二元铜族团簇负离子催化CO氧化反应机理

用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法研究了二元铜族团簇负离子AuAg^-, AuCu^-和AgCu^-催化CO氧化反应的详细机理. 计算结果表明: CO在混合团簇中的吸附位顺序为Cu>Au>Ag; O₂也优先吸附到Cu上, 其次为Ag, 最难的为Au; 另外, O₂分子较CO分子易于吸附到混合团簇上. CO氧化反应有三条反应通道, 在热力学和动力学上均容易进行. AuAg-团簇催化CO氧化反应的最优反应通道为CO插入AuAgO₂^-中的Ag―O键形成中间体[Au―AgC(O―O)O]^-, 然后直接分解形成CO₂和AuAgO^-, 或另一个CO分子进攻中间体[Au―AgC(O―O)O]^-形成两分子的CO₂和AuAg^-. 而AuCu^-和AgCu^-催化CO氧化反应的最优反应通道为CO和O₂共吸附到团簇上,然后形成四元环中间体,最后四元环中间体分解形成产物或另一个CO分子进攻四元环中间体从而形成产物. 第二个CO分子的协同效应不明显. AuAg^-和AuCu^-对CO氧化反应催化活性强于Au₂^-团簇, 因此, Ag和Cu掺杂可以提高金团簇的催化活性, 与之前实验研究结果一致.     

Au2n-(n＝1, 2)催化CO氧化反应机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法研究了金团簇阴离子 和 催化CO氧化反应的详细机理. 计算结果表明, O2分子比CO分子更容易吸附到金团簇上. 第二分子CO能有效降低较强O—O键断裂所需能量. CO氧化反应过程需要两个CO分子协同进行. 和 催化CO氧化反应均通过碳酸根中间体进行, 活化能分别为0.607 和0.658 eV. 和 都能在常温下有效催化CO氧化反应. 这些结果与以前的实验和理论研究一致.     

Cu_2~-催化CO氧化反应机理的理论研究

用量子化学密度泛函方法详细研究了双原子铜阴离子Cu-2催化CO氧化形成CO2反应在气相中机理.在UB3LYP结合混合基组水平上,优化了所有反应物,中间体,过渡态和产物的几何构型,并进行了振动分析和波函数稳定性测试.计算结果表明最可能反应通道为CO和O2共吸附到Cu-2,然后形成四元环中间体,最后四元环中间体分解形成产物或另一分子CO进攻四元环中间体从而形成产物.第二个CO分子的协同作用比较小,能垒仅相差0.02eV.最难进行的反应通道为CO从Cu2O-2摘取氧原子形成CO2.Cu-2催化CO氧化反应活性比Au-2好.     

Au-2n(n=1,2)催化CO氧化反应机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法研究了金团簇阴离子Au-2和Au-4催化CO氧化反应的详细机理.计算结果表明,O2分子比CO分子更容易吸附剑金团簇上.第二分子CO能有效降低较强O-O键断裂所需能量.CO氧化反应过程需要两个CO分子协同进行.Au-2和Au-4催化CO氧化反应均通过碳酸根中间体进行,活化能分别为0.607和0.658 eV.Au-4和Au-2都能在常温下有效催化CO氧化反应,这些结果与以前的实验和理论研究一致.     

氢气对Ag/Al2O3和Cu/Al2O3催化剂选择性催化C3H6还原NOx反应的影响

 添加H2对Ag/Al2O3和Cu/Al2O3催化剂选择性催化C3H6还原NOx反应具有不同的影响. 原位漫反射红外光谱分析表明,在Ag/Al2O3催化剂上, H2的存在促进了C3H6部分氧化产物烯醇式物种(RCH=CH-O-)和乙酸盐等的形成,烯醇式物种和硝酸盐为主要反应中间体,二者间的相互反应性能很强,能形成高浓度的反应关键中间体异氰酸酯(-NCO)表面吸附物种,因此NOx的去除活性提高; 而在Cu/Al2O3催化剂上, H2的存在并没有促进C3H6部分氧化产物的形成,而且抑制了硝酸盐的形成,进而抑制了C3H6部分氧化产物与硝酸盐反应形成表面-NCO 物种,导致NOx的去除活性降低.     

