催化合成气合成乙醇的铑基催化剂中助剂锰的作用本质研究

催化剂活性测试表明,助剂Mn显著提高了铑的催化活性.通过考察H_3/D_2同位素效应发现在Mn促进的及非促进的铑催化剂上进行的合成气反应中,乙醇生成反应均表现出显著的氘位素效应.结合CO化学吸附、XRD.CO吸附IR、XPS、EPR等物化表征手段对催化剂的表征结果,讨论了助剂Mn的作用本质.提出助剂Mn~(2+)通过与反应中间体甲酰基氧端的亲合作用.促进了CO加氢生成甲酰基的反应及其随后的氢解生成卡宾物种的反应,从而显著提高铑催化活性的观点.     

钒促铑基催化剂上合成气反应中的H2／D2同位素效应

铑基催化剂可催化合成气生成甲烷、乙醇等,CO中C—O键断裂是该反应的关键步骤。Ⅴ助剂可显著提高Rh的催化活性,其作用本质被认为是促进了CO的直接解离。本文考察了Ⅴ助剂对Rh催化性能的影响及Rh/SiO_2、Rh-V(1:1)/SiO_2上合成气反应的H_2/D_2同位素效应,根据实验结果及键级守恒-Morse势法的计算结果初步探讨了Ⅴ助剂的作用本质。     

SiO_2负载的磺化三苯膦铑配合物催化高碳烯氢甲酰化及反应中的氘逆同位素效应

水溶性磺化三苯膦铑配合物担载在SiO_2表面制得的负载化水溶性Wilkinson催化剂具较大的比表面积,当1-己烯、1-辛烯、1-庚烯和十一烯酸甲酯等液态高碳烯烃在这种催化剂上于固定床加压流动态反应器中连续进行氢甲酰化催化反应时,产物醛的选择性98～100%,并可在适当过量配体存在下保持较高的催化活性.在这种催化剂上分别于CO用/H_2和CO/D_2气氛下进行烯烃氢甲酰化反应,可观察到显著的氘逆同位素效应.根据分析,初步认为酰基物中间体氢解反应可能是SiO_2负载的磺化三苯膦铑配合物催化剂上高碳烯氢甲酰化的速控步骤.     

铑基催化剂上CO+H2合成乙醇的原位漫反射红外光谱研究

采用原位漫反射红外光谱法研究高温高压下CO H2在Rh-Mn-Li/SiO2催化剂上合成乙醇的反应中间体和反应机理,结果显示:2 922 cm-1,2855 cm-1两峰主要是由乙醇合成前体卡宾H2C=M的振动造成的;250℃,3.4 MPa时卡宾能在催化剂表面快速大量形成,反应后吹扫实验显示卡宾在催化剂表面的吸附并不相同,部分吸附较弱易脱附;部分吸附较强,在催化剂表面以相当稳定的形态存在,难以脱附;因此可能存在部分惰性卡宾,其不参与反应却占据了催化剂的部分表面,降低了催化剂的反应活性.250℃时,压力从0.5 MPa升高到3.0 MPa时,产物中CO2和CH4的含量降低,而乙醇的含量增加;反映出压力是影响反应产物分布的重要因素,压力提高能增大乙醇在产物中含量;同时也揭示出在该催化剂上CO2、CH4的生成路径与乙醇的生成路径存在着竞争性,压力是影响反应路径选择的重要因素.实验结果还表明卡宾的形成不是合成乙醇的速控步骤,而乙酰基能否大量形成则决定着乙醇产生的快慢.经过红外光谱分析后认为"CO缔合-卡宾-乙烯酮-乙酰基-乙醇"应是Rh基催化剂上合成乙醇较为合理的机理.     

合成气制乙醇的铑基催化剂中助剂铁,锂的作用本质研究

催化活性测试表明,助剂Fe具有显著提高乙醇生成选择性及铑催化活性的双重作用;助剂Li具有显著提高乙醇选择性的作用,对铑催化活性影响不大。基于H_2/D_2同位素效应结果及CO化学吸附、IR、XRD、XPS等的表征结果,认为助剂Fe经活化处理后大部分与Rh形成RhFe合金,使Rh分散度显著提高,从而提高了乙醇的选择性;Rh分散度的提高以及小部分以Fe~(2+)(Fe~(3+))形式存在的助剂Fe促进甲酰基的生成及随后的氢解断C-O键反应是助剂Fe促使铑催化活性提高的两个因素。Li的主要作用在于通过与C_2含氧中间体乙烯酮氧端的弱亲合作用,促进了乙醇前驱体的生成,从而使乙醇生成选择性提高。     

乙醇直接气相羰基化新催化剂

醇的羰基化合成是极有工业价值的过程 ,也是绿色化学中提倡的原子经济性反应 [1] .甲醇均相羰基化合成醋酸是 Monsanto公司成功开发应用的典范 [2 ] ,而乙醇羰基化合成丙酸或丙酸乙酯的研究尤其重要 .前文对一种性能优良的负载型 Ni系催化剂用于乙醇常压气相羰基化合成丙酸及其酯作了报道 [3,4] ,与均相羰基化相比 ,该反应具有条件温和 ,不使用贵金属铑 ,催化剂与产物不存在分离上的困难等优点 ,但反应体系仍需使用卤化物作促进剂 .由于碘乙烷的存在 ,反应系统设备腐蚀严重 (有 HI生成 ) ,产物分离精制复杂 .目前 ,醇的均相羰基化及多相羰…     

甲醇低压羰基法合成醋酸的催化剂体系

甲醇羰基化合成醋酸是目前最重要的工业化催化反应之一。本文针对甲醇羰基化合成醋酸中最关键的催化剂部分做了详细阐述,重点介绍了铑基、铱基等均相催化体系的研究现状和最新研究成果,同时介绍了负载型催化剂研究进展,以及离子液体应用于均相催化和非均相催化羰基化反应中的研究现状。     

碳复合载体负载铑催化剂的制备及其对气相甲醇羰基合成乙酸的催化反应性能

碳复合载体负载铑催化剂的制备及其对气相甲醇羰基合成乙酸的催化反应性能李小宝王恩来田世忠蒋大智＊（中国科学院化学研究所，北京１０００８０）关键词碳复合载体，铑催化剂，甲醇，羰基合成，乙酸，乙酸甲酯，气相催化多孔炭负载催化剂在许多方面显示出独特的反应行为...     

