(Pt_nMn)~(±,0)(n=1～5)掺杂团簇结构与磁性的密度泛函研究

采用密度泛函理论(Demity Function Theory)中的B3LYP方法,在Lanl2dz赝势基组水平上对(PtnMn)±,0(n=1～5)团簇的几何构型进行了全优化,并对基态的能级以及磁性进行了研究.结果表明:PtMn掺杂团簇的自旋多重度比较高,这种性质跟纯Mn团簇相似.并且发现一般情况下Mn原子参与成键数越多,结构越稳定,在成键数相同的情况下,成键的平均键长越短越稳定;其次(PtnMn)±,0团簇的所有稳定结构都表现为铁磁性耦合;掺杂一个Mn原子后的团簇磁性大大增强,磁矩主要来源于未满的d壳层电子,且Mn原子上的局域磁矩远大于Pt原子.随着Pt原子个数的增加,Mn原子的局域磁矩变化不大,但团簇的总磁矩渐渐增大.     

(BN)n(n≤12)团簇的结构及成键性质

利用遗传算法和Gastreich提出的经验势函数研究了(BN)_n(n≤12)团簇的可能稳定结构, 并对能量较低的异构体在HF/6-31G(d)水平进行优化, 得到了(BN)_n(n≤12)团簇的线状、蒲扇形、单环、双环、三环和笼状结构, 讨论了各种结构的特征及相对稳定性. 分析了BN团簇中原子的成键性质, 在单环结构中, N原子以sp2杂化成键, B原子以sp杂化成键, 而在节点处B原子以sp2杂化成键. (BN)6是唯一没有张力的单环结构.     

[Ca(NH2)2]n (n＝1～5)团簇的密度泛函理论研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT)的杂化密度泛函B3LYP方法在6-31G*基组水平上对[Ca(NH2)2]n (n＝1～5)团簇各种可能的构型进行几何结构优化, 预测了各团簇的最稳定结构. 并对最稳定结构的振动特性、成键特性、电荷特性等进行了理论研究. 结果表明: 团簇易形成环状结构, 以金属Ca原子团簇作为骨架, NH2基结合在金属团簇骨架上, 并主要是Ca—N成键和Ca—Ca成键. 团簇中Ca—N键长为0.225～0.257 nm, Ca—Ca键长为0.312～0.354 nm, N—H键长为0.102～0.103 nm, H—N—H键角为102.9°～104.2°; 团簇中Ca原子的自然电荷在1.657e～1.720e之间, N原子的自然电荷在－1.543e～－1.592e之间, H原子的自然电荷在0.349e～0.367e之间, Ca原子和NH2基之间相互作用呈现较强的离子性;对比团簇和晶体的结构及IR谱表明, NH2基在团簇和晶体中的结构基本一致.     

Si_2C_(m-2)(m=4～15)团簇的结构与稳定性

用密度泛函理论(DFT)的B3LYP/6-31G*方法, 对Si2Cm-2(m = 4~15)团簇的几何构型、电子结构、振动频率等性质进行了研究, 讨论了化学键的特征和热力学稳定性, 比较了Si2Cm-2团中环状和线状结构的差异。结果表明, m = 4~13的团簇为线状结构, m=14~15的团簇为环状结构。在线状结构中, 随着m增大, 自旋多重度出现1、3交替变化, 并且Si原子倾向于在C链端部成键;环状结构中, C原子形成环状, 2个Si原子处于椭圆环状构型的两端。m 为奇数的Si2Cm-2团簇比m为偶数的更为稳定。     

