超高压辅助离子液体提取/HPLC分析牛蒡子中牛蒡苷与牛蒡苷元

通过离子液体类型与浓度、提取压力、时间、料液比等单因素实验确定了超高压辅助离子液体提取牛蒡子中牛蒡苷和牛蒡苷元的最佳工艺。结果表明,超高压离子液体提取最佳工艺为以0.80 mol/L溴化1-十二烷基-3-甲基咪唑溶液为溶剂,提取压力200 MPa,提取时间2 min,料液比1∶20(g/mL),牛蒡苷和牛蒡苷元的提取率分别为37.15、8.04 mg/g。与传统提取方法相比,超高压提取时间只需2 min,是超声方法的1/15、加热回流方法的1/60,极大地节省了提取时间,提高了工作效率,且不污染环境,是提取牛蒡苷和牛蒡苷元的一种简单有效的方法。     

基于一维锌(Ⅱ)配位聚合物的水中2,4,6-三硝基苯酚和氟啶胺的选择性检测（英文）

以1,1’∶4’,1’’∶4’’,1’’’-四联苯-2,4,2’’’,4’’’-四羧酸(H₄L)和4,4’-联吡啶(4,4’-bpy)为配体,采用水热法合成了一维锌配位聚合物[Zn₂(H₂L)₂(4,4’-bpy)₂(H₂O)]_n(1),并通过单晶X射线衍射分析、元素分析、红外光谱分析和热重分析等方法对其结构进行了表征。单晶结构分析表明1属于三斜晶系,空间群为■。配合物1含有2种配位构型不同的锌离子,分别处于扭曲的三角双锥{ZnNO₄}和八面体{ZnNO₅}几何构型中。配合物中2个H₂L^2-配体之间通过锌离子相互连接,构成了无限的一维zigzag平面结构。荧光传感实验表明配合物1的荧光能够被2,4,6-三硝基苯酚和氟啶胺猝灭,且具有较高的灵敏度和选择性,抗干扰性也非常好。     

牛蒡苷与牛蒡苷元的荧光性质及中药牛蒡子中牛蒡苷的荧光法测定

牛蒡苷和牛蒡苷元的三维荧光图谱中均呈现2个荧光峰,激发波长λex分别为230 nm和280 nm,发射波长（λem）均为310 nm。牛蒡苷的荧光远强于牛蒡苷元的荧光。溶液酸度对牛蒡苷和牛蒡苷元的荧光强度有明显影响。在pH>13.0时,牛蒡苷的荧光增强,而牛蒡苷元的荧光猝灭。牛蒡子药材的三维荧光图谱和薄层荧光色谱表明,牛蒡子的荧光成分主要为牛蒡苷,而牛蒡苷元及其他共存组分在强碱性条件下对牛蒡苷的荧光无影响。据此,以甲醇为溶剂制备牛蒡子样品提取液,用水适当稀释并调节至pH 13.0,在λex/λem=280 nm/310 nm波长下测定牛蒡苷的含量。在0.014 5~2.03 mg?L-1范围内,荧光强度与牛蒡苷浓度间呈良好线性,其线性方程为IF=2.7+148.7ρ(mg?L-1),相关系数（r）为0.999。用本法测得牛蒡子对照药材中牛蒡苷的含量为6.01%,平均加标回收率为98.1%。用薄层荧光扫描法对本方法进行验证,结果表明,本法结果可靠,可用于牛蒡子药材的质量检验。     

牛蒡苷与牛蒡苷元的荧光性质及中药牛蒡子中牛蒡苷的荧光法测定

牛蒡苷和牛蒡苷元的三维荧光图谱中均呈现2个荧光峰,激发波长λex分别为230 nm和280 nm,发射波长(λem)均为310 nm。牛蒡苷的荧光远强于牛蒡苷元的荧光。溶液酸度对牛蒡苷和牛蒡苷元的荧光强度有明显影响。在pH13.0时,牛蒡苷的荧光增强,而牛蒡苷元的荧光猝灭。牛蒡子药材的三维荧光图谱和薄层荧光色谱表明,牛蒡子的荧光成分主要为牛蒡苷,而牛蒡苷元及其他共存组分在强碱性条件下对牛蒡苷的荧光无影响。据此,以甲醇为溶剂制备牛蒡子样品提取液,用水适当稀释并调节至pH 13.0,在λex/λem=280 nm/310 nm波长下测定牛蒡苷的含量。在0.014 5~2.03 mg·L-1范围内,荧光强度与牛蒡苷浓度间呈良好线性,其线性方程为IF=2.7+148.7ρ(mg·L-1),相关系数(r)为0.999。用本法测得牛蒡子对照药材中牛蒡苷的含量为6.01%,平均加标回收率为98.1%。用薄层荧光扫描法对本方法进行验证,结果表明,本法结果可靠,可用于牛蒡子药材的质量检验。     

