基于海藻酸钠衍生物的肝靶向纳米前药的构建及抗肿瘤活性研究

利用寡聚乙二醇(mOEG)修饰海藻酸钠(ALG), 有效降低了ALG的黏度, 提高了其对疏水性肝靶向配体甘草次酸(GA)的负载量. 结果表明, 靶向材料(GA-ALG-mOEG)的GA负载量为11.8%, 是对照组(GA-ALG)的1.97倍. 在此基础上, 以物理交联的方式引入pH响应的阿霉素前药(DOX-ALG-mOEG), 制备了肝靶向纳米前药(DOX-ALG-mOEG/GA-ALG-mOEG NPs). 细胞实验及抑瘤实验结果表明, 该前药较对照组(DOX-ALG/GA-ALG NPs)具有更高的肝靶向性和药物利用率, 其对肝癌细胞的半致死率浓度(IC₅₀)为58.1 ng/mL, 是对照组(IC₅₀=141.7 ng/mL)的41%; 动物实验结果显示, 该前药的抑瘤率达到了88.4%, 比对照组提高了11.5%.     

肝靶向海藻酸钠载药纳米粒的细胞毒性研究

本研究将具有肝靶向性分子甘草次酸（GA）偶联在具有生物相容性和生物可降解性的天然高分子海藻酸钠（ALG）上,合成了甘草次酸改性的海藻酸钠（GA—ALG）;对广谱抗癌药物阿霉素（DOX）进行包封,制备了肝靶向载药纳米粒,并考察了GA—ALG载药纳米粒的体外释药性能和对肝癌细胞的抑制作用．利用核磁、红外和元素分析技术对GA—ALG结构和GA取代度进行了表征;对GA—ALG载药纳米粒的形貌、粒径、表面Zeta电位等进行了测定,结果显示纳米粒具有较规则球形结构,其水合粒径为（214±11）nm．GA—ALG载药纳米粒在模拟生理条件下（pH7．4）可持续释药长达20天;MTT结果显示GA-ALG载药纳米粒对7703肝癌细胞的具有明显的杀伤作用．     

含乳糖酸修饰的多壁碳纳米管复合载药体系的合成及表征

以聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)修饰的多壁碳纳米管(PEI-CNT)为模板,利用异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)和乳糖酸(LA)对其表面进行修饰,合成乳糖酸修饰的PEI-CNT复合载体,并负载抗肿瘤药物盐酸阿霉素(DOX),使其成为具有靶向功能的新型抗肿瘤药物载体。采用核磁共振(1 HNMR)、透射电镜、共聚焦显微镜及流式细胞仪等测试手段分析载体的结构和性质。载药复合体系在酸性条件下的体外药物释放速率明显高于中性条件下的,同时该复合载药体系对肝癌细胞(SMMC-7721)具有一定的靶向性。     

环状RGDs修饰的分子刷型共聚物在成像及药物运输中的应用

以具有丰富接枝侧链的阴离子型共轭聚合物分子刷PFPANa为材料,通过简单的一步修饰法在聚合物的部分接枝侧链上引入靶向配体分子c(RGDyK),并利用分子刷侧链上未修饰配体分子的羧基负离子与抗癌药物DOX静电结合,制备了基于分子刷型共轭聚合物的靶向细胞成像和载药系统.研究结果表明载药系统对DOX药物的载药量可达13.3 wt%,体外细胞实验研究结果表明该载药系统可实现对肿瘤细胞的靶向选择性成像,并显著促进了肿瘤细胞对DOX药物的摄取,具有良好的抗肿瘤细胞生长效果,显著提高了药物运输效率.     

基于枝化多肽的多功能药物递送系统用于肿瘤细胞核的精准靶向治疗

为了改善在肿瘤治疗过程中,药物载体靶向性差和药物靶点定位效率低等不足,设计了一种能精准靶向肿瘤细胞核,将药物高效递送至作用靶点的多功能纳米载药体系.利用具有细胞核定位能力的两亲性枝化多肽包载化疗药物阿霉素(DOX)形成载药纳米胶束DD,并通过静电作用将具有肿瘤靶向功能的透明质酸(HA)包覆在DD表面,得到具有靶向肿瘤细胞核能力的纳米药物HDD.HA的存在赋予了HDD对肿瘤的靶向功能和电荷屏蔽能力,可增加体系的稳定性,延长其血液循环时间,降低正常组织和细胞对HDD的非特异性摄取,实现其在肿瘤部位的特异性富集和肿瘤细胞的高效摄取.进入肿瘤细胞后,HA层的降解有利于纳米胶束DD在多肽的核定位作用下精准、快速地将DOX递送至细胞核,最终实现高效的肿瘤抑制效果.     

