1-烯丙基,3-甲基咪唑室温离子液体的合成及其对纤维素溶解性能的初步研究

随着不可再生资源 (如石油、天然气、煤矿和金属矿藏等 )的急剧耗竭 ,天然高分子的开发与利用日益引起世人的关注 .纤维素作为自然界中最丰富的天然高分子材料 ,其开发与利用一直备受关注[1] .但由于天然纤维素较高的结晶度和分子间和分子内存在大量的氢键 ,使其具有不熔化、在大多数溶剂中不溶解的特点 ,这成为纤维素在应用开发中的最大障碍 .开发有效的纤维素溶剂体系是解决这一难题的关键 .研究较多的纤维素溶剂主要有铜氨溶液、Ｎ 甲基吗啉 Ｎ 氧化物(ＮＭＭＯ)溶剂体系 ,氯化锂 二甲基乙酰胺 (ＬｉＣｌ ＤＭＡＣ)溶剂体系等[2 ] ,而这…     

离子液体溶解纤维素的研究

纤维素是一种可生物降解的天然高分子材料,由于纤维素含有大量的分子间和分子内氢键,导致纤维素难溶于水和一般的有机溶剂。现有的溶剂存在稳定性差,具有毒性,难以回收等缺点,对纤维素的加工、利用造成困难,因此,寻找新型绿色溶剂成为纤维素开发的热点和难点。离子液体是一种新型高效绿色溶剂,在一定条件下可以溶解纤维素、角蛋白等生物大分子,离子液体的出现为纤维素的溶解提供了一种环境友好、可生物降解的溶剂体系,具有广阔的应用前景。本文就不同种类离子液体溶解纤维素的溶解度以及影响溶解度几种因素进行了综述,总结了离子液体与纤维素作用机理以及离子液体的回收方法,为纤维素的加工利用提供了理论依据和工业指导。     

纤维素在NMMO水溶液中的溶解机理研究进展

被称之为绿色纤维的Lyocell纤维,其成功开发的基础在于纤维素溶剂N-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物(NMMO)的发现。尽管在发现初期,就有人根据溶解现象和实验证实纤维素在NMMO水溶液中的溶解过程是一个大分子间氢键被破坏的物理过程,但人们对其溶解机理的认识还是经历了一个长期的过程。以往的实验方法局限于纤维素分子与溶剂分子间弱相互作用的研究,随着计算机技术的发展,分子模拟的方法填补了这一空白,使纤维素的溶解机理得到了新的认识,例如纤维素分子和NMMO分子的两亲性,以及疏水缔合相互作用。纤维素溶解机理的深入认识不仅可以促进Lyocell过程稳定性、溶剂回收效率的提升,还会为新溶剂的开发奠定理论基础。本文从NMMO的认识过程、纤维素在NMMO水溶液中溶解过程的实验发现和分子模拟计算等方面,全面总结和理解纤维素在NMMO水溶液中的溶解机理。     

基于纤维素的气凝胶材料

纤维素是自然界中储量最为丰富的一种天然高分子。作为继无机气凝胶和合成聚合物气凝胶之后的第三代气凝胶,纤维素基气凝胶材料兼具绿色可再生的纤维素材料和多孔气凝胶材料两者的优点,成为纤维素材料研究与应用中的一个热点。本文梳理了纤维素基气凝胶材料的发展脉络,综述了纤维素基气凝胶材料的研究进展。重点对纤维素基气凝胶的制备方法进行了总结,包括基于含水溶剂和无水溶剂的纤维素直接溶解法及源自植物纤维素和细菌纤维素的纤维素纳米纤维的水相分散法。介绍了纤维素基气凝胶力学性能的提高和功能性开发的最新研究结果。最后对纤维素基气凝胶材料的发展前景和研究方向进行了展望。     

纤维素溶剂研究进展

概述了纤维素溶剂的重要研究进展,主要包括N-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物(NMMO)在85℃以上高温可破坏纤维素分子间氢键,导致溶解;氯化锂/二甲基乙酰胺(LiCl/DMAc)在100℃以上可溶解纤维素;1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑盐酸盐([BMIM]Cl)和1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑盐酸盐([AMIM]Cl)离子液体,含强氢键受体Cl-离子,通过它们与纤维素羟基作用而引起溶解.氨基甲酸酯体系则是通过尿素与纤维素在100℃以上反应转变为纤维素氨基甲酸酯,然后再溶解于NaOH水溶液中;氢氧化钠/水体系,只能溶解结晶度和聚合度较低的纤维素;NaOH/尿素、NaOH/硫脲和LiOH/尿素水溶液体系,它们预冷至-5~-12℃后可迅速溶解纤维素.主要是通过低温产生小分子和大分子间新的氢键网络结构,导致纤维素分子内和分子间氢键的破坏而溶解,同时尿素或者硫脲作为包合物客体阻止纤维素分子自聚集使纤维素溶液较稳定.低温溶解技术不仅突破了加热溶解的传统方法,而且可推进化学"绿色化"进程.共引用参考文献50篇.     