(HCaN3)n (n＝1～5)团簇结构与性质的密度泛函理论研究

利用密度泛函理论在B3LYP/6-311G*水平上对叠氮化合物(HCaN₃)_n (n＝1～5)团簇各种可能构型进行了几何优化, 预测了各团簇的最稳定结构. 并对最稳定结构的成键特性、电荷分布、振动特性及稳定性进行理论研究. 结果表明, HCaN₃团簇最稳定结构为折线型, (HCaN₃)_n (n＝2～4)团簇最稳定结构为叠氮基端位N原子与Ca原子相互链接形成平面环状结构, (HCaN₃)₅团簇最稳定结构为立体钟形结构. 团簇最稳定结构中金属Ca原子均显示正电性, H原子均显示负电性, 叠氮基中间的N原子显示正电性, 叠氮基两端的N原子显示负电性, 且和Ca原子直接作用的N原子的负电性更强. Ca-N键和Ca-H键为典型的离子键, 叠氮基内N原子之间是共价键. 最稳定结构的IR光谱主要分为3个部分, 其最强振动峰均位于2193～2302 cm^－1段, 振动模式为叠氮基中N-N键的反对称伸缩振动. 叠氮基在团簇和晶体中结构不变, 始终以直线型存在, 说明金属叠氮化合物团簇可以很好地模拟其晶体的局域成键和局域电荷转移等特性. 稳定性分析显示, (HCaN₃)₃团簇相对于其他团簇更稳定.     

(Mg3N2)n(n=1～4)团簇结构与性质的密度泛函研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT)的杂化密度泛函B3LYP方法在6-31G*基组水平上对(Mg3N2)n(n=1～4)团簇各种可能的构型进行几何结构优化,预测了各团簇的最稳定结构.并对最稳定结构的振动特性、成键特性、电荷特性和稳定性等进行了理论分析.结果表明:(Mg3N2)n=1～4团簇易形成笼状结构,其最稳定构型中N原子配位数以3、4较多见;团簇主要由Mg-N键组成,Mg-N键长为0.194～0.218nm,Mg-Mg 键长为0.262～0.298 nm;N原子的平均自然电荷为-2.06 e,Mg原子的平均自然电荷为 1.37 e;(Mg3N2)2团簇有相对较高的动力学稳定性.     

(AB)_8(AB=BN, AlP, GaAs, InSb)团簇环状结构与性质的密度泛函理论研究

用杂化密度泛函B3LYP方法研究了(AB)8(AB=BN,AlP,GaAs,InSb)团簇环形结构的平衡几何构型、电子结构、振动特性以及极化率。计算结果表明,(AB)8团簇的双层环状结构中,每个A(B)原子都与3个B(A)原子成键,且Ⅴ族元素的原子比Ⅲ族元素的原子更接近团簇中心,(BN)8、(AlP)8、(GaAs)8、(InSb)8的平均极化率依次增大,IR和Raman谱峰发生红移。另外,讨论了热力学稳定性和动力学稳定性的变化。     

AlmN2－ (m=1～8)团簇的结构与稳定性

用密度泛函理论(DFT)的B3LYP方法, 在6-311G*水平上对AlmN2－ (m =1～8)团簇的几何构型、电子结构、振动频率、电荷分布与成键方式进行了理论研究. 结果表明, AlmN2－ 团簇的基态结构有两种基本构型, 一种是以N—N键为核心, 周围与Al原子配位形成的； 另一种是由两个AlnN(n＜m)分子碎片通过共用Al原子或Al—Al键相互结合形成的. 对AlnN分子碎片相互结合形成的基态结构亲和能讨论得到, m为奇数的AlmN2－团簇比m为偶数的稳定.     

碱土金属叠氮化合物(MgN_6)_n(n=1～5)团簇结构与性质的密度泛函理论研究

利用密度泛函理论在B3LYP/6-311G*水平上对碱土金属叠氮化合物(MgN6)n(n=1～5)团簇各种可能构型进行了几何优化,预测了各团簇的最稳定结构。并对最稳定结构的成键特性、电荷分布、振动特性及稳定性进行理论研究。结果表明,叠氮化合物中叠氮基以直线型存在,MgN6团簇最稳定结构为直线型;(MgN6)2团簇最稳定结构为Mg2N2四元环平面结构;(MgN6)n(n=3～5)团簇最稳定结构是由2个叠氮基与2个Mg原子首先构成近似菱形,再由近似菱形延伸形成的链状结构。叠氮基中间的N原子显示正电性,两端的N原子显示负电性,且与Mg直接作用的N原子负电性更强,金属Mg原子和N原子之间形成很强的离子键。(MgN6)n(n=1～5)团簇最稳定结构的IR光谱分为4个部分,其最强振动峰均位于2209～2313cm-1,振动模式为叠氮基中N-N键的反对称伸缩振动。稳定性分析显示,(MgN6)3和(MgN6)5团簇相对于其他团簇较为稳定。     

