BZ降解产物喹咛醇的液相色谱-质谱分析

在化学裁军核查中,对化学毒剂降解产物的分析,常常可作为判断环境中曾经使用过某种化学毒剂的依据.BZ(二苯羟乙酸3-喹咛环酯)是一种失能性毒剂,其降解产物或前体为二苯羟乙酸、喹咛醇.闵延琴[1-2]等利用GC-MS测定衍生的喹咛醇,检出限为3.53 ng/μL.Robin M.Black[3]等用LC-APCI+-MS测定BZ降解产物喹咛醇,喹咛醇的检出限小于0.2 ng.     

有机磷毒剂的电化学传感研究进展

有机磷毒剂是一类含磷（膦）酸或磷（膦）酸酯类高毒有机物及其衍生物的统称，能破坏正常神经传导，造成神经系统损伤，在军事行动和农业生产等方面的非常规使用给人类生存发展带来了严重威胁。电化学传感技术以其设备简便、灵敏度高、响应速度快等优点展现了实地传感有机磷毒剂的巨大潜力。总结了近几年有机磷毒剂的电化学传感相关研究报道，依据检测原理差异性将其分为4类：直接检测法、电化学酶法、电化学免疫法和电化学发光法。分析了各种方法的检测机理和优缺点；介绍了不同传感方法对工作电极修饰材料的要求；比较了不同电极修饰材料对方法检出限和线性范围的影响；阐述了电化学与生物技术结合检测有机磷毒剂的研究进展。电化学酶法和电化学免疫法具备选择性好和适用范围宽等优点，进而提出了纳米酶、纳米抗体和多维修饰材料结合传感检测含磷毒剂的新思路。     

三氯化铝固载化的新方法

Al Cl3是化工、石油炼制和制药工业中广泛应用的重要催化剂之一 .但由于它具有腐蚀性 ,与产物分离麻烦以及产生大量污水等缺点 ,其使用日益受到限制 .为解决上述问题 ,人们对其固载化进行了长达 50多年的研究 ,研究的重点是通过化学反应把 Al Cl3嫁接到 γ-Al2 O3和 Si O2 等常用载体上 .主要方法有两种 :一种是气 -固反应法 [1～ 4 ] :先将 Al Cl3升华 ,再与固体载体反应 ;另一种是溶剂反应法[5～ 6] :将 Al Cl3溶解于 CCl4 ,CHCl3等溶剂中 ,通过浸泡、回馏等方法使 Al Cl3与固体载体反应 .一般认为 ,Al Cl3固载化机理是 Al Cl3…     

用于化学毒剂检测的微萃取技术研究进展

对化学毒剂及其降解产物的分析检测是准确鉴别化学沾染的重要手段。由于化学毒剂及其降解产物的样品可能存在于各种基质中,且部分化学毒剂在水体等基质中降解速度过快,所以将痕量样品从复杂基质中快速高效的富集提取出来显得尤其重要。微萃取技术具有装置体积小、使用少量或不使用溶剂、绿色环保、易与色谱分析技术联用等突出优势受到广泛的关注,并且在含化学毒剂环境样品的前处理过程中得到大量的应用。本文介绍了基于固相和液相萃取剂的多种微萃取技术,并综述了固相微萃取和液相微萃取技术应用于化学毒剂及其降解产物检测方面的研究进展。     

G型含氟有机磷神经毒剂醇解反应机理研究

含氟有机磷神经毒剂毒性强,危害大,给实验研究带来不便。本文采用B3LYP/6-311G**和MP2/6-311G**方法及一个简化计算模型,探讨了G型含氟有机磷神经毒剂在中性和碱性条件下的醇解反应机理。结果显示,中性环境下G型含氟有机磷神经毒剂的醇解,不管是气相还是液相反应,3个甲醇分子参与的分步路径(Path C)都是最优路径;而1个甲醇阴离子参与的碱性条件下的分步路径(Path A'),其气相和液相反应决速步骤的吉布斯自由能垒分别为14.6和31.4 k J/mol,比Path C分别低87.0和59.8 k J/mol。因此,强碱催化下的G型含氟有机磷神经毒剂的醇解更高效。     

