低.     

锂硫电池硫正极催化转换反应的研究进展

单质硫作为电池的正极材料,其电化学过程历经多个步骤,完全放电生成最终产物是一个2电子反应. 低阶多硫化锂的生成需克服一定的能垒,且由Li₂S₂得到一个电子还原生成Li₂S的反应是速控步骤. 硫正极的反应动力学是决定锂硫电池电化学性能,如比能量、比功率、低温性能等的关键因素. 提高速控步骤的反应动力学还能加速可溶性多硫化锂Li₂S₄向不溶性Li₂S₂和Li₂S的转化,有利于减缓或消除多硫化锂的“穿梭效应”. 近年,已有大量的过渡金属氧化物、硫化物、碳化物、氮化物、磷化物,单原子催化剂和氧化还原电子中继体等被应用于催化硫正极反应,提高了电极的电化学性能和循环稳定性. 但是,目前详细的催化反应机制尚不完全清晰. 本文重点综述了这些化合物在硫正极反应中的作用机制,总结了近年来的研究进展,并对硫正极催化转换反应的研究和发展进行了展望.     

中孔分子筛上择形烷基化反应的研究——Ⅰ.反应条件对甲苯甲醇择形烷基化反应的影响

早期的研究表明沸石催化剂能有效地促进烷基化反应,自中孔ZSM-5沸石分子筛问世以来,不少文献报导了用改性的ZSM-5分子筛做健化剂可使反应产物中对二甲苯选择性大大提高。而未改性的HZSM-5催化剂则一般不具有对位选择性。 SAPO-11分子筛是联合碳化物公司于1984年推出的一种新型的磷酸铝分子筛,它的催化性能和物化性质引起人们的普遍关注。     

铁卟啉化合物的合成及其催化环己烷羟基化反应的研究

合成了15种卟啉环上具有不同取代基和纵轴上具有不同配位基的TRPPFe^ⅢCl和TPPFe^ⅢX, 从反应速率、反应产率和产物选择性等方面考察了卟啉环上取代基R和纵轴配位基X对这些铁卟啉在温和条件下催化环己烷羟基化反应催化性能的影响,还研究了反应溶剂、反应温度以及有机碱等环境因素对铁卟啉催化性能的影响,获得了一些新的结果和规律。     

碳催化剂在催化反应中的应用

由于碳材料表面存在缺陷,可生成具有不同性能的活性位,因此可催化不同的热催化反应.我们首先介绍了单质碳材料的表面结构化学:其表面活性位主要为含杂原子官能团;然后对其可催化的反应进行了介绍:碳单质材料可催化选择性氧化反应、高级氧化反应、还原反应、烷烃活化反应、酸催化反应、电催化还原和氧化反应等.对碳单质催化剂的制备方法、所催化的各类反应、催化活性位、催化效果及催化机理也进行了简介.单纯的碳材料并不能完全满足不同反应的催化要求,可通过掺杂杂原子、焙烧、酸处理等手段对碳催化剂进行改性,使其具有不同的催化性能.相信随着对碳催化认识的不断加深,碳催化的应用范围会越来越广,在不远的未来将应用于工业化生产.     

轨道对称性匹配:MXene基体上的单原子催化以实现优异的氮还原反应

氨作为一种可被植物直接吸收用以合成其他有机物的重要成分,在化学化工及含氮化合物的生产当中起着至关重要的作用.传统工业生产氨气采用Haber-Bosch工艺,将空气中丰富的氮气转化为氨气,但该工艺需要较高的压强和温度来促进氮气分解,因此会消耗大量能源.近年来,电催化反应发展迅速.在电催化工艺中,通过控制操作电位及电解质便可提高生产效率,降低能源消耗.基于这种策略,各种针对能源环境的催化研究应运而生,如二氧化碳还原、水分解反应等.其中,对于氮还原的催化研究尤其是电催化设计领域研究相对较少.研究发现,在电催化剂中,异构掺杂及原子尺度的调控可以极大地影响催化剂的催化活性.其中,单原子催化(SAC)因其在催化活性和催化选择性上的优势受到广泛关注.MXene是一种二维过渡金属碳化物或氮化物,其优异的化学性能和稳定的表面构型可以对单原子起到良好的锚定与支撑作用,是一种更具潜力的单原子催化基体.本文基于上述思想,利用密度泛函第一性原理等模拟软件,设计并研究了以MXene为基体的28种过渡金属单原子催化体系,计算并分析了各SAC@MXene体系对氮还原反应的催化效果,从限制电势、催化路径、反应机制等方面探索了其催化性能.并对体系进行了态密度、晶体轨道哈密顿量、差分电荷密度等电子结构分析,找到了适用于MXene体系的单原子催化设计原则.通过对限制电势的计算表明,Ni@MXene和Co@MXene体系具有很低的限制电势(-0.13和-0.17 V),说明这些体系在较低的启动电压下即可发生氮还原反应.研究发现了一种新型适用于SAC@MXene氮催化体系的酶促-远端反应机制.电子结构分析得到SAC原子与MXene基体的Ti原子在催化过程中存在一种协同作用.态密度及晶体轨道哈密顿量也显示出SAC原子与MXene基体Ti之间的一种轨道对称性匹配关系,揭示了这种协同作用对催化反应的积极作用.计算的氢析出反应(HER)结果也显示,在相同化学环境下,SAC@MXene体系氮还原反应相对于氢析出反应更易发生.     