细胞内氧化还原响应型肝靶向嵌段聚合物的合成及纳米自组装性能

通过两步可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合(RAFT)和缩醛脱保护反应合成了一种亲水段含半乳糖侧基和疏水段含吡啶环二硫键侧基的两亲性嵌段聚合物PMAIg GP-b-PPDSMA(PMg PP),用核磁共振氢谱(~1H NMR)和凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)分析验证了目标产物的化学结构.利用纳米沉淀技术和巯基氧化自交联反应制备内核二硫键交联的PMg PP纳米粒(PMg PP-CC NPs).动态光散射(DLS)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)测定结果表明,PMg PP-CC NPs粒径较小(30 nm),且粒径分布较窄.在谷胱甘肽(GSH)还原环境下,PMg PPCC NPs粒径不断增大,发生了解组装.以阿霉素(DOX)为模型药物制备了PMg PP-CC/DOX NPs,载药量可达12.5%,对应包封率为83.3%,其粒径与空白PMg PP-CC NPs粒径大小相近,且粒径分布均匀.体外药物释放实验表明,PMg PP-CC/DOX NPs在体液条件下46 h释放了4.47%的DOX,而在10 mmol/L GSH条件下累积释放量达到了50.6%.细胞胞吞实验进一步验证了PMg PP-CC/DOX NPs可高效入胞并在细胞内快速释放DOX.体外细胞毒性(MTT)实验表明,PMg PP-CC/DOX NPs对肝癌Hep G-2细胞表现出良好的增殖抑制活性.因此,多功能PMg PP-CC NPs在实现肝靶向纳米精准给药上呈现出良好的应用前景.     

pH/酶/光热多重响应的金纳米笼/透明质酸核壳结构纳米载体的制备与性能

以金纳米笼(AuNC)为核, 巯基化改性的透明质酸(LC-HA)为壳, 盐酸阿霉素(DOX)为药物模型, 通过简单的一锅法制备了核壳结构载药纳米粒子DOX@AuNC@HA(DAH). 金纳米笼为药物装载提供容器且赋予载体光热性能, 改性的透明质酸对金纳米笼进行包封并提供pH/酶响应及靶向介导功能. 对DAH的结构进行了表征, 并进行了载药、 控释性能以及细胞摄取和细胞毒性的研究. 结果表明, 核壳结构纳米微粒DAH具有较高的载药能力, 在激光源的照射下具有较好的循环稳定性和较高的光热转换率. 在pH=7.4的磷酸盐缓冲液中, DAH具有较高的稳定性, 20 h的药物泄露率低于20%; 而在酸性环境、 透明质酸酶(HAase)及光热作用下, DAH均能较快地释放出装载的药物, 展现出较好的刺激响应性. 此外, DAH能够更多地被肿瘤细胞摄取, 表现出一定的靶向性; 当化疗与光热疗法共同作用时, 肿瘤细胞的活性大大减弱, 展现出了联合疗法的优势及潜力.     

pH调控Y型分子筛负载阿霉素纳米药物制备及与MM-231细胞的作用

针对抗肿瘤小分子药物靶向性差、疗效低和毒副性大等缺陷,我们以Y型分子筛(YMS)为基体、阿霉素(DOX)为药物模型,通过pH调控,借助氢键和范德华力等物理作用力制备得到高负载Y型分子筛纳米药物体系(YMS?DOX)。采用UV?Vis、FT?IR、粒径和电位测试及荧光光谱证实YMS?DOX成功制备,且DOX的负载率可高达99.61%。体外药物释放测试发现YMS?DOX具有pH响应释放特性,在肿瘤环境中(pH=4.5)的药物释放量为正常生理环境(pH=7.4)中的3.8倍,表明其具有良好的药物输送特性。此外,利用流式细胞术和MTT测试法探究了YMS?DOX对乳腺癌细胞(MM?231)和树突细胞(DC)的细胞凋亡和毒性,结果表明YMS?DOX可以诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,且可降低对正常细胞的毒副作用。     