4’－对二甲氨基苯基－2，2’：6’，2″－三联吡啶－锌配合物在含水乙醇介质中对磷酸根离子的高选择性识别研究

合成了一种－2,2’：6’,2″－三联吡啶衍生物,4＇-对二甲氨基苯基－2,2’：6’,2″-三联吡啶（L）,利用L与锌离子形成的稳定配合物（ZnL）．用紫外可见吸收光谱和荧光光谱研究了在无水乙醇和含水乙醇介质中各种阴离子对该配合物ZnL的吸收光谱和荧光发射光谱的影响,发现该配合物能在含水乙醇介质中选择性的识别磷酸根类离子。磷酸根、磷酸氢根与磷酸二氢根离子分别与ZnL配合物以1：1、2：1及2：1结合模式影响体系的吸收和荧光发射,ZnL配合物对磷酸根类离子的识别作用主要源于配合物多余的结合位点。     

离子液体[C2mim][GaCl4]的溶解热研究

在干燥氩气氛下, 用等摩尔的高纯无水GaCl3和[C2mim][Cl](氯化1-甲基-3-乙基咪唑)直接搅拌混合, 制备了淡黄色透明的的离子液体[C2mim][GaCl4] (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chlorogallate) . 在298.15 K下, 利用具有恒温环境的溶解反应热量计, 测定了这种离子液体的不同浓度摩尔溶解焓 . 针对[C2mim][GaCl4]溶解于水后即分解的特点, 在Pitzer电解质溶液理论基础上, 提出了确定这种离子液体标准摩尔溶解焓的新方法, 得到了[C2mim][GaCl4]在水中的标准摩尔溶解焓, ＝－132 kJ•mol－1, 以及Pitzer焓参数组合: ＝－0.1373076和 ＝0.3484209. 借助热力学循环和Glasser离子液体晶格能理论, 用Ga3＋, Cl－和[C2mim]—的离子水化焓数据以及本文得到的[C2mim][GaCl4]标准摩尔溶解焓, 估算了配离子4Cl－(g)解离成Ga3＋(g)和4Cl－(g)的解离焓ΔHdis([GaCl4]-)≈5855 kJ•mol－1. 这个结果揭示了离子液体[C2mim][GaCl4]的标准摩尔溶解焓绝对值并不很大的原因, 即是很大的离子水化焓被很大的[GaCl4]－(g)的解离焓相互抵消了.     

新型受体呋喃并[3’,4’:5,6]吡啶并[2,3-c]吡唑的合成及对阴离子的识别研究

设计并合成了5种呋喃并[3’,4’:5,6]吡啶并[2,3-c]吡唑受体分子, 利用紫外-可见吸收光谱考察了其与F－, Cl－, Br－, AcO－, 等阴离子的作用. 结果表明该类受体分子与阴离子形成氢键配合物, 导致呋喃并吡啶并吡唑受体的光谱发生变化. 测定了配合物的结合比和稳定常数, 发现受体化合物对F－, AcO－离子具有良好的选择性, 对其它多种阴离子无影响. Job曲线表明受体分子与阴离子间形成1∶1型的配合物.     

嘧啶衍生物对牛蒡子苷元片段修饰的研究

用一系列具有生物活性的嘧啶衍生物修饰牛蒡子苷元,旨在寻找增强牛蒡苷元子抗肿瘤活性的同时又能降低嘧啶抗肿瘤副作用的先导化合物.本研究通过把卤代后的嘧啶衍生物与牛蒡子苷元酚羟基相接,合成得到11个新的化合物,通过1H NMR与LC-MS表征确定其结构.最终,增加了牛蒡子苷元抗肿瘤化合物库中化合物的数量,为接下来的体外活性筛选做准备.     

固态发酵-水煮耦合炮制牛蒡子提高牛蒡子苷元含量

研究了黑曲霉Aspergillus niger ZJUT712菌株固态发酵和水煮工艺相耦合炮制牛蒡子. 结果表明,该工艺提高了牛蒡子中有效成分牛蒡子苷元的含量,从而有利于促进牛蒡子摄入体内迅速起效. 最佳固态发酵炮制条件为: 0.5 g牛蒡子粉、 3 g麸皮、 2 g甘蔗渣、 0.3 g蛋白胨和10 ml Mandels营养液,固液比1∶3.6 g/ml, 初始pH 5.6, 30 ℃发酵 7 d. 牛蒡子苷元产率随底物初始浓度的增加而降低. A.niger ZJUT712转化0.174 mmol/L牛蒡子苷的产率可达93.0%. 7 d时间内A.niger ZJUT712水解牛蒡子苷的过程符合Monod方程,反应动力学常数为Vm=0.083 7 mmol/(L·d), Km=0.16 mmol/L.     

