化学哲学试探

本文通过在对化学与哲学关系的分析，以二者的联结处为切入点，结合实例，提出了”化学哲学”这一科学的认识论和方法论，使化学的学习、研究、教育教学工作进一步走向理性化，从而能动地认识自然，改造自然，利用自然，不断促进化学科学的深入发展。     

信息论与化学计量学

本文讨论了信息论在发展分析化学计量学中的意义和作用以及信息论在化学计量学中应用的一般规律和关系，总结了信息科学对化学计量学发展的贡献。     

考古学与化学

化学是一门自然科学,似乎与考古没有多大关系,其实不然,它们不仅有密切的关系,而且化学在考古研究中的应用已有相当长一段历史,并且愈来愈广泛。早在19世纪初就有人对古文物进行过化学分析,但由于受当时化学与考古学发展水平的限制,这方面的工作发展还比较缓慢。只是到了本世纪50年代,化学方法,特别是化学分析手段渐渐趋于成熟,再加上考古学的发展提出了一些考古学家仅凭人的感官和一般手段     

诺贝尔奖与现代化学发展

本文从元素的发现、分析测试方法、物理化学、有机化学、核化学及生物化学等方面，分别介绍了化学学科各个领域历届诺贝尔奖的基本情况，论述了诺贝尔奖与现代化学发展的关系。     

脂肪酯结构与摩尔体积关系的拓扑化学研究

脂肪酯结构与摩尔体积关系的拓扑化学研究王克强（洛阳师范高等专科学校化学系，４７１０２２）分子结构与性能关系的研究，是化学中一个十分活跃的研究领域。近年来，拓扑学的发展及其向化学领域的渗透为结构性能关系的深入研究提供了一种有力的研究工具，引起了国内外学...     

对《法庭化学》的评介

由张正奇教授撰写，湖南大学出版社出版的《法庭化学》，是我国第一部法庭化学（ＦｏｒｅｎｓｉｃＣｈｅｍｉｓｔｒｙ）著作，它是在作者为湖南大学化学类研究生开设的法庭化学课程基础上，结合国内外及作者的研究成果加工而成的。公安司法工作是一门系统科学，称为法庭科学，国内外已有《ＦｏｒｅｎｓｉｃＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ》、《法庭科学》等期刊发行。法庭化学是法庭科学的重要内容，美国化学文摘（ＣＡ）编辑部出版了２００多种ＣＡ选择（ＣＡＳｅｌｅｃｔｓ）系列丛刊，法庭化学列在其中。１９９５年下半年，ＣＡ编辑部将１４种ＣＡ选择以…     

《法庭化学》评介

法庭化学（ＦｏｒｅｎｓｉｃＣｈｅｍｉｓｔｒｙ）是研究并解决法庭科学工作中的化学问题、为司法工作提供化学信息和证据的科学。由张正奇教授撰写，湖南大学出版社出版的《法庭化学》，是我国第一本这方面的专著，它是在作者为湖南大学化学类研究生开设的法庭化学课程基...     

关于化学教材与教学改革的一点想法：对化学“贴近生活,贴近社会”的认识

本文试图从化学与物理学之间的关系、能量与化学体系及化学元素与资源的关系等几个方面，阐述对化学教学与教材应如何更好的体现“贴近生活，贴近社会”原则的看法。所举的例证并不限于化学。表明体现上述原则的同时，应当拓宽学科的视野。     

从固体化学到凝聚态化学

“凝聚态化学”是化学学科一个新的发展领域,其基本思想是超越分子和理想晶体的界限,多层次地研究物质的组成、结构、性质、制备以及它们之间的关系。本文简要回顾了从固体物理到凝聚态物理的历史以及固体化学的发展历史,分析了固体化学的学科特点,指出固体化学的发展必然孕育着“凝聚态化学”的形成,同时指出,化学学科中的多个领域也都会将“凝聚态化学”作为自己的发展方向。建议了从固体化学向“凝聚态化学”发展的途径:完善固体化学学科的知识体系,拓展固体化学的知识范围,创造“凝聚态化学”的标志性成果。最后强调,与凝聚态物理学家密切合作,共建“凝聚态科学”大厦。     

计算机化学应用软件介绍

计算机化学应用软件介绍忻新泉，洪汇孝（南京大学化学系２１０００８）编者按：随着计算机应用的发展和普及，计算机与化学的关系愈来愈密切、愈来愈受到重视。化学专用的软件包已大量出现；辅助化学教学的ＣＡＩ软件也层出不穷、各具特色、广泛应用；各高等院校在教学管...     

Highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction-free quantum dot-based quantification of forensic genomic DNA

Forensic DNA samples can degrade easily due to exposure to light and moisture at the crime scene. In addition, the amount of DNA acquired at a criminal site is inherently limited. This limited amount of human DNA has to be quantified accurately after the process of DNA extraction. The accurately quantified extracted genomic DNA is then used as a DNA template in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification for short tandem repeat (STR) human identification. Accordingly, highly sensitive and human-specific quantification of forensic DNA samples is an essential issue in forensic study. In this work, a quantum dot (Qdot)-labeled Alu sequence was developed as a probe to simultaneously satisfy both the high sensitivity and human genome selectivity for quantification of forensic DNA samples. This probe provided PCR-free determination of human genomic DNA and had a 2.5-femtogram detection limit due to the strong emission and photostability of the Qdot. The Qdot-labeled Alu sequence has been used successfully to assess 18 different forensic DNA samples for STR human identification.     

Establishment of an ISO 17025:2005 accredited forensic genetics laboratory in Italy

Forensic genetics is extremely useful for the resolution of criminal cases, identification of missing persons and in paternity/kinship testing. Each and every laboratory that works in the forensic genetics area has developed its own working method independently, however, generally in accordance with international guidelines. More than thirty institutional, public and private forensic laboratories that deal with the identification/paternity testing through DNA in Italy have been surveyed, but to this day, only five public laboratories (four of the police and one of a university hospital) and two private ones are accredited. There are, however, many other laboratories that perform occasional forensic genetics activities that have not been surveyed. The need to achieve the ISO 17025:2005 accreditation may represent for these laboratories an excellent opportunity to improve their activities. Although the DNA analysis for forensic investigation is used in Italy since the beginning of the technique, the quality of the results has been called into question more than once, as it appears by many court cases in which the results of genetic tests have been subject to strong criticisms. Obviously, the ISO 17025:2005 is not sufficient to guarantee the quality of the results. It is essential to show the laboratory working method to the scientific community in order to obtain reliable and robust analytical results that can be used in court to accuse/exonerate individuals accused of a crime or to assign a true biological father to a child. Here, we show a part of the workflow validation process of the internal method used in the Forensic Genetic Service (FGS) of the Diagnostic Genetics Unit (DG) of the Careggi University Hospital. This article outlines some relevant aspects of the methods adopted to ensure robustness, reliability and reproducibility of genetic profiles used for forensic identification.     

在化学教学中推广科普知识——以趣谈指纹显现技术为例

Fingerprint can be widely acknowledged as the "first evidence" of forensic science, in which fingerprint manifestation is the first and also the most important step to discover latent fingerprint. Flipped classroom and team-based learning modes have been implemented in the chapter of "chemistry and criminal science and technology" of Chemistry and Society course. Students were encouraged to consult relevant references in advance and participated in the team discussion in class. Herein, the fingerprint is personified into a "mysterious thief" with multiple faces, while various fingerprint display technologies are personified into investigators of the fingerprint department. Collectively, this teaching strategy can popularize the chemical principles of several fingerprint techniques to students, enrich their scientific understanding of the fingerprint display technology, and improve their scientific quality and learning interests.     

Quality assurance in forensic science

 Forensic examination results play an increasingly important role in bringing many criminal investigations to a successful conclusion. The quality of the results of examinations performed in forensic science laboratories has always been the concern of the individual forensic scientist. The interpretations and results are presented in court to non-experts. Therefore, it is essential to ensure and maintain the highest standards of achievements and accuracy in forensic science. Many factors are important contributors to quality assurance in forensic science. Some unique subjects affect not only the mode of inquiry but also the way in which information is presented to the court, i.e. exhibits collection and sample handling, investigation, examination techniques, report writing and court testimony.     