CO在CeO2(111)表面的吸附与氧化

采用密度泛函理论计算了CO在CeO2(111)表面的吸附与氧化反应行为. 结果表明, O2在洁净的CeO2(111)表面为弱物理吸附, 而在氧空位表面是强化学吸附, 且O2分子活化程度较大, O—O键长为0.143 nm. CO在CeO2(111)表面吸附行为的研究表明, CO在洁净表面及氧空位表面上为物理吸附, 吸附能均小于0.42 eV; 当表面氧空位吸附O2后, CO可吸附生成二齿碳酸盐中间体或直接生成CO2, 与原位红外光谱结果相一致. 表面碳酸盐物种脱附生成CO2的能垒仅为0.28 eV. 计算结果表明, 当CeO2表面存在氧空位时, Hubbard参数U对CO吸附能有一定的影响. CeO2载体在氧化反应中可能的催化作用为, 在氧气氛下, CeO2表面氧空位吸附O2分子, 形成活性氧物种, 参与CO催化氧化反应.     

Au/Ag_2O与Ag掺杂的Au粉催化剂上CO氧化反应:Au-Ag双金属催化剂活性位（英文）

有关用于各种氧化反应中Au-Ag双金属催化剂存在显著协同效应的来源有两种观点:(1)AgO_x块与体相Au表面的接触界面起重要作用,体相Au的表面是催化活性位;(2)Au-Ag双金属催化剂中形成的Au-Ag合金中电荷从Ag转移到Au上,可能对催化剂活性起作用.因此,确定Au表面上Ag是以氧化物还是以金属合金形式存在可能是深度理解该协同效应的关键.为了检测和验证催化剂活性的增加是由于Ag_2O与Au纳米粒子的紧密接触,在密闭循环反应体系中比较研究了Au/Ag_2O和Ag_2O催化剂上CO氧化反应.将CO/O_2摩尔比为2的混合气通入到这二个催化剂上来跟踪压力降低的速率.因而检测了气体的消耗量和CO_2的生成量.结果发现,在稳态下Au/Ag_2O和Ag_2O催化剂的压力降低的速率不存在差别.这两个催化剂上压力的降低是由于Ag_2O中表面晶格氧被混合气中CO的还原所致.Au/Ag_2O催化剂上得到的结果与以前研究的具有氧化表面的Ag掺杂的Au粉末(Ag/Au-b)上的一致,也表明AgO_x块与体相Au表面界面周边不大可能是CO氧化反应催化活性位.基于具有稳态表面的Ag/Au-b样品上的研究结果,我们认为AgO_x物种被还原为0价态Ag而形成的Ag-Au合金很可能是催化活性位.     

Au_(19)Pt团簇性质及对肉桂醛选择性加氢机理研究

基于第一性原理密度泛函理论(DFT)方法研究了Pt掺杂的Au_(19)Pt团簇的结构稳定性、热力学稳定性和反应活性.计算得出Au_(19)Pt-V团簇比Au_(19)Pt-S和Au_(19)Pt-E团簇的化学活性更强,而热力学稳定性更低.通过分析吸附能和电荷布居,讨论了肉桂醛(CAL)在3类Au_(19)Pt团簇上的9种吸附构型.计算结果表明,当CAL以C C双键平行吸附于Au_(19)Pt-V团簇的Pt原子上时,其吸附能最大,CAL向团簇转移电子数最多,吸附模型最稳定.在最稳定吸附模型基础上探究了CAL选择性加氢的3类反应(1,2-加成反应、3,4-加成反应和1,4-加成反应)的6条可能机理,通过基元反应的过渡态搜索,由反应热、反应能垒和构型的变化得到,CAL分子在Au_(19)Pt-V团簇上最有可能通过3,4-加成反应中的机理C进行,即活泼H原子优先与C3原子成键形成中间体MS3,另一个H原子与中间体加成形成C4—H键,再经过过渡态TS34而形成最终产物苯丙醛(HCAL).     

氧负离子与乙烯自由基反应的理论研究

在G3MP2B3理论水平下研究了氧负离子与乙烯自由基的反应机理. 反应入口势能面的刚性扫描显示: 对于不同的初始反应取向, 体系存在3种不同的反应机理, 分别对应直接脱水、插入反应和直接键合成中间体通道. 其中, 通过插入反应形成的富能中间体[CH2＝C—OH]－及键合中间体[CH2＝CHO]－都可以进一步经异构化和解离生成其它各种可能产物, 如C2H－＋H2O, OH－＋CH2C和 ＋CO产物通道. 基于计算得到的反应势垒的相对高度, 直接脱水反应显然是该反应体系最主要的产物通道, 同时我们还结合Mulliken电荷布居分析研究了其中涉及的电子交换过程. 由此, 计算结果证实了以往OH－与C2H2反应的实验研究结果. 此外, 还对比了该反应体系、氧原子与乙烯自由基、氧负离子与乙烯分子三个反应的不同机理.     