(—)-牛蒡苷元及其对映异构体的不对称合成新方法

(—)-牛蒡苷元属于二苄基丁内酯型木脂素,是中药牛蒡子的主要活性成分.为了研究牛蒡苷元的构效关系,报道了(—)-牛蒡苷元及其对映异构体的不对称合成新方法.以苯丙酸衍生物为起始原料,首先利用噁唑烷酮类手性辅基构建丁内酯β位的手性中心,R构型和S构型β-苄基丁内酯的ee值分别为98%和96%.再利用空间位阻效应在α位构建第二个手性中心,最后脱除保护基得到目标产物.经6步反应,分别以58%、55%的总收率和97%、96%的ee值得到(—)-牛蒡苷元和(+)-牛蒡苷元.为接下来拟进行的结构优化奠定了技术基础.     

Isolation, structure elucidation and bioactivity of schischkiniin, a unique indole alkaloid from the seeds of Centaurea schischkinii

Reversed-phase HPLC analysis of the methanol extract of the seeds of Centaurea schischkinii afforded a novel indole alkaloid, named schischkiniin (1), together with four lignans, arctiin (2), matairesinoside (3), matairesinol (4), and arctigenin (5), and three flavonoids, astragalin (6), afzelin (7) and apigenin (8). While the structure of schiskiniin (1) was established unequivocally by UV, HRFABMS and a series of 1D and 2D NMR analyses, all known compounds were readily identified by comparison of their spectroscopic data with literature data. The free radical scavenging properties of these compounds were assessed using the DPPH assay, and their general toxicity and cytotoxicity were evaluated, respectively, by brine shrimp lethality and MTT cytotoxicity assays with CaCo-2 colon cancer cell lines. Arctigenin (5) exhibited promising in vitro anticancer activity (IC₅₀=7 μM) while with schischkiniin (1) the activity was of moderate level (IC₅₀=76 μM).     

Time-gated luminescence microscopy with responsive nonmetal probes for mapping activity of protein kinases in living cells

A photoluminescence probe ARC-1185, possessing both high affinity towards basophilic protein kinases (PKs) and microsecond-scale luminescence lifetime when associated with a kinase, was used for the mapping of ARC-1185-PK complexes in living cells with time-gated luminescence microscopy.     

Isolation and purification of arctigenin from Fructus Arctii by enzymatic hydrolysis combined with high‐speed counter‐current chromatography

Enzymatic hydrolysis pretreatment combined with high‐speed counter‐current chromatography for the transformation and isolation of arctigenin from Fructus Arctii was successfully developed. In the first step, the extract solution of Fructus Arctii was enzymatic hydrolyzed by β‐glucosidase. The optimal hydrolysis conditions were 40°C, pH 5.0, 24 h of hydrolysis time, and 1.25 mg/mL β‐glucosidase concentration. Under these conditions, the content of arctigenin was transformed from 2.60 to 12.59 mg/g. In the second step, arctigenin in the hydrolysis products was separated and purified by high‐speed counter‐current chromatography with a two‐phase solvent system composed of petroleum ether/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (10:25:15:20, v/v), and the fraction was analyzed by HPLC, ESI‐MS, and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. Finally, 102 mg of arctigenin with a purity of 98.9% was obtained in a one‐step separation from 200 mg of hydrolyzed sample.     

Development of an LC/MS/MS method in order to determine arctigenin in rat plasma: its application to a pharmacokinetic study

In this study, a simple and sensitive LC/MS/MS method was developed and validated for the determination of arctigenin in rat plasma. The MS detection was performed using multiple reaction monitoring at the transitions of m/z 373.2 → 137.3 for arctigenin and m/z 187.1 → 131.0 for psoralen (internal standard) with a Turbo IonSpray electrospray in positive mode. The calibration curves fitted a good linear relationship over the concentration range of 0.2–500 ng/mL. It was found that arctigenin is not stable enough at both room temperature and ?80 °C unless mixed with methanol before storage. The validated LC/MS/MS method was successfully applied for the pharmacokinetic study of arctigenin in rats. After intravenous injection of 0.3 mg/kg arctigenin injection to rats, the maximum concentration, half‐life and area under the concentration–time curve were 323 ± 65.2 ng/mL, 0.830 ± 0.166 and 81.0 ± 22.1 h ng/mL, respectively. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A preparative isolation and purification of arctigenin and matairesinol from Forsythia koreana by centrifugal partition chromatography

Centrifugal partition chromatography was applied to separate arctigenin and matairesinol from Forsythia koreana extract with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (5:5:5:5 v/v). Using this method, arctigenin and matairesinol were successfully separated from partially purified F. koreana extracts in only one step. The purities of isolated compounds were determined to be over 90% by HPLC analysis.     

