无机钛硅原料合成TS-1催化氯丙烯环氧化反应

采用无机钛硅原料体系合成出了TS-1分子筛,并对TS-1分子筛催化氯丙烯环氧化反应进行了研究.在以甲醇为溶剂的体系中考察了反应时间、反应温度、催化剂用量、氯丙烯与双氧水的摩尔比对反应的影响,得到了无机钛硅原料体系合成的TS-1催化氯丙烯环氧化反应的最优条件:反应时间为60 min,反应温度为45℃,催化剂用量为22.5 g L-1,氯丙烯与双氧水的摩尔比n(AC):n(H2O2)=1.8,并对无机钛硅原料体系合成的TS-1进行了修饰改性,评价了其催化性能.     

用不同方法合成的钛硅分子筛TS-1的拉曼光谱研究

采用不同方法合成了钛硅分子筛ＴＳ－１,Ｒａｍａｎ光谱表征表明,不同方法合成的ＴＳ－１分子筛中钛的分散状态不同,当钛的含量低于１．５％,不同方法合成的ＴＳ－１中的钛主要以高分散状态存在,当钛含量达到２．０％以上时,不同方法合成的钛硅分子筛中钛的分散状态显著不同,其中以ＴｉＣｌ３合成的分子筛中骨架钛的含最高,而杂晶相锐钛矿含量最低,同时催化氯丙烯环氧化活性也最高,而以正钛酸四丁酯为钛源,在静止态下晶化的钛硅分子筛中锐钛矿含量最高,催化活性最低。     

干胶转化法合成条件及磷酸处理对TS-1分子筛性能的影响

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)、钛酸丁酯(TBOT)、四丙基氢氧化铵(TPAOH)分别作硅源、钛源及模板剂,用干胶转化法合成TS-1分子筛.考察了TEOS水解时的水硅比、水解温度、除醇条件、晶化时间及磷酸处理对TS-1分子筛性能的影响.采用XRD、SEM、IR、ICP及N2吸附等手段对样品进行表征,同时以环己酮氨肟化反应考察样品的催化活性.结果表明,使用少量的TPAOH(n(TPAOH)/n(SiO2)=0.15)即可得到性能较好的TS-1,而用磷酸对所得TS-1分子筛处理则能进一步改善TS-1分子筛的性能.当n(SiO2):n(TPAOH):n(H2O)=1:0.15:16时在20℃下水解TEOS,钛硅溶液能自行胶凝,将所得凝胶在75℃下除醇至失重率达65%左右,晶化6d得到TS-1分子筛,产品经磷酸改性后,环己酮转化率达到99.5%,环己酮肟选择性达到98.7%,催化活性与高TPAOH用量合成的TS-1接近,而TPAOH的用量大大降低.     

无机原料体系合成TS-1影响因素的研究

以廉价的硅溶胶和三氯化钛分别作为硅源和钛源,四丙基溴化铵(TPABr)为模板剂,二乙胺、正丁胺、氨水等作为碱源,在无机体系中合成了TS-1分子筛。采用XRD,IR,UV-vis,SEM,元素分析和N2吸附/脱附等对合成的分子筛进行了表征。详细考察了碱源、硅钛比N2保护、晶种、模板剂用量、硅源及晶化时间等因素对分子筛合成的影响。结果表明,以无机原料合成的TS-1与用传统有机原料合成的TS-1具有同样的特征。碱度的控制是合成的关键,配胶时需N2保护,加入晶种对合成有明显的导向作用,模板剂最低用量有一临界值,硅溶胶作硅源合成的TS-1晶粒比较大。     

无机原料体系合成TS-1影响因素的研究

以廉价的硅溶胶和三氯化钛分别作为硅源和钛源,四丙基溴化铵(TPABr)为模板剂,二乙胺、正丁胺、氨水等作为碱源,在无机体系中合成了TS-1分子筛。采用XRD,IR,UV-vis,SEM,元素分析和N2吸附/脱附等对合成的分子筛进行了表征。详细考察了碱源、硅钛比N2保护、晶种、模板剂用量、硅源及晶化时间等因素对分子筛合成的影响。结果表明,以无机原料合成的TS-1与用传统有机原料合成的TS-1具有同样的特征。碱度的控制是合成的关键,配胶时需N2保护,加入晶种对合成有明显的导向作用,模板剂最低用量有一临界值,硅溶胶作硅源合成的TS-1晶粒比较大。     