Li和Al掺杂的MgO(001)表面负载W_3O_9团簇的构型与电子结构

采用基于第一性原理的分子动力学和量子力学相结合的方法,对W3O9团簇在经Li和Al原子掺杂的MgO(001)表面的负载构型、稳定性以及体系的电子结构进行了系统研究.结果表明,当掺杂发生在表层时,杂质原子的类型对W3O9团簇的负载构型有显著影响.对于缺电子的Li掺杂,负载后W3O9团簇环状构型并不稳定,转化为链状结构;而Al原子的掺杂则使得MgO(001)表面电子富余,此时W3O9团簇存在平躺和垂直两种吸附方式,二者能量稳定性相近,其中前者存在同时与三个W原子成键的帽氧结构.当掺杂发生在次表层时,两种掺杂体系W3O9的负载构型相似,团簇仍保持环状结构并倾向于采用垂直方式沉积在表面上.与Li掺杂体系相比,富电子的Al掺杂可显著增强W3O9与MgO(001)表面之间的结合能力,负载后有较多电子从表面转移到团簇中特定的W原子上,这将对W3O9团簇的催化性能产生显著影响.     

MgNi-x% TiNi0.5Mn0.5 (x＝10, 30, 50)贮氢合金的制备与电化学性能

用机械合金化法成功制备出MgNi和TiNi0.5Mn0.5合金, 并将不同质量的TiNi0.5Mn0.5与MgNi合金球磨复合10 h制备MgNi-x% TiNi0.5Mn0.5 (x＝10, 30, 50)合金. XRD结果表明球磨后几种合金均为非晶体, TiNi0.5Mn0.5均匀分散到MgNi合金主相中; 充放电结果表明MgNi-TiNi0.5Mn0.5复合合金的初始容量比纯MgNi合金(443.12 mAh/g)低, MgNi- 10% TiNi0.5Mn0.5首次放电容量是394.46 mAh/g, 但循环寿命有较大的改善, 50次循环后容量保持在232.57 mAh/g, 保持率达59%; 动电位扫描结果表明复合后合金电极抗腐蚀能力提高; 循环伏安法和电化学阻抗谱法研究结果表明: 复合后电极表面的电化学催化性能增强, H原子在合金电极内部的扩散阻抗减小.     

V2.1TiNi0.4Zrx(x=0～0.06)储氢电极合金的相结构及电化学性能*

系统研究了V2.1TiNi0.4Zrx(x=0耀0.06)储氢电极合金的相结构及电化学性能. 相结构分析表明, 所有合金均由体心立方(bcc)结构的V 基固溶体主相和第二相组成, 且第二相沿主相晶界形成三维网状分布;其中, 当Zr 含量x 臆0.02时合金的第二相为TiNi基相, 而当Zr含量x达0.04时, 其第二相变为C14型Laves相, 且主相和第二相的晶胞体积均随着x 的增加而增大.电化学性能测试表明, 添加Zr 元素可以改善合金的活化性能和提高最大放电容量; 同时, 随着Zr 含量x 的增大, 合金的高倍率放电性能得到明显提高, 但充放电循环稳定性逐渐降低. 在所研究的合金样品中, V2.1TiNi0.4Zr0.04合金具有相对较好的综合性能.     