Credibility of forensic DNA typing is driven by stringent quality standards

The quality of a forensic DNA investigation is by its nature limited by the condition and integrity of the sample, which is subjected to analysis. In the forensic laboratory a diverse range of items has to be searched for evidentiary biological stains. After detection, the DNA evidence is collected, labeled, stored, and analyzed in such a manner that the quality and integrity of the sample is preserved at every stage of the process. The enormous evidentiary strength of evidence, which is obtained when a reference DNA sample from a suspect is declared to match with the DNA from the evidentiary stain, has required forensic science laboratories to adopt stringent quality control measures. Sample mix-up and contamination of forensic evidence are the most serious concerns throughout the laboratory process. Various measures can be taken by the individual forensic science laboratory to assure high quality standards. Laboratory accreditation is essential in assessing the quality of the forensic science laboratory. Reanalysis and a second test by an independent laboratory can further prove the integrity and correctness of the DNA-typing results. Forensic DNA typing should be state of the art, however new DNA-typing technologies can only be introduced after its full acceptance in the world of molecular genetics. Subsequently, it is the responsibility of the forensic community to demonstrate the validity of any new application in the forensic context.     

Bioanalytical method validation and its implications for forensic and clinical toxicology – A review

The reliability of analytical data is very important to forensic and clinical toxicologists for the correct interpretation of toxicological findings. This makes (bio)analytical method validation an integral part of quality management and accreditation in analytical toxicology. Therefore, consensus should be reached in this field on the kind and extent of validation experiments as well as on acceptance criteria for validation parameters. In this review, the most important papers published on this topic since 1991 have been reviewed. Terminology, theoretical and practical aspects as well as implications for forensic and clinical toxicology of the following validation parameters are discussed: selectivity (specificity), calibration model (linearity), accuracy, precision, limits, stability, recovery and ruggedness (robustness). Received: 16 June 2002 Accepted: 12 July 2002 Part of this review was published in the communications of the International Association of Forensic Toxicologists (TIAFT; TIAFT Bulletin 32 (2002): 16–23) and of the Society for Forensic and Toxicologic Chemistry (GTFCH; Toxichem and Krimitech 68 (2001): 116-126). Correspondence to F. T. Peters     

Chemometrics comes to court: evidence evaluation of chem–bio threat agent attacks

Forensic statistics is a well‐established scientific field whose purpose is to statistically analyze evidence in order to support legal decisions. It traditionally relies on methods that assume small numbers of independent variables and multiple samples. Unfortunately, such methods are less applicable when dealing with highly correlated multivariate data sets such as those generated by emerging high throughput analytical technologies. Chemometrics is a field that has a wealth of methods for the analysis of such complex data sets, so it would be desirable to combine the two fields in order to identify best practices for forensic statistics in the future. This paper provides a brief introduction to forensic statistics and describes how chemometrics could be integrated with its established methods to improve the evaluation of evidence in court. The paper describes how statistics and chemometrics can be integrated, by analyzing a previous know forensic data set composed of bacterial communities from fingerprints. The presented strategy can be applied in cases where chemical and biological threat agents have been illegally disposed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Biosensors in forensic analysis. A review

Forensic analysis is an important branch of modern Analytical Chemistry with many legal and socially relevant implications. Biosensors can play an important role as efficient tools in this field considering their well known advantages of sensitivity, selectivity, easy functioning, affordability and capability of miniaturization and automation. This article reviews the latest advances in the use of biosensors for forensic analysis. The different methodologies for the transduction of the produced biological events are considered and the applications to forensic toxicological analysis, classified by the nature of the target analytes, as well as those related with chemical and biological weapons critically commented. The article provides several Tables where the more relevant analytical characteristics of the selected reported methods are gathered.     

不同认识论学生的非智力因素对其化学探究学习的影响

用模糊综合评判法定量分析了非智力因素对化学探究学习各要素的影响,典型建构认识论者认为兴趣、意志是影响化学探究学习最重要的非智力因素,形成假设、收集证据是受非智力因素影响最显著的探究要素;典型机械认识论者认为动机是影响化学探究学习最重要的非智力因素,形成假设、得出结论是受非智力因素影响最显著的探究要素。最后,结合研究结果就如何搞好化学探究学习提出了具体建议。     

Recent advances in the applications of CE to forensic sciences (2001-2004)

The present article reviews the applications of CE in forensic science covering the period from 2001 until the first part of 2005. The overview includes the most relevant examples of analytical applications of capillary electrophoretic and electrokinetic techniques in the following fields: (i) Forensic drugs and poisons, (ii) explosive analysis and gunshot residues, (iii) small ions of forensic interest, (iv) forensic DNA and RNA analysis, (v) proteins of forensic interest, and (vi) ink analysis.