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of arctiin and arctigenin in Arctium tomentosum Mill. by high-performance thin-layer chromatography

A sensitive, reliable and rapid high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for the determination of arctiin and arctigenin in Arctium tomentosum Mill. was established. A. tomentosum Mill. extract was used for chromatographic analysis. The ratio of chloroform and methanol was 48:5 as mobile phase. Temperature is 20–23 °C and humidity is less than 30%. The scanning wavelength is 280 nm. The results showed that arctiin had a good linear relationship in the range of 0.5315–5.8465 μg, r = 0.9982; arctigenin had a good linear relationship in the range of 0.5654–6.2194 μg, r = 0.9951. Precision analysis showed that the RSD < 3.0%. The stability study showed that the sample was stable within 24 h at room temperature, RSD < 2.0%. The average recoveries were 103.07 ± 1.57% and 98.55 ± 2.71%, respectively. The antioxidant activity of Arctium tomentosum Mill. was also identified. The results showed that the antioxidant component identified by thin-layer chromatography–1, 1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine (TLC-DPPH) was arctigenin not arctiin. The proposed HPTLC is a simple and accurate method for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of arctiin and arctigenin in Arctium tomentosum Mill. from different areas.

     

Biopreparation of an anti-inflammatory agent,diarctigenin, from arctiin isolated from Arctium lappa by Rhizoctonia solani AG-4

In the preliminary screening for the plant-derived pesticides against Rhizoctonia solani Kühn AG-4 (RS AG-4), the indicator compounds arctiin (1) and arctigenin (2) in methanol extracts of Arctium lappa L. were consumed and transformed to other compounds. Thus, in the present study RS AG-4 was used as a biocatalyst and the biotransformation of arctiin (1) was investigated. Conversion of arctiin (1) to arctigenin (2) was achieved by the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugar moiety. In addition, an anti-inflammatory lignan dimer reported from the Arctium species, diarctigenin (3) was afforded in good yields. The HPLC monitoring of the biotransformation process indicated the possible mechanism. It would be an excellent method to produce a large scale of diarctigenin (3) for the successive medicinal examinations.     

Li4Ti5Ol2的合成及对Li+的离子交换动力学

用溶胶-凝胶法合成出Li4Ti5Ol2, 对其进行了酸改性, 制得锂离子筛IE-H. 测定了IE-H对Li+、Na+的饱和交换容量和pH滴定曲线等离子交换性能, 并对其进行了X射线衍射分析, 同时采用中断接触法判断该离子交换反应的控制机理, 用缩核模型描述离子筛IE-H交换Li+的动力学. 结果表明, 合成出的Li4Ti5Ol2和锂离子筛IE-H均为尖晶石结构; 用不同浓度HNO3溶液处理Li4Ti5Ol2时, Li+的抽出率为19.6%-81.5%, Ti4+的抽出率在4.2%以下; 锂离子筛IE-H 对Li+的饱和交换容量较高, 达到5.95 mmol·g-1, 离子筛IE-H交换Li+的控制步骤是颗粒扩散控制(PDC), 得到了25 ℃, Li+浓度为20.0 mmol·L-1和5.0 mmol·L-1时锂离子筛交换Li+的动力学方程和颗粒扩散系数.     

LiTi2(PO4)3的Na/Li离子交换特征

锂离子传导材料LiTi₂(PO₄)₃能在LiCl水溶液中高选择性地与Na⁺进行离子交换. 研究了NaCl 溶液中LiTi₂(PO₄)₃上的Na/Li离子交换反应, 实验结果表明, 升高温度能显著提高LiTi₂(PO₄)₃上的Na/Li交换反应速率, 其离子交换动力学规律可近似由JMAK(Johnson-Mehl-Aurami-Kalmogorav)方程描述. 对LiTi₂(PO₄)₃在水和NaCl溶液中的溶解行为的研究结果表明, 升高温度能加快其在水中的溶解速率, pH值过大或过小及离子交换都会加剧LiTi₂(PO₄)₃的溶解.