钌基和铁基催化剂上氨合成催化反应的氘反同位素效应

 氘反同位素效应是合理阐明过渡金属催化剂上氨合成催化反应机理的重要实验依据之一. 在 N2/H2 (或 D2) 体积比 1/3, 0.2 MPa, 633~733 K 和 GHSV = 24 000 或 12 000 h?1 的条件下, 检测到了 Ru 基 (纯 Ru, Ru/?-Al2O3, K-Ru/?-Al2O3, Ru/MgO, K-Ru/MgO 和 Ba-Ru/MgO) 和 Fe 基 (纯 Fe 和 A110-3) 催化剂上强的氘反同位素效应 (rD/rH ? 2), 其数值随催化剂和反应温度的变化而变化. 这可能是动力学同位素效应与热力学同位素效应二者相互强竞争的结果.     

铑络合物催化剂的稳定性研究

甲醇低压羰基合成制醋酸的催化剂包括主催化剂铑化合物和助剂碘化物两种组分.溶于醋酸和水的混合溶剂的RhCl_3-CH_3I均相体系对甲醇羰基化反应具有很高的催化活性,但稳定性差,特别是在常压下分离产物时,容易发生催化剂的分解.本工作结合甲醇羰基化反应,研究了铑络合物催化剂的分解作用规律和添加剂对络合物的稳定作用.     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.     

Synthesis of substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles by intramolecular nitrilimine cycloaddition

Both substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles have been synthesized by the 3+2 intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines to alkynes. This cyclization has been extended to more versatile 3-bromo derivatives by the use of alkynylbromides as dipolarophiles.     

Catalyst free,visible-light promoted photoaddition reactions between C60 and N-trimethylsilylmethyl-substituted tertiary amines for synthesis of aminomethyl-1,2-dihydrofullerenes

An efficient and benign method for the preparation of aminomethyl-substituted fullerenes has been developed. The process, involving catalyst free, visible-light irradiation of 10% EtOH-toluene solutions containing fullerene C₆₀ and N-trimethylsilylmethyl-substituted amines by using a 20 W compact fluorescent lamp, leads to formation of aminomethyl-substituted fullerene adducts in a highly efficient manner. The photoaddition reaction takes place via a pathway initiated by visible light absorption by C₆₀, followed by SET from the amine to the triplet excited state of C₆₀. Ethanol-promoted desilylation of the resulting a minimum radical then generates the corresponding α-amino radical which couples with the C₆₀ radical anion to form the anion precursor of the fullerene adducts. The new approach using visible-light takes place under mild conditions and it does not require the use of photocatalysts. Thus, the method developed in this effort could broadens the range of functionalized fullerene derivatives that can be readily prepared.     

Highly efficient and stereoselective cycloaddition of nitrones to indolyl- and pyrrolylacrylates

The reactions of various nitrones with indolyl- and pyrrolylacrylates proceeds regioselectively with high diastereoselectivity in the case of aldonitrones, and represents an effective method for obtaining new indolyl- and pyrrolyl-substituted isoxazolidine carboxylates stabilized by weak (CH?O) and moderate (NH?N) strength intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The resulting cycloadducts exhibit promising in vitro anti-influenza activities.     

Transition metal-free direct amination of benzoxazoles using formamides as nitrogen sources

A transition metal-free method for the direct amination of benzoxazoles using formamides as nitrogen sources is reported, which was mediated by an inexpensive and environmentally friendly tetrabutylammonium iodide/tert-butyl hydroperoxide system and gave the 2-aminobenzoxazole derivatives with moderate to good yields.     

l-Proline-catalyzed five-component domino reaction leading to multifunctionalized 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridines

Multifunctionalized 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridines are concisely synthesized in good yields via l-proline-catalyzed or l-proline/FeCl₃-cocatalyzed one-pot multicomponent reactions (MCRs). The MCRs involve a domino hydroamination/prins reaction/Mannich-type reaction/intramolecular dehydration-cyclization process. The molecular structure of 5baa, one of multifunctionalized 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridines, was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.     

Studies of Photoionization of CF3 I by Femtosecond Time-resolved Mass Spectrometry

The multi-photon dissociative photoionization dynamics of CF3I has been studied with femtosecond two-color pump-probe time of flight mass spectra at a pump pulse of 265 nm and a probe pulse of 398 nm. The life constants of CF3I+ and its fragment ions CF3+ and I+ are obtained as (96±7), (198±130) and (167±6)fs, respectively. The multi-photon dynamics leading to these ions differ. CF3I+ corresponds to a (1+2′) transition with one-photon pump excitation to the A band of CF3I. CF3+ are mainly formed by a tow-photon probe excitation to the CF3+ with subsequent dissociation of parent ions. I+ are produced in (2+2′) combined with (1+1′+2′) process. The results provide information on the multi-photon pathways involved.