磁性凹凸棒土温敏性微凝胶的合成及其体外实验

通过乳液聚合法制备了叶酸(FA)接枝的磁性FA-Fe3O4/凹凸棒土-聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺-丙烯酰胺)(FA-Fe3O4/ATPP(NIPAM-AAM))复合微凝胶(凹凸棒土=ATP,N-异丙基丙烯酰胺=NIPAM,丙烯酰胺=AAM),并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、振动样品磁强计(VSM)、热重(TG)、红外分析(IR)、紫外可见分光光度仪(UV)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对其进行表征。通过动态光散射(DLS)测定的低临界溶液温度(LCST)约为38.5℃,该温度适合于细胞实验。选择盐酸阿霉素(DOX)作为模型药物。药物负载和释放试验表明,ATP可以增加药物的负载和释放量。体外细胞毒性实验表明,与游离DOX相比,负载DOX的FA-Fe3O4/ATP-P(NIPAM-AAM)具有更好的生物相容性,并有望建立一个药物缓释系统。体外细胞摄取实验表明,FA-Fe3O4/ATP-P(NIPAM-AAM)具有靶向性,可用于靶向药物释放。     

磁性凹凸棒土温敏性微凝胶的合成及其体外实验（英文）

通过乳液聚合法制备了叶酸(FA)接枝的磁性FA-Fe_3O_4/凹凸棒土-聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺-丙烯酰胺)(FA-Fe_3O_4/ATPP(NIPAM-AAM))复合微凝胶(凹凸棒土=ATP,N-异丙基丙烯酰胺=NIPAM,丙烯酰胺=AAM),并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、振动样品磁强计(VSM)、热重(TG)、红外分析(IR)、紫外可见分光光度仪(UV)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对其进行表征。通过动态光散射(DLS)测定的低临界溶液温度(LCST)约为38.5℃,该温度适合于细胞实验。选择盐酸阿霉素(DOX)作为模型药物。药物负载和释放试验表明,ATP可以增加药物的负载和释放量。体外细胞毒性实验表明,与游离DOX相比,负载DOX的FA-Fe_3O_4/ATP-P(NIPAM-AAM)具有更好的生物相容性,并有望建立一个药物缓释系统。体外细胞摄取实验表明,FA-Fe_3O_4/ATP-P(NIPAM-AAM)具有靶向性,可用于靶向药物释放。     

Cytotoxicity of liver targeted drug-loaded alginate nanoparticles

In this study, novel liver targeted doxorubicin (DOX) loaded alginate (ALG) nanoparticles were prepared by CaCl₂ crosslinking method. Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA, a liver targeted molecule) modified alginate (GA-ALG) was synthesized in a heterogeneous system, and the structure of GA-ALG and the substitution degree of GA were analyzed by ¹H NMR, FT-IR and elemental analysis. The drug release profile under the simulated physiological condition and cytotoxicity experiments of drug-loaded GA-ALG nanoparticles were carried out in vitro. Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis showed that drug-loaded GA-ALG nanoparticles have spherical shape structure with the mean hydrodynamic diameter around 214 ± 11 nm. The drug release was shown to last 20 days, and the MTT assay suggested that drug-loaded GA-ALG nanoparticles had a distinct killing effect on 7703 hepatocellular carcinoma cells.     

Studies on antineoplastic effect by adjusting ratios of targeted-ligand and antitumor drug

A series of drug delivery systems based on a sodium alginate derivative were prepared by mixing glycyrrhetinic acid(GA) and doxorubicin(DOX) conjugates at different ratios. GA(a liver-targeting ligand) and DOX(an antitumor drug) were both conjugated to oligomeric glycol monomethyl ether-modified sodium alginate(ALG-mOEG) for prolonged duration of action. These NP-based delivery systems exhibited active cell uptake and cytotoxicity in vitro and liver-targeted distribution and anti-tumor activity in vivo. In addition, nanoparticles with a 1:1(W:W) ratio of GA-ALG-mOEG and DOXALG-mOEG(NPs-3) showed the highest cellular uptake and cytotoxicity in vitro and liver-targeted distribution and antitumor activity in vivo. Specifically, when mixed nanoparticles defined as NPs-3 were injected in mice, liver DOX concentration reached 61.9 μg/g 3 h after injection, and AUC0-∞ and t1/2 of DOX in liver reached 4744.9 μg·h/g and 49.5 h, respectively. In addition, mice receiving a single injection of NPs-3 exhibited much slower tumor growth(88.37% reduction in tumor weight) 16 days after injection compared with placebo. These results indicate that effective cancer treatment may be developed using mixed NP delivery systems with appropriate ratio of targeted ligand and drug.     