细菌纤维素在室温离子液体中的溶解性能

研究了细菌纤维素(BC)在绿色溶剂1-烯丙基-3-甲基氯代咪唑室温离子液体中的溶解行为,通过偏光显微镜观察了BC在此离子液体中的溶解过程,热失重(TGA)和红外光谱(FT-IR)测试了再生前后BC的性能,探索了BC在离子液体中溶解、再生的可能性和可行性.结果表明:离子液体是BC的优良溶剂,对BC的溶解属于直接溶解,不发生其他的衍生化反应;再生后BC的热稳定性变好,且离子液体可回收利用.     

尿素/己内酰胺/氢氧化钠/水溶剂体系对纤维素的溶解和再生性能

探讨了尿素/己内酰胺/氢氧化钠/水溶剂体系对纤维素的溶解和再生情况.利用正交试验确定了该体系各组分的最佳组成(质量分数):尿素10%,己内酰胺4%,氢氧化钠8%.采用红外光谱(FTIR)、热重失重(TGA)分析和X射线衍射(XRD)等手段对再生前后的纤维素进行了表征.结果表明,该溶剂体系对纤维素具有良好的溶解性能,并且是纤维素的直接溶剂;低温有利于纤维素的溶解;溶解再生后的纤维素晶型发生了变化,热稳定性有所降低.     

纤维素/LiCl/DMAc溶液体系的研究与应用

纤维素由于存在大量分子内和分子间氢键导致的结晶性原纤结构而难溶于一般的溶剂,氯化锂/N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(LiCl/DMAc)体系由于能够在纤维素不发生降解的情况下将其完全溶解,且溶液具有良好的热稳定性和时间稳定性,从而成为近年来纤维素研究的热点。本文主要从纤维素的溶解过程、纤维素在溶液中的状态及其分子量分布和纤维素新材料的制备三个方面综述了LiCl/DMAc体系作为纤维素良溶剂的研究进展,并在此基础上提出了LiCl/DMAc体系目前所面临的问题及发展前景。     

纤维素基功能材料的研究进展

纤维素是自然界中最为丰富的可再生天然高分子材料,价格低廉,可生物降解,是最有潜力的绿色材料之一。纤维素分子链上含有大量羟基,形成分子间与分子内强烈的氢键网络,使得纤维素难于溶解在普通的溶剂中,难于加工,极大地限制了它的广泛应用。本文从纤维素的衍生物、接枝共聚物及凝胶的制备三方面,介绍了纤维素基功能材料的研究进展情况。通过化学改性的方法,减弱了纤维素分子间的氢键作用,得到结构与功能多样的纤维素材料,拓宽了纤维素的应用领域。     

以离子液体为介质的纤维素加工与功能化

纤维素作为自然界中储量最大的天然高分子,被认为是未来世界能源与化工的主要原料.但由于分子链间存在丰富氢键网络以及高度结晶的聚集态结构特点,天然纤维素不熔化、难溶解,造成纤维素的加工极其困难,纤维素材料的传统生产工艺复杂且污染严重,极大限制了纤维素材料的广泛应用.近年来,人们发现一些特定结构的离子液体能够高效溶解纤维素,为纤维素的加工和功能化提供了新的多用途平台.本文从"溶解纤维素的离子液体、纤维素溶解机理与溶液性质、以离子液体制备再生纤维素材料和以离子液体为介质合成纤维素衍生物"4个方面详细介绍了本课题组在此领域的研究进展.     

The Microwave‐Assisted Ionic‐Liquid Method: A Promising Methodology in Nanomaterials

In recent years, the microwave‐assisted ionic‐liquid method has been accepted as a promising methodology for the preparation of nanomaterials and cellulose‐based nanocomposites. Applications of this method in the preparation of cellulose‐based nanocomposites comply with the major principles of green chemistry, that is, they use an environmentally friendly method in environmentally preferable solvents to make use of renewable materials. This minireview focuses on the recent development of the synthesis of nanomaterials and cellulose‐based nanocomposites by means of the microwave‐assisted ionic‐liquid method. We first discuss the preparation of nanomaterials including noble metals, metal oxides, complex metal oxides, metal sulfides, and other nanomaterials by means of this method. Then we provide an overview of the synthesis of cellulose‐based nanocomposites by using this method. The emphasis is on the synthesis, microstructure, and properties of nanostructured materials obtained through this methodology. Our recent research on nanomaterials and cellulose‐based nanocomposites by this rapid method is summarized. In addition, the formation mechanisms involved in the microwave‐assisted ionic‐liquid synthesis of nanostructured materials are discussed briefly. Finally, the future perspectives of this methodology in the synthesis of nanostructured materials are proposed.     