TS-1分子筛的无机法合成及其催化苯酚羟基化性能

以无机固体硅胶和硫酸钛为原料,利用无机盐在多孔载体表面自发分散的基本原理,通过热处理先形成具有类似于钛硅分子筛Si-O-Ti键的无机SiO2-TiO2前驱体,然后以四丙基氢氧化铵为模板剂,通过水热晶化成功合成了TS-1分子筛.X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱和紫外-可见光谱表征表明,SiO2-TiO2前驱体中钛主要呈高分散状态,其中高分散的钛在水热晶化过程中基本进入了TS-1分子筛骨架,而以锐钛矿相存在的钛则基本不变.当SiO2-TiO2前驱体处理温度为450℃,SiO2/TiO2摩尔比为40,晶化温度为160～170℃,晶化时间为48～72h时,合成的TS-1分子筛对苯酚羟基化反应的催化活性最好,与经典有机法合成的TS-1分子筛的催化活性相当.     

无机SiO2-TiO2前驱体体系合成高性能TS-1分子筛

 在热处理条件下,使Ti(SO4)2在多孔硅胶表面自发分散形成具有类似于钛硅分子筛催化活性中心结构单元的Si-O-Ti键的SiO2 -TiO2前驱体,将该前驱体在模板剂四丙基氢氧化铵的作用下水热晶化得到了钛硅分子筛TS-1. X射线衍射、红外光谱和扫描电镜表征表明, TS-1分子筛晶化完全,钛原子已进入TS-1分子筛骨架. 苯酚羟基化反应测试结果表明,前驱体的热处理温度对合成的TS-1分子筛的催化性能影响很大,处理温度以450 ℃为宜.     

钛硅分子筛催化1-丁烯环氧化研究

自1983年Taramasso等报导TS-1的合成以来，钛硅分子筛的合成及应用一直是分子筛催化领域的热点。经典TS-1合成方法采用四丙基氢氧化铵（TPAOH）为模板剂，合成成本较高、条件苛刻，限制了其应用。用四丙基溴化铵（TPABr）为模板剂代替TPAOH，能够成功地合成TS-1。不同孔道结构的钛硅分子筛，如Ti-β、Ti-MCM-41、Ti-HMS等弥补了TS-1较小孔径的缺点，进一步扩大了钛硅分子筛的应用。本文以不同合成方法得到的TS-1及中孔Ti—HMS为催化剂，双氧水为氧化剂，1-丁烯环氧化合成1，2-环氧丁烷，研究了不同钛硅分子筛对1-丁烯环氧化反应的催化性能。     

铵盐对TS-1分子筛合成过程中钛物种分布的影响

以(NH)_4SO_4作为晶化调节剂,通过调节铵盐添加量,合成出了不同钛物种分布的TS-1-X系列分子筛(X为铵盐与SiO_2的物质的量比)。通过ICP-AES、FT-IR、UV-vis、UV-Raman等表征对TS-1-X系列分子筛中钛物种分布进行了系统的研究。以1-己烯环氧化为探针反应,考查了TS-1-X分子筛的催化性能。研究结果表明,适量铵盐不仅有利于钛从液相向固相富集,促进Ti元素进入MFI骨架结构,还有利于抑制晶粒过快生长,得到晶粒粒径小且分布均匀的TS-1分子筛;而过量的(NH)_4SO_4反而利于锐钛矿TiO2、无定型钛等非骨架钛物种的形成,同时促进晶粒过快生长得到大晶粒TS-1分子筛。最后,当n((NH_4)_2SO_4)/n(SiO2)=0.2时合成出反应性能最佳的骨架富钛TS-1,其对1-己烯转化率高达42%,同时H2O2的有效利用率为81.8%。此外,通过实验和表征考察了铵盐中各组分对TS-1性质的影响,发现铵盐通过自身的阴离子以及对pH值的改变,对TS-1晶化体系进行调节。     