V2.1TiNi0.4Zr0.06Cux(x=0-0.12)储氢合金的微结构及电化学性能

采用磁悬浮感应熔炼方法制备了V2.1TiNi0.4Zr0.06Cux (x=0-0.12)储氢合金, 经XRD、SEM、EDS和电化学测试等系统研究了Cu添加量对合金微结构及电化学性能的影响. 结果表明, 所有合金均由V基固溶体主相和C14型Laves第二相组成, 且第二相沿主相晶界形成三维网状分布; 合金主相和第二相的晶胞体积均随着Cu含量x的增加而增大. 电化学性能测试表明, 添加适量(x=0.03-0.06)的Cu可以提高合金的最大放电容量, 并对活化性能基本没有影响; 而过高的Cu添加量(x≥0.09)会降低合金的放电容量. 此外, 添加Cu可使合金的高倍率放电性能得到明显改善, 充放电循环稳定性有所提高. 在所研究的合金样品中, V2.1TiNi0.4Zr0.06Cu0.03合金具有最佳的综合性能.     

硅、锗、锡、铅/磷二元原子团簇的形成、光解和结构

利用激光溅射产生了第IV主族 (硅、锗、锡、铅 ) /磷二元团簇正负离子 ,用飞行时间质谱研究了团簇离子的组成规律和激光光解产物 .研究表明二元团簇稳定性受团簇电子结构和几何结构的影响 ,但随着第IV主族元素自上而下 ,几何结构对团簇稳定性的作用越来越大 .在二元团簇离子中存在两类幻数团簇 :一类可以用Wade规则解释 ,其中磷原子或者充当给电子配体结合在第IV主族原子构成的团簇骨架外 ,或者直接参与团簇骨架的构成 ;另一类则与稳定的第IV主族中性团簇 (或磷中性团簇 )是等电子体 .利用从头计算和Wade规则对幻数团簇的结构和价键进行了分析 .     

Structure of molybdenum and tungsten sulfide M(x)S(y)+ clusters: experiment and DFT calculations

A combination of experiment and density functional theory was used to investigate the energetics of CO adsorption onto several small M(x)S(y)(+) (M = Mo, W; x/y = 2/6, 3/7, 5/7, 6/8) clusters as a probe of their atomic and electronic structure. Experimentally, tandem mass spectrometry was used to measure the relative yields of M(x)S(y)(+)(CO)(n) cluster adducts formed by collisions between a beam of mass-selected M(x)S(y)(+) cluster ions and CO molecules in a high-pressure collision cell (hexapole ion guide). The most probable M(x)S(y)(+)(CO)(n) adducts observed are those with n < or = x, that is, only one CO molecule bound to each metal site. The notable exception is the M(5)S(7)(+) cluster, for which the n = 6 adduct is found to have nearly the same intensity as the n = x = 5 adduct. Density functional calculations were used to search for the lowest energy structures of the bare M(x)S(y)(+) clusters and to obtain their relative stability for sequential CO binding. The calculated trends in CO binding energies were then compared to the experimental adduct distributions for assigning the ground-state structures. In this way, it was possible to distinguish between two nearly isoenergetic ground-state isomers for the M(2)S(6)(+) and M(3)S(7)(+) clusters, as only one isomer gave a calculated CO stabilization energy trend that was consistent with the experimental data. Similar comparisons of predicted and observed CO adsorption trends also provide evidence for assigning the ground-state structures of the M(5)S(7)(+) and M(6)S(8)(+) clusters. The latter contain metallic cores with most of the sulfur atoms bonded along the edges or in the faces of the metal core structure. The n = 6 and 7 adducts of M(5)S(7)(+) are predicted to be more stable than the n = x = 5 adduct, but only the n = 6 adduct is observed experimentally. The DFT calculations show that the n = 7 adduct undergoes internal bond breaking whereas the n = 6 framework is stable, albeit highly distorted. For the M(6)S(8)(+) cluster, the calculations predict that the two lowest energy isomers can bind more than six CO molecules without fragmentation; however, the apparent binding energy drops significantly for adducts with n > 6. In general, the ability of these small M(x)S(y)(+) clusters to bind more CO molecules than the number of metal atoms is a balance between the gain in CO adsorption energy versus the strain introduced into the cluster structure caused by CO crowding, the consequences of which can be fragmentation of the M(x)S(y)(+)(CO)(n) cluster adduct (n > x).     