离子液体在纤维素研究中的应用*

离子液体是一种新型的绿色溶剂,纤维素是一种可再生的生物资源,作为非衍生化纤维素溶剂,离子液体在纤维素研究中呈现出了良好的发展态势。本文综述了纤维素在离子液体溶解、再生、衍生化反应及其在生物酶催化等方面的一些研究成果。     

Blend films of natural wool and cellulose prepared from an ionic liquid

Natural wool/cellulose blends were prepared in an ionic liquid green solvent, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl) and the films were formed subsequently from the coagulated solutions. The wool/cellulose blend films show significant improvement in thermal stability compared to the coagulated wool and cellulose. Moreover, the blend films exhibited an increasing trend of tensile strength with increase in cellulose content in the blends which could be used for the development of wool-based materials with improved mechanical properties, and the elongations of the blends were considerably improved with respect to the coagulated films of wool and cellulose. It was found that there was hydrogen bonding interaction between hydroxyl groups of wool and cellulose in the coagulated wool/cellulose blends as determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The ionic liquid was completely recycled with high yield and purity after the blend film was prepared. This work presents a green processing route for development of novel renewable blended materials from natural resource with improved properties.     

“一锅法”均相合成热塑性纤维素丙酸酯接枝聚乳酸共聚物

纤维素重复单元的羟基上引入足够数量的柔性分子链,有可能在破坏纤维素分子链间氢键的同时起到内增塑作用,从而赋予纤维素熔融流动性.由纤维素酯化反应得到的一些短链取代的纤维素酯[如纤维素醋酸酯(CA)、纤维素丙酸酯(CP)等]具有热塑性,但需要在外加大量增塑剂条件下才能熔融加工[1].接枝共聚合是改变纤维素物理化学性质的另一种有效方法[2～4]。     

Ionic liquid-modified materials for solid-phase extraction and separation: A review

In recent years, materials science has propelled to the research forefront. Ionic liquids with unique and fascinating properties have also left their footprints to the developments of materials science during the last years. In this review we highlight some of their recent advances and provide an overview at the current status of ionic liquid-modified materials applied in solid-phase extraction, liquid and gas chromatography and capillary electrochromatography with reference to recent applications. In addition, the potential of ionic liquids in the modification of capillary inner wall in capillary electrophoresis is demonstrated. The main target material modified with ionic liquids is silica, but polymers and monoliths have recently joined the studies. Although imidazolium is still clearly the most commonly used ionic liquid for the covalently modification of materials, the exploitation of pyridinium and phosphonium will most probably increase in the future.     

均相体系中纤维素化学改性研究概述

本文概述了近十年来纤维素在均相体系中化学改性的研究成果,重点介绍了纤维素在氯化锂/N,N-二甲基乙酰胺（LiCl/DMAc）、二甲基亚砜/三水合四丁基氟化铵（DMSO/TBAF3H2O）、离子液体、碱/尿素体系中的均相酯化、醚化以及接枝共聚合反应.同时,总结了纤维素在这些溶剂中的反应特性及其衍生化产物的结构、性质和应用.     

复合离子液体中纤维素的催化分解

通过将酸性功能化离子液体与对纤维素具有溶解作用的离子液体进行复合, 构建了一类新型的高效催化纤维素分解的体系, 并采用热重(TG)分析方法, 研究了复合离子液体中纤维素的分解行为. 结果表明: 复合离子液体中纤维素的分解温度明显降低, 溶于离子液体中的纤维素可被酸性离子液体原位催化分解. 纤维素的分解温度受离子液体催化剂的酸性及纤维素在复合离子液体中的溶解度影响明显: 酸性越强, 溶解度越大, 纤维素的分解温度越低.     

Modeling interactions between lignocellulose and ionic liquids using DFT-D

Dissolution of lignocellulose in ionic liquids is a promising route to synthesizing fuels and chemical feedstocks from woody plant materials. While cellulose dissolution is well-understood, less is known about the differences between ionic liquids' interactions with cellulose vs. lignin. This work uses dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT-D) to model the interactions of imidazolium chloride ionic liquid anions and cations with (1,4)-dimethoxy-β-D-glucopyranose and 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-methoxyethanol as models for cellulose and the lignin polyphenol, respectively. The cellulose model preferentially interacts with Cl(-), confirming previous experimental and theoretical studies. However, the lignin model has significant π-stacking and hydrogen bonding interactions with imidazolium cation. These results are robust to changes in the computational details, and suggest that the ionic liquid cations play important roles in tuning the relative solubilities of lignin and cellulose. Calculations predict that the extended π-systems of benzimidazolium ionic liquids yield stronger interactions with lignin, showing potential for improved lignocellulose solvents.     

Where are ionic liquid strategies most suited in the pursuit of chemicals and energy from lignocellulosic biomass?

Certain ionic liquids have been shown to dissolve cellulose, other biopolymers, and even raw biomass under relatively mild conditions. This particular ability of some ionic liquids, accompanied by a series of concurrent advantages, enables the development of improved processing strategies for the manufacturing of a plethora of biopolymer-based advanced materials. The more recent discoveries of dissolution of lignocellulosic materials (e.g., wood) in ionic liquids, with at least partial separation of the major constituent biopolymers, suggest further paths towards the achievement of a truly sustainable chemical and energy economy based on the concept of a biorefinery which provides chemicals, materials, and energy. Nonetheless, questions remain about the use of ionic liquids and the advisability of introducing any new process which utilizes bulk synthetic chemicals which have to be made, disposed of, and prevented from entering the environment. In this article, we discuss our own journey from the discovery of the dissolution of cellulose in ionic liquids to the cusp of an enabling technology for a true biorefinery and consider some of the key questions which remain.