Nanoclusters Au_(19)Pd and Au_(19)Pt Catalyzing CO Oxidation: a Density Functional Study

The gold atoms on the Au20 cluster had been substituted by the palladium and platinum atoms to obtain the doped clusters with more stable geometries as a function of the bind energy and interaction energy in the previous study. Therefore, we investigated the catalytic activities of the Au_(19)Pd and Au_(19)Pt clusters for CO oxidation along the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. It is found that the coadsorption of CO and O2 on the doped clusters is obviously stronger than on the Au20 cluster, especially on the doped atom, which makes potential energy of the transition state lower than the total energy of the reactants so that it can promote CO oxidation. The reaction on these doped clusters with the heteroatom on the vertex is more difficult. However, the Au_(19)Pd(S) is more prone to catalyzing the CO oxidation, in which the rate-limiting step has the lower energy barrier of 38.84 kJ/mol for this study. Therefore, the single atom can be modified to change the catalytic activity of the cluster for the CO oxidation. Meanwhile, the different sites on the clusters have different strengths of activity for the reaction.     

氧在C－Ni（100）表面反应动力学的研究──Ⅰ．势能面特征

采用改进的ＬＥＰＳ势，通过求解广义本征方程计算了Ｏ２＋Ｃ－Ｎｉ（１００）表面反应的势能面．在碳原子被吸附于Ｎｉ（１００）表面的情况下，氧分子以不同的方式接近表面，通过势能面的计算以了解表面吸附原子与气相分子的反应途径与机理．     

Catalytic activity of Pd ensembles over Au(111) surface for CO oxidation: a first-principles study

Employing the first-principles pseudopotential plane-wave methods and nudged-elastic-band simulations, we studied the reaction of CO oxidation on Pd-decorated Au(111) surface. We found that the contiguous Pd ensembles are required for the CO + O(2) reaction. Interestingly, Pd dimer is an active site for the two-step reaction of CO+O(2)→OOCO→CO(2)+O, and a low energy barrier (0.29 eV) is found for the formation of the intermediate metastable state (OOCO) compared to the barrier of 0.69 eV on Pd trimer. Furthermore, the residual atomic O in the CO + O(2) reaction can be removed by another CO on Pd dimer with the barrier of 0.56 eV close to the value of 0.52 eV on Pd monomer via Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. The higher energy barriers (0.96 and 0.64 eV) are also found for the CO + O reaction on Pd trimers. The calculated results indicate Pd dimer is highly reactive for CO oxidation by O(2) via association mechanism on Pd-decorated Au(111) surface.     

The beneficial effect of hydrogen on CO oxidation over Au catalysts. A computational study

Density functional theory calculations have been carried out to explore the effect of hydrogen on the oxidation of CO in relation to the preferential oxidation of CO in the presence of excess hydrogen (PROX). A range of gold surfaces have been selected including the (100), stepped (310) surfaces and diatomic rows on the (100) surface. These diatomic rows on Au(100) are very efficient in H-H bond scission. O(2) hydrogenation strongly enhances the surface-oxygen interaction and assists in scission of the O-O bond. The activation energy required to make the reaction intermediate hydroperoxy (OOH) from O(2) and H is small. However, we postulate its presence on our Au models as the result of diffusion from oxide supports to the gold surfaces. The OOH on Au in turn opens many low energy cost channels to produce H(2)O and CO(2). CO is selectively oxidized in a H(2) atmosphere due to the more favorable reaction barriers while the formation of adsorbed hydroperoxy enhances the reaction rate.     