氨基酸辅助合成高活性六配位钛物种的TS-1分子筛

TS-1分子筛是以TO4(T=Si,Ti)四面体为基本单元,通过氧桥连接而形成的具有MFI拓扑结构的微孔晶体材料,其在催化烯烃环氧化、酮类氨肟化、氧化脱硫及芳香烃羟基化等氧化反应中表现出较好的催化活性.目前,提高TS-1分子筛催化性能的方法主要包括:(1)制备纳米和多级孔TS-1分子筛,以提高其扩散传质性能;(2)提高TS-1分子筛的钛含量并抑制锐钛矿相的产生,以增加其催化活性位点.最新研究表明,相比于传统四配位钛物种(TiO4)作为催化活性中心,六配位(TiO6)钛物种在烯烃环氧化反应中具有更高的催化活性,可进一步降低反应活化能,最终实现高效催化转化.然而,TiO6物种结构中的Ti-OH组分,易导致开环反应发生,从而降低环氧化产物的选择性.因此,构筑高活性TiO6物种及调变TiO4/TiO6比例,对提高烯烃转化率及环氧产物选择性具有重要意义.当前,高活性钛物种的结构表征及其构筑已成为研究热点且仍面临挑战.本文协同采用氨基酸辅助合成策略和两步晶化方法,成功地制备出具有TiO4和TiO6物种且无锐钛矿相的多级孔TS-1分子筛.在该协同策略中,两步晶化过程有利于抑制锐钛矿相的形成,而氨基酸的引入对高活性TiO6物种的构筑具有重要作用.氨基酸分子可与钛原料形成螯合物,为TS-1分子筛晶化提供"养料",并有效平衡晶体成核与生长速率及稳定TiO6物种,最终实现制备富含TiO6物种的多级孔TS-1分子筛.相比于传统TiO4物种作为催化活性中心(1-己烯的转化率<25％,环氧化产物选择性>95％),本文所制备的TS-1分子筛(Si/Ti=36.9)因其兼具TiO4和TiO6物种,在1-己烯环氧化反应中表现出更好的催化性能(1-己烯的转化率33％,环氧化产物选择性95％).这是由于TiO4物种不会导致开环反应的发生,因此可以保证较高的环氧产物选择性,而TiO6物种经H2O2活化后,可形成具有更高活性及更小位阻效应的催化中心,极大提高了1-己烯转化率.综上,本文合成策略为构筑具有高活性钛物种及多级孔结构的钛硅分子筛提供了指导作用,为调控硅铝酸盐及硅取代磷酸铝分子筛材料活性位点的含量和分布提供了新思路.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

化学计量中不确定度评定研究进展

测量不确定度是表征合理地赋予被测量之值的分散性的参数。本文针对化学计量不确定度评定基础模型仅适用于线性模型、概率分布为正态分布或缩放位移t分布等局限,介绍了近年来不确定度评定的研究热点:蒙特卡罗方法(Monte Carlo Method,MCM),不确定度评定的来源、评定概念、评估方法及其发展过程,扩大了测量不确定度评定与表示的适用范围。     

微量钙的测定方法研究进展

介绍了1995-2006年期间测定微量和痕量钙的方法,如电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法、原子吸收光谱法以及离子色谱法等的工作原理和特点,并说明了其测定微量钙的应用领域。并对微量钙的测定技术进行了展望(引用文献55篇)。     

Stages of thermal decomposition of sodium oxo-salts of sulphur

Thermal behaviour of sodium oxo-salts of sulphur: Na₂SO₄, Na₂S₂O₇, Na₂S₂O₆, Na₂SO₃, Na₂S₂O₅, Na₂S₂O₄, Na₂S₂O₃, Na₂S₃O₆ and of sulphides Na₂S and Na₂S₂ was studied on heating up to 1000°C. The experiments were performed with anhydrous compounds obtained from commercial products by recrystallisation and dehydration. The stage mechanisms of decomposition of anionic sub-lattices of the salts have been proposed basing on the Górski’s morphological classification of simple species. The thermal stability and the stage decomposition mechanisms were correlated with the structure and the potential chemical properties of the salt anions. The thermal decomposition processes were studied by means of thermal analysis, and the decomposition products were identified by means of X-ray phase analysis.