KOH活化糠醛渣制备活性炭机理与表征

以糠醛渣为原料、KOH为活化剂,采用两步活化法制备了活性炭。考察了活化温度、活化时间、碱炭比和浸渍时间对活性炭孔结构及吸附性能的影响。采用低温N2吸附、BET、BJH及DFT理论对活性炭孔结构进行了表征分析,利用傅里叶变换红外-拉曼光谱仪检测其表面官能团,分别使用扫描电镜和X射线衍射对其进行表观形貌观察和晶型分析。结果表明,制备活性炭的最佳工艺条件为:活化温度800℃、活化时间3h、碱炭比3∶1、浸渍时间12h。所制备的糠醛渣活性炭的吸附孔径分布集中,吸附孔容为0.8825cm2/g,DFT总比表面积为3290.5m2/g,其碘吸附值和亚甲基蓝吸附值分别为2107.32mg/g和39.67mL/0.1g。     

KOH活化糠醛渣制备活性炭及其表征

以糠醛渣为原料、KOH为活化剂,采用两步活化法制备了活性炭。考察了活化温度、活化时间、碱炭比和浸渍时间对活性炭孔结构及吸附性能的影响。采用低温N2吸附、BET、BJH及DFT理论对活性炭孔结构进行了表征分析,利用傅里叶变换红外-拉曼光谱仪检测其表面官能团,分别使用扫描电镜和X射线衍射对其进行表观形貌观察和晶型分析。结果表明,制备活性炭的最佳工艺条件为:活化温度800℃、活化时间3h、碱炭比3∶1、浸渍时间12h。所制备的糠醛渣活性炭的吸附孔径分布集中,吸附孔容为0.8825cm2/g,DFT总比表面积为3290.5m2/g,其碘吸附值和亚甲基蓝吸附值分别为2107.32mg/g和39.67mL/0.1g。     

水蒸气活化制备烟杆基颗粒活性炭的研究

以烟杆废弃物为原料,以木焦油为主的复合粘结剂,通过水蒸气活化制备了烟杆基颗粒活性炭.对影响颗粒活性炭吸附性能和收率的因素如活化温度、活化时间、水蒸气流量进行了系统研究,得到了最佳工艺条件:活化温度为900℃,活化时间为60 min,水蒸气流量为3.31 g/min.该工艺条件下,烟杆基颗粒活性炭对碘的吸附值为1028 mg/g,对亚甲基蓝的吸附值为285 mg/g,收率为24.39%.同时,测定了该活性炭氮吸附,通过BET计算了活性炭的比表面积,并通过密度函数理论(DFT)表征了活性炭的孔结构.结果表明,该活性炭为微孔型,BET比表面积为1073 m2/g,总孔容为0.8152 ml/g.     

双电层电容器用新型无灰煤(HyperCoal)基活性炭的制备

以无灰煤(HyperCoal)为原料,KOH和CaCO3为活化剂制备了煤基活性炭,采用低温N2吸附法表征了活性炭的比表面积和孔结构,测定了活性炭用作双电层电容器(EDLC)电极材料的电化学性能。考察了炭化温度、活化温度、活化时间和活化剂对活性炭电容特性的影响。研究结果表明,比表面积和比电容随着炭化温度的升高而降低,活化温度过高或活化时间太长对比电容有不利影响。此外,CaCO3影响活化过程中孔的开发,显著降低所制备活性炭的比表面积和比电容。在炭化温度为500℃、活化温度为800℃、KOH与焦的质量比为4∶1和活化时间2 h下所得活性炭的比表面积和总孔容分别达到2 540 m2/g和1.65 cm3/g,该活性炭电极在0.5 mol/L TEABF4/PC电解液中的比电容达到最大值46.0 F/g。     

微波辐射紫茎泽兰制备优质活性炭的研究

以紫茎泽兰为原料,碳酸钾为活化剂,采用超声波浸渍,微波辐射法制备活性炭.研究了浸渍方式与时间、微波功率、微波辐射时间、剂料比对活性炭吸附性能和得率的影响.得到了本实验条件下的优化工艺条件:超声波浸渍20min、120℃脱水2h,微波功率700W、微波辐射时间12min、剂料比1.25∶1.优化工艺条件下制备的活性炭碘吸附值为1470.27mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值为300mL/g,得率为16.35%.浸渍时间极大的缩短,微波辐射时间只有传统法活化时间的1/15左右,活性炭的吸附指标超过了国标GB/T 13803.1-1999和GB/T 13803.2-1999一级品的标准,其中碘吸附值是国家一级标准的1.47倍,亚甲基蓝吸附值是国家一级标准的2.73倍.同时,测定了该活性炭氮吸附,其BET比表面积为1540.97m2/g,总孔容为0.7393mL/g,并通过DFT表征了活性炭的孔径分布,结果表明该活性炭为微孔型活性炭.     