新型高性能Cu/HMS催化剂的合成及其在草酸二甲酯催化加氢合成 乙二醇反应中的应用

采用原位合成法合成了介孔Cu/HMS催化剂, 并以草酸二甲酯催化加氢合成乙二醇为探针反应考察了不同焙烧温度对反应催化性能的影响, 结果表明焙烧温度为650 ℃时合成的催化剂在该反应中表现出最佳的催化性能. 在反应温度为200 ℃、压力为3 MPa、氢酯比为50、液时空速为0.74 h－1的条件下, 草酸二甲酯的转化率达到100%, 并且乙二醇的选择性达到97%. 采用X射线粉末衍射、N2低温吸附、H2-TPR、N2O滴定、X射线光电子能谱及傅利叶变换红外光谱对系列催化剂进行了系统表征, 阐述了焙烧温度对催化性能影响的本质原因. 研究表明焙烧温度能够影响活性铜物种的分散度和铜物种与载体间的相互作用, 从而影响草酸二甲酯催化加氢的催化性能.     

Electrodeposition of tungsten and molybdenum metals and their carbides from low-temperature halide-oxide melts

The electrodeposition of tungsten and molybdenum metals and their carbides from the halide-oxide melts at a temperature of 550°C is studied using cyclic voltammetry and potentiostatic and galvanostatic electrolyses. The conditions of concurrent electroreduction of fluoroxide complexes of tungsten and molybdenum with carbon dioxide and also with nickel and cobalt ions in the halide-oxide melts at 550°C are found. The optimal conditions for the production of tungsten and molybdenum metals, tungsten (molybdenum) carbides, and binary carbides of tungsten with nickel (cobalt) from the oxide-halide melts are determined.     

New complex transition metal carbides formed on an electron microscope heating stage

Particles shown to be complex carbides of copper. nickel, molybdenum.tungsten. gold, silver and titanium along with carbides of the elements in stainless steel, were formed on an electron microscope heating stage. These particles were observed to form on thin carbon films coating the electron microscope grids of the metals listed above. The d-spacings measured for these particles are essentially the same as those that are observed with a mixture of the complex carbides of general formula M₆C and M₂₃C₆. Electron microprobe analysis was performed on the particles formed in the microscope. and the analysis confirmed the presence of the respective metals within the particles. In general, the various metal carbides were observed to form at different temperatures on different metal grids.     

A new class of electrocatalysts for hydrogen production from water electrolysis: metal monolayers supported on low-cost transition metal carbides

This work explores the opportunity to substantially reduce the cost of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts by supporting monolayer (ML) amounts of precious metals on transition metal carbide substrates. The metal component includes platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), and gold (Au); the low-cost carbide substrate includes tungsten carbides (WC and W(2)C) and molybdenum carbide (Mo(2)C). As a platform for these studies, single-phase carbide thin films with well-characterized surfaces have been synthesized, allowing for a direct comparison of the intrinsic HER activity of bare and Pt-modified carbide surfaces. It is found that WC and W(2)C are both excellent cathode support materials for ML Pt, exhibiting HER activities that are comparable to bulk Pt while displaying stable HER activity during chronopotentiometric HER measurements. The findings of excellent stability and HER activity of the ML Pt-WC and Pt-W(2)C surfaces may be explained by the similar bulk electronic properties of tungsten carbides to Pt, as is supported by density functional theory calculations. These results are further extended to other metal overlayers (Pd and Au) and supports (Mo(2)C), which demonstrate that the metal ML-supported transition metal carbide surfaces exhibit HER activity that is consistent with the well-known volcano relationship between activity and hydrogen binding energy. This work highlights the potential of using carbide materials to reduce the costs of hydrogen production from water electrolysis by serving as stable, low-cost supports for ML amounts of precious metals.     