A theoretical study of the TiC5 cluster

The geometric and electronic properties of the titanium carbide TiC(5) cluster in its neutral and anionic charge states have been investigated using density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP level. The nonplanar six-membered ring-type or "butterflylike" structures are found to be the equilibrium geometric structures of TiC(5) and TiC(5) (-). Time-dependent DFT is used in the calculation of the excited states. The theoretical assignment at the B3LYP level for the features in the photoelectron spectrum is given. All results obtained are in good agreement with the available experimental data.     

激光作用磷化铟所产生的负离子质谱及其分析

以激光蒸发结合超声分子束膨胀,近年来已成为产生与研究原子簇的一种重要手段。在以这一方式产生的Ga_xAs_y的光电离质谱中,发现含奇数个原子的簇离子的信号强度相对较高。最近我们在自制的装置上,于高真空中直接以脉冲激光作用于GaAs、GaP、InP等多种半导体材料,在所记录的负离子质谱中也都观察到类似的奇强偶弱的现象,其中尤以In_xP_y~-最为显著。实验用的激光离子源飞行时间质谱计的构造已有另文详细介绍。该装置通过朝相反方向分别加速正负离子而可同时记录激光等离子体的正负离子质谱。实验采用Nd~(3+):YAG激光器的调Q倍频输出(532nm),聚焦后作用于样品表面的激光功率密度约为10~8W·cm~(-2)。质谱计的加速电压1kV,正负离子的无场漂移长度约1.15m,数据的模数转换速度为2×10~7s~(-1)。实验所用的磷化铟是片状的高纯度半     

Identifying structural and energetic trends in isovalent core-shell nanoalloys as a function of composition and size mismatch

We locate the putative global minimum structures of Na(x)Cs(55-x) and Li(x)Cs(55-x) nanoalloys through combined empirical potential and density functional theory calculations, and compare them to the structures of 55-atom Li-Na and Na-K nanoalloys obtained in a recent paper [A. Aguado and J. M. Lo?pez, J. Chem. Phys. 133, 094302 (2010)]. Alkali nanoalloys are representative of isovalent metallic mixtures with a strong tendency towards core-shell segregation, and span a wide range of size mismatches. By comparing the four systems, we analyse how the size mismatch and composition affect the structures and relative stabilities of these mixtures, and identify useful generic trends. The Na-K system is found to possess a nearly optimal size mismatch for the formation of poly-icosahedral (pIh) structures with little strain. In systems with a larger size mismatch (Na-Cs and Li-Cs), frustration of the pIh packing induces for some compositions a reconstruction of the core, which adopts instead a decahedral packing. When the size mismatch is smaller than optimal (Li-Na), frustration leads to a partial amorphization of the structures. The excess energies are negative for all systems except for a few compositions, demonstrating that the four mixtures are reactive. Moreover, we find that Li-Cs and Li-Na mixtures are more reactive (i.e., they have more negative excess energies) than Na-K and Na-Cs mixtures, so the stability trends when comparing the different materials are exactly opposite to the trends observed in the bulk limit: the strongly non-reactive Li-alkali bulk mixtures become the most reactive ones at the nanoscale. For each material, we identify the magic composition x(m) which minimizes the excess energy. x(m) is found to increase with the size mismatch due to steric crowding effects, and for Li(x)Cs(55-x) the most stable cluster has almost equiatomic composition. We advance a simple geometric packing rule that suffices to systematize all the observed trends in systems with large size mismatch (Na-K, Na-Cs, and Li-Cs). As the size mismatch is reduced, however, electron shell effects become more and more important and contribute significantly to the stability of the Li-Na system.     

Quantum Chemistry Study on Structures of Cluster Ions Nb＿nS_ m~±Generated by Laser Mass Spectra

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