高吸附性能油焦活性炭的制备和性能研究

用油焦为原料，在高温下加入适量活化剂进行活化制备活性炭，通过测定其BET比表面积和亚甲基蓝脱色能力，选出最佳活化剂。研究了活化温度、活化时间以及活化剂用量对BET比表面积和亚甲基蓝脱色能力的影响，得到活化的最佳工艺过程：活化温度为800℃、活化时间为1h以及活化剂用量为1：1。用双柱定容容量法测定了本实验制备的活性炭对甲烷的吸附量，与常用活性炭比较，是其吸附量的5倍左右。     

板栗壳活性炭对重金属离子吸附性能研究

研究了不同制备条件下,板栗壳活性炭对重金属离子Cu2+和Cd2+的静态吸附性能。以板栗壳为原料,采用ZnCl2活化法制备活性炭,使用X-射线衍射、扫描电镜、氮气吸附等方法对活性炭进行表征;比较了活性炭内部结构对Cu2+和Cd2+的吸附性能影响;同时考察了吸附温度、溶液pH值等对Cd2+和Cu2+的吸附性能的影响。研究结果表明:板栗壳制备活性炭最佳条件为ZnCl2活化浓度30wt%,料液比1:6,炭化温度600℃,炭化时间3h;同时发现板栗壳活性炭是一种具有较多孔隙的无定型炭材料,所制备的活性炭平均孔径为2~6nm,孔容为0.04~0.14cm3/g,比表面积可以达到1500m2/g以上;板栗壳活性炭对重金属离子的吸附性能主要由本身的比表面积和孔容大小决定,且同时受吸附温度和溶液pH值的影响,上述条件制备的活性炭吸附Cu2+的最佳条件为温度25℃,溶液pH值为6.5;吸附Cd2+的最佳条件为温度25℃,溶液pH值为7.5。     

炭分子筛的制备及表面结构

以大庆石油焦为原料，采用KOH活化法，考察了碱炭比、活化温度、活化时间对吸附性能的影响，确定最佳工艺条件，碱炭比4∶1、活化温度800 ℃、活化时间2 h。并制得比表面积大于3 000 m2/g的超级活性炭。通过热处理得到孔径均一(中孔率＞85%)，比表面积大于1 500 m2/g的炭分子筛；再用表面氧化方法，得到表面酸度适宜（150 ℃～240 ℃之间为弱酸，240 ℃～340 ℃为中强酸，340 ℃～450 ℃为强酸分布）的催化剂载体。炭分子筛与传统氧化铝比较具有酸度分布广泛等特点,因较好的酸强度分布，可以增强载体与金属离子之间的作用力，增加负载量。因此，经氧化后的炭分子筛更适于作催化剂载体。     

K_2CO_3活化制备花椒籽废渣的活性炭及其对对硝基苯酚的吸附性能

采用花椒籽废渣(RPS)为原料,K_2CO_3为活化剂制备了花椒籽废渣活性炭(KAC),以期实现农业废弃物的再利用。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、热重分析仪(TGA)、能量散射光谱(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和气体吸附法等技术手段对其进行表征。分析了浸渍比(m(K_2CO_3)∶m(RPS))、浸渍时间、活化温度和活化时间对制备花椒籽废渣活性炭的影响,并且测试了花椒籽废渣活性炭对对硝基苯酚的吸附行为。研究结果表明,在浸渍比为0.8,浸渍时间为12 h,活化温度为550℃,活化时间为60min的条件下,活性炭的产率为29.3%,比表面积为1210 m~2/g,碘值为1002 mg/g,对亚甲基蓝的平衡吸附容量为362 mg/g,灰分为2.2%,水分为6.6%。对对硝基苯酚的吸附性能研究表明,293 K,pH=8.0,吸附180min后可达到吸附平衡,对硝基苯酚的吸附容量为406 mg/g,吸附可用Langmuir等温方程较好模拟,吸附为自发的放热过程。动力学研究表明该吸附符合准二级动力学模型。K_2CO_3活化法制备花椒籽废渣活性炭原料廉价,工艺简单,制得的活性炭吸附性能优异,具有较好的应用前景。     