多壁碳纳米管对沙林的敏感性研究

自碳纳米管被发现以来,由于其具有许多独特的电学、磁学、力学和气敏特性而引起了人们广泛的关注,在结构增强、纳米电子器件、场发射、储氢、传感器等众多领域具有非常广阔的应用前景,成为当前研究的热点之一[1,2].近年来,随着碳纳米管在传感器特别是气体检测领域研究的不断深入,碳纳米管为敏感材料的传感器已成功应用于对O2、NO2、NH3、H2等气体的检测研究[3],其中对NO2的检测可达到10×10-9(φ),但尚未见碳纳米管用于毒剂检测的报道.本文以碳纳米管作为石英晶体微天平膜材料,研究了碳纳米管的化学修饰方法及其对检测沙林的影响,结果表明经强酸加热氧化的碳纳米管对沙林响应大、解吸快、重复性好,可以作为传感器检测沙林的膜材料.该研究为碳纳米管在化学毒剂中的应用奠定了基础.     

分子印迹聚合物人工酶在催化降解有机磷酸酯神经毒剂中的应用

有机磷酸酯毒剂是农业生产中被广泛使用的农药,也是战场上被违法滥用的化武毒剂,其自降解速率极慢,在环境中的积累会对人类及其他动物的生命安全构成严重威胁。分子印迹聚合物人工酶具有优良的物理化学稳定性,在有机磷酸酯毒剂催化清除上具有广阔的应用前景,是当前的研究热点。文章首先介绍分子印迹聚合物人工酶催化降解有机磷酸酯毒剂的基本原理,重点阐述了近年来分子印迹聚合物人工酶作为一种人工磷酸酯酶在组成、结构、材料形貌设计以及催化降解有机磷酸酯方面的研究进展。     

Atherton-Todd反应的研究进展

磷酰胺或磷酸酯类化合物及其衍生物是一类非常重要的含磷有机分子,在药物化学、材料化学以及有机催化等研究领域均有着广泛应用.Atherton-Todd反应是制备这类化合物最有效的方法之一,该反应是指氧磷氢化合物[P(O)-H]在碱的作用下与四氯化碳原位生成磷酰氯[P(O)-Cl]中间体,随后该中间体与醇或胺类化合物反应形成相应的磷酸酯或磷酰胺类化合物及其衍生物.近年来,Atherton-Todd反应由于其操作容易、原子经济性高、底物普适性广以及易于将含磷原子引入到活性化合物结构片段中等优点,受到了合成化学家的广泛关注.总结近几十年来Atherton-Todd反应的研究进展及其在有机合成中的应用,并对目前该领域可能存在的研究挑战提出展望,希望能为Atherton-Todd反应的未来发展方向提供一些借鉴和思考.     

染毒血浆中五种神经性毒剂的气相色谱法分析

神经性毒剂主要包括沙林、梭曼、GF、VX和俄罗斯VX。对环境样品(水、泥土、粮食等)中这些毒剂的分析检测方法有气相色谱法(GC)和气相色谱一质谱法,应用较多的检测器是氢火焰离子化检测器(FID)。对生物样品中某种毒剂的分析检测方法已有报道,但对上述5种毒剂的系统检测方法未见报道。我们建立的染毒血浆中5种毒剂同时提取、同时检测的气相色谱-火焰光度检测(GC-FPD)的分析方法,操作简便,系统性强,灵敏度高,血浆中毒剂的回收率较高,杂质不干扰毒剂检测。     