Doxorubicin-loaded boron-rich polymer nanoparticles for orthotopically implanted liver tumor treatment

The in vivo behaviors of doxorubicin(DOX)-loaded dextran-poly(3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid)(DextranPAPBA) nanoparticles(NPs) were studied.The DOX-loaded NPs had a narrowly distributed diameter of ca.74 nm and mainly accumulated in liver of tumor-bearing mice after intravenous injection as demonstrated by in vivo real-time near infrared fluorescent imaging.The DOX contents in various tissues were quantified and consisted well with the results of fluorescent imaging.The biodistribution pattern of DOX-loaded NPs encourages us to investigate their liver tumor treatment by using an orthotopically implanted liver tumor model,revealing that the DOX-loaded NPs formulation had better antitumor effect than free DOX.     

pH‐sensitive carbon quantum dots−doxorubicin nanoparticles for tumor cellular targeted drug delivery

A kind of pH‐responsive carbon quantum dots?doxorubicin nanoparticles drug delivery platform (D‐Biotin/DOX‐loaded mPEG‐OAL/N‐CQDs) was designed and synthesized. The system consists of fluorescent carbon dots as cross‐linkers, and D‐Biotin worked as targeting groups, which made the system have a pH correspondence, doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) as the target drug, oxidized sodium alginate (OAL) as carrier materials. Ultraviolet (UV)‐Vis spectrum showed that the drug‐loading rate of DOX is 10.5%, and the drug release in vitro suggested that the system had a pH response and tumor cellular targeted, the drug release rate is 65.6% at the value of pH is 5.0, which is much higher than that at the value of pH is 7.4. The cytotoxicity test and laser confocal fluorescence imaging showed that the synthesized drug delivery system has high cytotoxicity to cancer cells, and the drug‐loaded nanoparticles could enter the cells through endocytosis.     

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles for 19F magnetic resonance imaging,fluorescence imaging,and drug delivery

Multifunctional mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are good candidates for multimodal applications in drug delivery, bioimaging, and cell targeting. In particular, controlled release of drugs from MSN pores constitutes one of the superior features of MSNs. In this study, a novel drug delivery carrier based on MSNs, which encapsulated highly sensitive ¹⁹F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents inside MSNs, was developed. The nanoparticles were labeled with fluorescent dyes and functionalized with small molecule-based ligands for active targeting. This drug delivery system facilitated the monitoring of the biodistribution of the drug carrier by dual modal imaging (NIR/¹⁹F MRI). Furthermore, we demonstrated targeted drug delivery and cellular imaging by the conjugation of nanoparticles with folic acid. An anticancer drug (doxorubicin, DOX) was loaded in the pores of folate-functionalized MSNs for intracellular drug delivery. The release rates of DOX from the nanoparticles increased under acidic conditions, and were favorable for controlled drug release to cancer cells. Our results suggested that MSNs may serve as promising ¹⁹F MRI-traceable drug carriers for application in cancer therapy and bio-imaging.     

Biodistribution of ultra small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in BALB mice

Recently ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used for medical applications. One of their important applications is using these particles as MRI contrast agent. While various research works have been done about MRI application of USPIOs, there is limited research about their uptakes in various organs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biodistribution of dextran coated iron oxide NPs labelled with ^99mTc in various organs via intravenous injection in Balb/c mice. The magnetite NPs were dispersed in phosphate buffered saline and SnCl₂ which was used as a reduction reagent. Subsequently, the radioisotope ^99mTc was mixed directly into the reaction solution. The labeling efficiency of USPIOs labeled with ^99mTc, was above 99 %. Sixty mice were sacrificed at 12 different time points (From 1 min to 48 h post injections; five mice at each time). The percentage of injected dose per gram of each organ was measured by direct counting for 19 harvested organs of the mice. The biodistribution of ^99mTc-USPIO in Balb/c mice showed dramatic uptake in reticuloendothelial system. Accordingly, about 75 percent of injected dose was found in spleen and liver at 15 min post injection. More than 24 % of the NPs remain in liver after 48 h post-injection and their clearance is so fast in other organs. The results suggest that USPIOs as characterized in our study can be potentially used as contrast agent in MR Imaging, distributing reticuloendothelial system specially spleen and liver.     