C/粉煤灰复合吸附材料的制备及表征

以粉煤灰和蔗糖为原料,浓硫酸为炭化剂,制备了一种新型的C/粉煤灰复合吸附材料。 采用X光电子能谱、红外吸收光谱、场发射扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射及N2气吸附实验对所制备复合材料进行了表征。 结果表明,粉煤灰表面被类石墨态炭纳米颗粒所包裹,复合材料表面密集分布着大量的介孔,Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)比表面积SBET=5.4 m2/g,并且在该复合材料表面含有丰富的-SO3H、-COOH和-OH等含氧官能团。 考察了所制备的复合材料对典型阳离子型染料亚甲基蓝及重金属离子的吸附能力,结果表明,该复合材料具有优异的吸附性能,其对亚甲基蓝的吸附能力达到活性炭的83.7%,对典型重金属离子的吸附能力优于市售活性炭。 所制备复合材料可作为活性炭的一种替代品,用于水中有机染料和重金属离子的吸附处理。     

Characteristics of activated carbon prepared from pistachio-nut shell by zinc chloride activation under nitrogen and vacuum conditions

Activated carbons with well-developed pore structures were prepared from pistachio-nut shells by chemical activation using zinc chloride under both nitrogen atmosphere and vacuum conditions. The effects of preparation parameters on the carbon pore structure were studied in order to optimize these parameters. It was found that under vacuum conditions, the characteristics of the activated carbons produced are better than those under nitrogen atmosphere. The impregnation ratio, the activation temperature, and the activation hold time are the important parameters that influence the characteristics of the activated carbons. The optimum experimental conditions for preparing predominantly microporous activated carbons with high pore surface area and micropore volume are an impregnation ratio of 0.75, an activation temperature of 400 degrees C, and a hold time of 1 h. Under these conditions, the BET surface areas of the carbons activated under nitrogen atmosphere and vacuum conditions were 1635.37 and 1647.16 m2/g, respectively. However, at a ZnCl2 impregnation ratio of 1.5, a furnace temperature of 500 degrees C, and a hold time of 2 h, the predominantly mesoporous activated carbon prepared under vacuum condition had a BET surface area of 2527 m2/g. Fourier transform infrared spectra were used to detect changes in the surface functional groups of the samples during the different preparation stages.     

The physical and surface chemical characteristics of activated carbons and the adsorption of methylene blue from wastewater

Adsorption of a basic dye, methylene blue, from aqueous solutions onto as-received activated carbons and acid-treated carbons was investigated. The physical and surface chemical properties of the activated carbons were characterized using BET-N(2) adsorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and mass titration. It was found that acid treatment had little effect on carbon textural characteristics but significantly changed the surface chemical properties, resulting in an adverse effect on dye adsorption. The physical properties of activated carbon, such as surface area and pore volume, have little effect on dye adsorption, while the pore size distribution and the surface chemical characteristics play important roles in dye adsorption. The pH value of the solution also influences the adsorption capacity significantly. For methylene blue, a higher pH of solution favors the adsorption capacity. The kinetic adsorption of methylene blue on all carbons follows a pseudo-second-order equation.     

Preparation of highly porous carbon from fir wood by KOH etching and CO2 gasification for adsorption of dyes and phenols from water

Fir wood was first carbonized for 1.5 h at 450 degrees C, then soaked in a KOH solution KOH/char ratio of 1, and last activated for 1 h at 780 degrees C. During the last hour CO2 was poured in for further activation for 0, 15, 30, and 60 min, respectively. Carbonaceous adsorbents with controllable surface area and pore structure were chemically activated from carbonized fir wood (i.e., char) by KOH etching and CO2 gasification. The pore properties, including the BET surface area, pore volume, pore size distribution, and pore diameter, of these activated carbons were first characterized by the t-plot method based on N2 adsorption isotherms. Fir-wood carbon activated with CO2 gasification from 0 to 60 min exhibited a BET surface area ranging from 1371 to 2821 m2 g(-1), with a pore volume significantly increased from 0.81 to 1.73 m2 g(-1). Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) results showed that the surfaces of honeycombed holes in these carbons were significantly different from those of carbons without CO2 gasification. The adsorption of methylene blue, basic brown 1, acid blue 74, p-nitrophenol, p-chlorophenol, p-cresol, and phenol from water on all the carbons studied was examined to check their chemical characteristics. Adsorption kinetics was in agreement with the Elovich equation, and all equilibrium isotherms were in agreement with the Langmuir equation. These results were used to compare the Elovich parameter (1/b) and the adsorption quantity of the unit area (q(mon)/Sp) of activated carbons with different CO2 gasification durations. This work facilitated the preparation of activated carbon by effectively controlling pore structures and the adsorption performance of the activated carbon on adsorbates of different molecular forms.     

Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Microwave and Conventional Heated Almond Shells Using Phosphoric Acid Activation

Activated carbon production from almond shells using phosphoric acid activation agent was achieved by applying both conventional heating and microwave heating in succession. The morphology and surface properties of activated carbon were studied using thermogravimetric and differential gravimetric analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. A surface area of 1128 m²/g was achieved by optimizing the microwave power (500?W), microwave application time (15?minutes), conventional heating time (45?minutes), conventional heating temperature (500?°C), and the phosphoric acid:sample ratio (0.7:1). An adsorption capacity of methylene blue of 148?mg/g and an iodine value of 791?mg/g was obtained for the prepared activated carbon.     

废轮胎中试回转窑热解炭理化特性及应用前景

采用中试回转窑热解装置对废轮胎进行了热解研究。在450 ℃～650 ℃温度范围内，热解炭的产率约为39%～44%，并具有高灰分（12%以上）和高硫含量特性。热解炭孔容积随热解温度升高而增大，并在550 ℃时达到最大值。在孔径约为50 nm处，热解炭的比孔容积具有最大值。热解炭在CO2和水蒸气气氛下，经活化可得到中等比表面积的活性炭（253 m2/g～306 m2/g），并具有较发达的中、大孔结构。热解炭及其活性炭对亚甲基兰和Pb2+具有良好的吸附性。热解炭作为炭黑使用时，其炭黑特性（结构性等）和硫化胶特性低于高补强N330炭黑。热解炭黑可用作中、低补强性炭黑。     

Preparation of activated carbon from sawdust by zinc chloride activation

A series of activated carbons were prepared from sawdust by zinc chloride activation in different operation conditions. The effects of operation parameters such as impregnation ratio, activation temperature and time on the adsorption properties of activated carbons were measured and analyzed in order to optimize these operation conditions. The experimental results show that under the experimental circumstances studied, both the yield and the adsorption for iodine and methylene blue of activated carbon can reach a relatively higher value in the chemical activation process with the impregnation ratio of 100% ZnCl₂/sawdust in the activation temperature of 500 °C carbonized for 60–90 minutes which are the optimum activation conditions in making wood activated carbon. The most important operation parameter in chemical activation with zinc chloride was found to be the impregnation ratio.     

Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from bagasse fly ash

Activated carbons from bagasse fly ash (BFA) were prepared by one step chemical activation using ZnCl₂ as activating agent, or combination method of chemical with CO₂ physical activation (physicochemical activation). The development of porosity was studied in correlation with the method of activation, activation temperature, and also the chemical weight ratio. A typical sample by the combination method at 600 °C and weight ratio of ZnCl₂:BFA = 2 exhibited micropore volume of 0.528 cc/g, mesopore volume of 0.106 cc/g and surface area of 1200 m²/g. For determining the adsorption capacity of the carbon samples in solutions, phenol and methylene blue equilibrium adsorption experiments were conducted. The properties and adsorption capacity of the synthesized activated carbons has been compared to commercial activated carbon (Norit^® SX Plus).     

Microwave‐synthesized Pepper Peduncle Carbon,Characterization, and Its Adsorption Studies

Adsorption on activated carbon is an efficient method for the removal of toxic dyes. However, since commercially available charcoal is quite expensive, activated carbon obtained from agricultural by‐products may serve as a good replacement. In this study, activated carbon was prepared from pepper peduncle, an agricultural waste product, by microwave activation. The synthesized carbon was characterized by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis techniques. It was then used for the adsorption of methylene blue dye from an aqueous solution, which was studied as a function of the dye concentration, contact time, and temperature. The adsorption data were fitted to Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. The adsorption kinetics was studied by employing first‐ and second‐order kinetic models, and it was found that the adsorption of methylene blue on the synthesized activated carbon follows a second‐order kinetic model. Effect of temperature on the adsorption process was studied, and the thermodynamic parameters such as activation energy, change in enthalpy, entropy, and free energy of adsorption were calculated on the basis of the absolute theory of reaction rate expressions. About 99.5–91.8% of the dye was removed for an initial dye concentration in the range 20–100 mg/g in 1 h. Thus the synthesized activated carbon was found to be very efficient in adsorbing the dye.