水介质中丙烯酸的分散聚合

丙烯酸聚合物及其与其它水性单体的共聚物是一类非常重要的水溶性高分子化合物, 具有许多优异的性能, 广泛应用于环保、 石油化工、 造纸和食品卫生等行业^[1]. 丙烯酸聚合物一般采用水溶液、 反相悬浮及反相乳液法制备, 但这些方法存在诸如反应体系粘度高, 不易散热、 使用不方便, 由于使用有机溶剂和表面活性剂易对环境造成二次污染等问题^[2].近些年, 由日本率先研制开发的以水为溶剂分散型高浓度﹑高分子量的新型水溶性高分子产品, 克服了传统合成方式和产品剂型等诸多问题, 极大地拓宽了其使用领域[^3~5]. 有关水介质中水溶性单体分散聚合的研究报道很少^[6~8].而针对于丙烯酸在水介质中的研究报道则更少[^9] , 大部分工作为专利文献.     

甲醛光催化氧化的反应机理

采用程序升温脱附（TPD）, 电子自旋共振（ESR）及自旋捕获 电子自旋共振(ST ESR)等物理方法对甲醛光催化氧化过程中,反应物的吸附状态、自由基中间物种及反应机理 进行了研究.结果表明,在光催化氧化空气中微量甲醛的反应条件下,吸附在催化剂表面的空 气中的氧气被光生电子还原为•O－2,微量水被空穴氧化为•OH.二者为甲醛的深度氧化提供了高活性的氧化剂.甲醛是通过中间产物甲酸而氧化为终点 产物二氧化碳的.     

ZnO超微粒子光催化氧化降解n-C7H16的研究

利用ZnO光催化氧化技术对气相n-C7H16进行了降解研究，考察了氧气、水燕气体积分数等因素对n-C7H16光催化氧化的影响，利用气相色谱－质谱联用仪和气相色谱仪对气相光催化反应过程中的气体组成进行了定性分析，并对主要中间产物丙醛进行了定量分析，结果发现，ZnO超微粒子光催化氧化n-C7H16的降解率较高，n-C7H16绝大部分被完全氧化成CO2，探讨了n-C7H16光催化氧化反尖的动力学行为及机理。     

Thermal decomposition of methyl butanoate: ab initio study of a biodiesel fuel surrogate

In this paper, we report a detailed analysis of the breakdown kinetic mechanism for methyl butanoate (MB) using theoretical approaches. Electronic structures and structure-related molecular properties of reactants, intermediates, products, and transition states were explored at the BH&HLYP/cc-pVTZ level of theory. Rate constants for the unimolecular and bimolecular reactions in the temperature range of 300-2500 K were calculated using Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus and transition state theories, respectively. Thirteen pathways were identified leading to the formation of small compounds such as CH(3), C(2)H(3), CO, CO(2), and H(2)CO. For the initial formation of MB radicals, H, CH(3), and OH were considered as reactive radicals participating in hydrogen abstraction reactions. Kinetic simulation results for a high temperature pyrolysis environment show that MB radicals are mainly produced through hydrogen abstraction reactions by H atoms. In addition, the C(O)OCH(3) = CO + CH(3)O reaction is found to be the main source of CO formation. The newly computed kinetic sub-model for MB breakdown is recommended as a core component to study the combustion of oxygenated species.     

The reaction of phenyl radical with molecular oxygen: a G2M study of the potential energy surface