Effects of polymer molecular weight on in vitro and in vivo performance of nanoparticle drug carriers for lymphoma therapy

The clinical efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs is hindered by their poor aqueous solubility, low bioavailability and severe side effects. In recent years, polymeric nanocarriers have been used for drug delivery to improve the efficacy of many chemotherapeutics. In this study, a series of biodegradable phenylalanine-based poly(ester amide) (Phe-PEA) with tunable molecular weights (MWs) were synthesized to systematically investigate the relationship between the polymer MW and the efficacy of the corresponding polymeric nanoparticles (NPs). The results indicated that a range of polymers with different MWs can be obtained by varying the monomer ratio or reaction time. Doxorubicin (DOX), a classic clinical lymphoma treatment strategy, was selected as a model drug. The loading capacity and stability of the higher MW polymeric NPs were superior to those of the lower MW ones. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo data revealed that high MW polymeric NPs had better anticancer efficacy against lymphoma and higher biosafety than low MW polymeric nanoparticles and DOX. Therefore, this study suggests the importance of polymer MW for drug delivery systems and provides valuable guidance for the design of enhanced polymeric drug carriers for lymphoma treatment.     

Design and preliminary assessment of 99mTc-labeled ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide-conjugated bevacizumab for single photon emission computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a very high incidence and mortality. Early diagnosis and timely treatments are therefore required to improve the quality of life and survival rate of HCC patients. Here, we developed a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-based multimodality imaging agent for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and used it to assess HCC mice and explore the combinative value of CT/MRI-based morphological imaging and SPECT functional imaging. HCC targeting with ¹²⁵I-labeled bevacizumab monoclonal antibody (mAb) was examined using SPECT/CT in HepG2 tumor-bearing mice after intravenous mAb injection. Based on this, an integrated, bimodal, VEGF-targeted, ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO)-conjugated ^99mTc-labeled bevacizumab mAb was synthesized to increase tumor penetration and accumulations. The in vivo pharmacokinetics and HepG2 tumor targeting were explored through in vivo planar imaging and SPECT/CT using a mouse model of HepG2 liver cancer. The specificity of the radiolabeled nanoparticles for HepG2 HCC was verified using in vitro immunohistochemistry and Prussian blue staining. With diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid as a bifunctional chelating agent, USPIO-bevacizumab achieved a ^99mTc labeling efficiency of >90 %. The in vivo imaging results also exhibited the targeting of USPIO on HepG2 HCC. The specificity of these results was confirmed using in vitro immunohistochemistry and Prussian blue staining. Our preliminary findings showed the potential of USPIO as an imaging agent for the SPECT/MRI of HepG2 HCC.     

In vivo distributions of 111In and/or 3H labeled lymphocyte in C3H/He mouse (author's transl)

Although 99mTc and 51Cr have been used for lymphocyte labeling, these radionuclides have several disadvantages for study on immunological behaviour of lymphocyte; very high rate elution and low labeling efficiency for both radionuclides, and short half life for 99mTc. Indium-111 has quite suitable physical properties for clinical nuclear medicine, i.e. desirable photon energy (247,173 keV) and 2.8 day half life. 111In-oxine is lipid soluble and is known to pass through the cell membrane and attaches firmly to cytoplasmic component of the cell. On the other hand, 3H-thymidine is well known substance which incorporated to nucleic acid in the cell. In this study, distribution patterns of 111In-oxine and/or 3H-thymidine labeled lymphocyte in C3H/He mice were examined and the suitability of 111In-oxine labeled lymphocyte for radionuclide imaging in vivo was discussed. Thirty minutes after intravenous injection of 3H and/or 111In labeled lymphocyte, about 12% of lymphocyte were found in the lungs and rest of them were distributed mainly in the blood, kidneys and liver. After 24 hours the activity in the lung decreased markedly and the activity in the liver and kidneys increased with time. Between lymphocyte labeled with 111In-oxine and 3H-thymidine, there is not so much differences in terms of distribution patterns. From this study, it is concluded that the 111In-oxine labeled lymphocyte distributes in the same way as 3H labeled one, in spite of different labeling sites. This 111In-oxine labeling method can be used as a useful tool of radionuclide imaging in kinetic studies of lymphocyte in vivo.