Tungsten and molybdenum nitrosyl cations in fluorosulfonic acid

The tungsten and molybdenum hexacarbonyls, M(CO)(6) (M = W, Mo), dissolve in fluorosulfonic acid, HSO(3)F, to generate the tungsten and molybdenum carbonyl cations, [M(CO)(4)](2+)(solv), which are transformed, by exposure to an NO atmosphere, into the tungsten and molybdenum carbonyldinitrosyl cations, [M(CO)(NO)(2)](2+)(solv), respectively. These complexes have been characterized by NMR ((183)W, (13)C, and (15)N), IR, and Raman spectroscopy, and they are the first well-characterized metal nitrosyl cations in strong acids or superacids although the spectroscopic techniques do not address the number or coordination mode of the solvent molecules. Their formation suggests that strong acids and superacids can hopefully be used to generate a number of metal nitrosyl cations as they have been successfully used for preparing a series of metal carbonyl cations.     

仲钨酸B的形成及其在钨钼分离中的应用

用SiO_2作催化剂可大大加快仲钨酸A转变成仲钨酸B,反应后溶液的pH值从6.7升至8.1,在此pH条件下,MoO_4~(2-)不聚合成Mo_7O_(24)~(6-),利用这一差异,在含有杂质钼的仲钨酸B溶液中,加入胍盐后,钨以仲钨酸B胍盐[CN_3H_6]_6W_7O_(24)·4H_2O形式沉淀,钼以MoO_4~(2-)留在溶液中,从而可分离钨和钼。     

Spectroscopic studies of molybdenum and tungsten enzymes

Molybdenum and tungsten are the only second and third-row transition elements with a known function in living systems. Molybdenum fulfills functional roles in enzyme systems in almost all living creatures, from bacteria through plants to invertebrates and mammals, while tungsten takes the place of molybdenum in some prokaryotes, especially the hyperthermophilic archaea. The enzymes contain the metal bound by an unusual sulfur-containing cofactor. Despite possessing common structural elements, the enzymes are remarkable in the range of different chemical reactions that are catalyzed, although almost all are two-electron oxidation–reduction reactions in which an oxygen atom is transferred to or from the molybdenum. The functional roles filled by molybdenum enzymes are equally diverse; for example, they play essential roles in microbial respiration, in the uptake of nitrogen in green plants, in controlling insect eye color, and in human health. Spectroscopic studies, in particular electron paramagnetic resonance and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, have played an essential role in our understanding of the active site structures and catalytic mechanisms of the molybdenum and tungsten enzymes. This review summarizes the role spectroscopy has played in the state of our knowledge of the molybdenum and tungsten enzymes, with particular regard to structural information on the molybdenum sites.     

Determination of Molybdenum and Tungsten with Iodide Activity Electrode

Abstract

A new method for the determination of molybdenum and tungsten is described based on their catalysis of the hydrogen peroxide-iodide reaction as monitored with an iodide ion-selective electrode. This method yields better results than methods previously used. For example, Yatsimirskii and Afanaseva¹ and Erdey and Svehla² have found a lower limit of 0.02 and 0.1 μ.g/ml for molybdenum. In the present work as little as 0.004 μg/ml of molybdenum and tungsten is determinable.     

Hydrogenation of CO over carbides of tungsten

CO hydrogenation on tungsten carbides has been investigated.The methanation activitiesof tungsten carbides are comparable to that of supported Group VIII metal catalysts.Temperature-programmed thermal desorption spectra of CO on tungsten carbide show that CO is adsorbed non-dissociatively,and the surface—CO bond appears to be rather weak.     

Separation of molybdenum from tungsten with di(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphoric acid ac extractant

The use of di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (HDEHP) as an extractant for the separation of molybdenum from tungsten was examined with the help of molybdenum-99 and tungsten-187 as radiotracers. Effective separation was obtained when the aqueous phase contained phosphoric acid at pH 0.8–2 or pH 3–3.5, depending on the amounts of metal. The method is applicable to both tracer and milligram amounts of molybdenum. The structure of the extracted species was examined by infrared spectroscopy.     

Cycloolefin polymerization initiated by transition metal–π-allylic complexes

A new class of catalysts for polymerization of cycloalkenes was developed, based on the interaction of these hydrocarbons with π-allylic transition metal complexes. The reaction route (decyclization or double-bond opening) and the microstructure of polyalkenamers obtained is determined primarily by the nature of the transition metal and also by the nature and the number of ligands bound to the metal. π-Allylic complexes of zirconium and chromium catalyze the polymerization of cycloalkenes in both directions. For complexes of the group VI metals the substitution of molybdenum or tungsten for chromium results in complete suppression of the double-bond opening. In the presence of Group VIII metal compounds the polymerization of cycloolefins occurs exclusively at the double bond. The introduction of acidic ligands into the internal sphere of the π-allylic compound does not affect the reaction route but results in a significant rise of the yield of polyalkenamers and enriches the content of trans-1,4-units. Lewis acids act as activators for complexes of all the metals, the halides of molybdenum and tungsten affecting favorably the decyclization. It is assumed that the ring-opening polymerization of cycloolefins proceeds via π-allylic complex formation.