Ab initio G2M calculations have been performed to investigate the potential energy surface for the reaction of C6H5 with O2. The reaction is shown to start with an exothermic barrierless addition of O2 to the radical site of C6H5 to produce phenylperoxy (1) and, possibly, 1,2-dioxaspiro[2.5]octadienyl (dioxiranyl, 8) radicals. Next, 1 loses the terminal oxygen atom to yield the phenoxy + O products (3) or rearranges to 8. The dioxiranyl can further isomerize to a seven-member ring 2-oxepinyloxy radical (10), which can give rise to various products including C5H5 + CO2, pyranyl + CO, o-benzoquinone + H, and 2-oxo-2,3-dihydrofuran-4-yl + C2H2. Once 10 is produced, it is unlikely to go back to 8 and 1, because the barriers separating 10 from the products are much lower than the reverse barrier from 10 to 8. Thus, the branching ratio of C6H5O + O against the other products is mostly controlled by the critical transition states between 1 and 3, 1 and 8, and 8 and 10. According to the calculated barriers, the most favorable product channel for the decomposition of 10 is C5H5 + CO2, followed by pyranyl + CO and o-benzoquinone + H. Since C6H5O + O and C5H5 + CO2 are expected to be the major primary products of the C6H5 + O2 reaction and thermal decomposition of C6H5O leads to C5H5 + CO, cyclopentadienyl radicals are likely to be the major product of phenyl radical oxidation, and so it results in degradation of the six-member aromatic ring to the five-member cyclopentadienyl ring. Future multichannel RRKM calculations of reaction rate constants are required to support these conclusions and to quantify the product branching ratios at various combustion conditions.     

CH2(X 3B1)自由基与O2的反应

用时间分辨富里叶红外发射谱仪（ＴＲ－ＦＴＩＲＳ）研究了ＣＨ２（Ｘ＾３Ｂ１）自由基与Ｏ２反应的通道及产物的振动动态布居，基电子态自由基ＣＨ２（Ｘ＾３Ｂ１）由３５１ｎｍ紫外激光光解ＣＨ２ＣＯ生成，观测到振动发态反应产物ＣＯ（ｖ≤１０），ＣＯ２（ｖ３≤７）ＯＨ（Ｈ２Ｏ）和Ｈ２ＣＯ的红外发射，证实存在生成Ｈ２ＣＯ的通道，由光谱拟合得到不同时刻ＣＯ（ｖ）和ＣＯ２（ｖ３）的相对振动布居，发现ｖ＝４能级的布居数     

Experimental studies of surface reactions among OH radicals that yield H2O and CO2 at 40-60 K

We investigated the OH-related formation routes of two astrophysically important molecules, H(2)O and CO(2), under relatively warm astrophysical conditions. OH radicals, together with other neutral species such as H, O, H(2), and O(2), were produced in H(2)O microwave-discharge plasma and cooled to 100 K before being deposited on an Al substrate at 40-60 K. H(2)O formed at 40 and 50 K, but not at 60 K. Taking the experimental conditions into account, a possible route of H(2)O formation is via reactions involving OH + OH, which yield H(2)O(2) as the main reaction product. The present study is the first to show experimentally that surface reactions of two OH radicals can yield H(2)O at low temperatures. The products' branching ratio was 0.2 and 0.8 for H(2)O and H(2)O(2), respectively. When CO was co-deposited with neutral species that formed in the H(2)O plasma, CO(2) was formed at 40-60 K. H(2)CO(3) formed at 40 and 50 K. The present results may suggest that chemical reactions related to OH radicals are effective at yielding various molecules in relatively warm astrophysical environments, such as protostars.     

Diastereoselectivity in the Mukaiyama-Michael Reaction Employing alpha-Acyl beta,gamma-Unsaturated Phosphonates

The unique electronic and structural nature of the alpha-acylphosphonate functional group affords both dimeric and chelated complexes of diethyl crotonyl phosphonate (1; DECP) with stannic chloride (SnCl(4)). The dimeric complex, SnCl(4).(DECP)(2) (5) results from the coordination of two DECP molecules, ligated via the phosphoryl oxygens to the tin atom. The chelated complex, SnCl(4).(DECP) (6), is best represented with both phosphoryl and carbonyl oxygens coordinated to the metal center. Both metal ligated and chelated complexes have unique (13)C (31)P, and (119)Sn NMR spectra. In complex 5, the (13)C NMR resonances attributed to the carbonyl carbons were shifted upfield of free DECP. A monocoordinating Lewis acid, BF(3).OEt(2), produced a similar chemical shift trend in both the (13)C and (31)P NMR spectra of the BF(3).DECP complex. Essentially quantitative yields and moderate diastereomeric excesses favoring anti (or trans) diethyl 6-phenyl-4,5-dimethyl-6-(trimethylsilyloxy)-2-dihydropyranphosphonate (3) and diethyl 5-phenyl-3,4-dimethyl-1,5-dioxopentanephosphonate (4) were obtained from both chelated and dimeric SnCl(4).(DECP)(n) (n = 1, 2) when treated with either diastereomeric (Z)- or (E)-1-phenyl-1-(trimethylsilyloxy)-1-propene 2. Diethyl crotonylphosphonate (1), 3, and 4 were fully characterized.     