Mechanism of CO Oxidation on Cu2O (111) Surface: A DFT and Microkinetic Study

Catalytic oxidation has been recognized as one of the most efficient and promising techniques for the abatement of CO and volatile organic compounds. In the present work, the CO oxidation mechanism on perfect Cu₂O (111) surface was investigated by using density functional theory (DFT) calculations with the periodic surface model. The unsaturated singly coordinated Cu⁺ site of Cu₂O (111) surface could effectively adsorb gaseous CO molecule with a strong adsorption energy of −1.558 eV. The adsorbed O on Cu₂O (111) surface is very active toward CO oxidation with only 0.269 eV energy barrier. The reaction between CO and lattice O is the rate‐determining step of Mars‐van‐Krevelen (MvK) type CO oxidation with the energy barrier of 1.629 eV. The CO oxidation cycle initiated by the reaction between coadsorbed CO and O₂ at the Cu_I site has a relatively lower energy barrier of 1.082 eV and is, therefore, more likely to proceed compared with the MvK cycle. Microkinetic rate constants of elementary reaction steps based on the transition state theory were deduced, which could be helpful in the kinetic modeling of CO oxidation on Cu₂O surface.     

一种非血红素四氮杂轮烯配合物[Fe(Ⅲ)TMTAA]催化过氧化氢歧化反应机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法计算了一种非血红素四氮杂轮烯配合物[Fe(Ⅲ)TMTAA]催化H2O2歧化的反应机理.对二重态、四重态和六重态势能面上各驻点进行了全优化,发现反应易于沿四重态势能面发生.整个反应分两阶段进行,第一阶段通过氧氧均裂形成中间体IM6和第一个水,第二阶段经两次氢转移形成第二个水.反应决速步骤为O—O均裂步骤,能垒为63.9kJ·mol-1,相对于自由H2O2均裂所需能垒226.7kJ·mol-1有较大的降低.这表明标题配合物可有效地降低标题反应的能垒,有可能作为一种潜在的过氧化氢仿酶.     

Catalytic role of gold in gold-based catalysts: a density functional theory study on the CO oxidation on gold

Gold-based catalysts have been of intense interests in recent years, being regarded as a new generation of catalysts due to their unusually high catalytic performance. For example, CO oxidation on Au/TiO(2) has been found to occur at a temperature as low as 200 K. Despite extensive studies in the field, the microscopic mechanism of CO oxidation on Au-based catalysts remains controversial. Aiming to provide insight into the catalytic roles of Au, we have performed extensive density functional theory calculations for the elementary steps in CO oxidation on Au surfaces. O atom adsorption, CO adsorption, O(2) dissociation, and CO oxidation on a series of Au surfaces, including flat surfaces, defects and small clusters, have been investigated in detail. Many transition states involved are located, and the lowest energy pathways are determined. We find the following: (i) the most stable site for O atom on Au is the bridge site of step edge, not a kink site; (ii) O(2) dissociation on Au (O(2)-->2O(ad)) is hindered by high barriers with the lowest barrier being 0.93 eV on a step edge; (iii) CO can react with atomic O with a substantially lower barrier, 0.25 eV, on Au steps where CO can adsorb; (iv) CO can react with molecular O(2) on Au steps with a low barrier of 0.46 eV, which features an unsymmetrical four-center intermediate state (O-O-CO); and (v) O(2) can adsorb on the interface of Au/TiO(2) with a reasonable chemisorption energy. On the basis of our calculations, we suggest that (i) O(2) dissociation on Au surfaces including particles cannot occur at low temperatures; (ii) CO oxidation on Au/inactive-materials occurs on Au steps via a two-step mechanism: CO+O(2)-->CO(2)+O, and CO+O-->CO(2); and (iii) CO oxidation on Au/active-materials also follows the two-step mechanism with reactions occurring at the interface.     

Au-Ag合金纳米粒子制备及其表面增强拉曼光谱研究

首先采用柠檬酸钠法制得Au-Ag合金纳米种子, 然后采用盐酸羟胺生长法得到不同组成的Au-Ag合金纳米粒子. 在其UV-Vis光谱中只观察到一个位于单金属银和金之间的等离子体共振峰, 表明Au-Ag合金纳米粒子已经形成. TEM结果表明, 合金纳米粒子的粒径约为60 nm, 且颜色均一, 没有明显的核壳结构. 用苯硫酚(TP)作为探针分子研究了合金纳米粒子的表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS). 结果表明, SERS强度与合金纳米粒子的组成和尺寸有关. 当纳米粒子粒径一定时, 除Au25Ag75外, 随着金的增加SERS强度增强. Au25Ag75的粒径比Ag小, 导致SERS强度比Ag低. Au50Ag50和Au75Ag25加入TP分子后, 其聚集方式与Au相似, 等离子体共振峰逐渐靠近1064 nm, 金含量较高时, TP的SERS归于聚集体的等离子体共振增强的贡献.