Thermal stability of carbonyl radicals. Part II. Reactions of methylglyoxyl and methylglyoxylperoxy radicals at 1 bar in the temperature range 275-311 K

Reactions of methylglyoxyl and methylglyoxylperoxy radicals were investigated at a total pressure of 1 bar in oxygen. Methylglyoxyl radicals were generated by stationary photolysis of Br2-CH3C(O)C(O)H-NO2-O2-N2 mixtures at wavelengths > or =480 nm and of Cl2-CH3C(O)C(O)H-NO2-O2-N2 mixtures in the wavelength range 315-460 nm. In the bromine system, rate constant ratios for the reactions CH3C(O)CO --> CH3CO + CO (kdis) and CH3C(O)CO + O2 --> CH3C(O)C(O)O2 (kO2) were measured as a function of temperature in the range 275-311 K. Assuming the constant value kO2 = 5.1 x 10(-12) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1) for our reaction conditions, kdis = 1.2 x 10(10.0+/-0.7) x exp(-11.7 +/- 3.8 kJ mol(-1)/RT) s(-1) (2sigma errors) was obtained for ptot = 1 bar (M = O2), in good agreement with the kinetic parameters calculated by Méreau et al. [R. Méreau, M.-T. Rayez, J.-C. Rayez, F. Caralp and R. Lesclaux, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2001, 3, 4712]. CH3C(O)C(O)O2 radicals oxidise NO2, forming NO3, CH3CO and CO2. This experimental result is supported by DFT and ab initio calculations. Possible mechanisms for the observed formation of several % of ketene and bromoacetyl peroxynitrate are discussed. Use of Cl rather than Br atoms to abstract the aldehydic H atom from methylglyoxal leads to chemically activated CH3C(O)CO radicals, thus substantially increasing the fraction of CH3C(O)CO radicals that decompose rather than add O2.     

Reaction mechanism of naphthyl radicals with molecular oxygen. 1. Theoretical study of the potential energy surface

Potential energy surfaces (PESs) of the reactions of 1- and 2-naphthyl radicals with molecular oxygen have been investigated at the G3(MP2,CC)//B3LYP/6-311G** level of theory. Both reactions are shown to be initiated by barrierless addition of O(2) to the respective radical sites of C(10)H(7). The end-on O(2) addition leading to 1- and 2-naphthylperoxy radicals exothermic by 45-46 kcal/mol is found to be more preferable thermodynamically than the side-on addition. At the subsequent reaction step, the chemically activated 1- and 2-C(10)H(7)OO adducts can eliminate an oxygen atom leading to the formation of 1- and 2-naphthoxy radical products, respectively, which in turn can undergo unimolecular decomposition producing indenyl radical + CO via the barriers of 57.8 and 48.3 kcal/mol and with total reaction endothermicities of 14.5 and 10.2 kcal/mol, respectively. Alternatively, the initial reaction adducts can feature an oxygen atom insertion into the attacked C(6) ring leading to bicyclic intermediates a10 and a10' (from 1-naphthyl + O(2)) or b10 and b10' (from 2-naphthyl + O(2)) composed from two fused six-member C(6) and seven-member C(6)O rings. Next, a10 and a10' are predicted to decompose to C(9)H(7) (indenyl) + CO(2), 1,2-C(10)H(6)O(2) (1,2-naphthoquinone) + H, and 1-C(9)H(7)O (1-benzopyranyl) + CO, whereas b10 and b10' would dissociate to C(9)H(7) (indenyl) + CO(2), 2-C(9)H(7)O (2-benzopyranyl) + CO, and 1,2-C(10)H(6)O(2) (1,2-naphthoquinone) + H. On the basis of this, the 1-naphthyl + O(2) reaction is concluded to form the following products (with the overall reaction energies given in parentheses): 1-naphthoxy + O (-15.5 kcal/mol), indenyl + CO(2) (-123.9 kcal/mol), 1-benzopyranyl + CO (-97.2 kcal/mol), and 1,2-naphthoquinone + H (-63.5 kcal/mol). The 2-naphthyl + O(2) reaction is predicted to produce 2-naphthoxy + O (-10.9 kcal/mol), indenyl + CO(2) (-123.7 kcal/mol), 2-benzopyranyl + CO (-90.7 kcal/mol), and 1,2-naphthoquinone + H (-63.2 kcal/mol). Simplified kinetic calculations using transition-state theory computed rate constants at the high-pressure limit indicate that the C(10)H(7)O + O product channels are favored at high temperatures, while the irreversible oxygen atom insertion first leading to the a10 and a10' or b10 and b10' intermediates and then to their various decomposition products is preferable at lower temperatures. Among the decomposition products, indenyl + CO(2) are always most favorable at lower temperatures, but the others, 1,2-C(10)H(6)O(2) (1,2-naphthoquinone) + H (from a10 and b10'), 1-C(9)H(7)O (1-benzopyranyl) + CO (from a10'), and 2-C(10)H(7)O (2-benzopyranyl) + O (from b10 and minor from b10'), may notably contribute or even become major products at higher temperatures.     

Formation and decomposition of chemically activated cyclopentoxy radicals from the c-C5H9 + O reaction

The formation and the decomposition of chemically activated cyclopentoxy radicals from the c-C5H9 + O reaction have been studied in the gas phase at room temperature. Two different experimental arrangements have been used. Arrangement A consisted of a laser-flash photolysis set up combined with quantitative Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and allowed the determination of the stable products at 4 mbar. The c-C5H9 radicals were produced via the reaction c-C5H10 + Cl with chlorine atoms from the photolysis of CFCl3; the O atoms were generated by photolysis of SO2. Arrangement B, a conventional discharge flow-reactor with molecular beam sampling, was used to determine the rate coefficient. Here, the hydrocarbon radicals (c-C5H9, C2H5, CH2OCH3) were produced via the reaction of atomic fluorine with c-C5H10, C2H6, and CH3OCH3, respectively, and detected by mass spectrometry after laser photoionization. For the c-C5H9 + O reaction, the relative contributions of intermediate formation (c-C5H9O) and direct abstraction (c-C5H8 + OH) were found to be 68 +/- 5 and 32 +/- 4%, respectively. The decomposition products of the chemically activated intermediate could be identified, and the following relative branching fractions were obtained: c-C5H8O + H (31 +/- 2%), CH2CH(CH2)2CHO + H (40 +/- 5%), 2 C2H4 + H + CO (17 +/- 5%), and C3H4O + C2H4 + H (12 +/- 5%). Additionally, the product formation of the c-C5H8 + O reaction was studied, and the following relative yields were obtained (mol %): C2H4, 24%; C3H4O, 18%; c-C5H8O, 30%; c-C5H8O, 23%; 4-pentenal, 5%. The rate coefficient of the c-C5H9 + O reaction was determined relative to the reactions C2H5 + O and CH3OCH2 + O leading to k = (1.73 +/- 0.05) x 10(14) cm3 mol(-1) s(-1). The experimental branching fractions are analyzed in terms of statistical rate theory with molecular and transition-state data from quantum chemical calculations, and high-pressure limiting Arrhenius parameters for the unimolecular decomposition reactions of C5H9O species are derived.